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CO2 emissions are a global problem. This means that the fight of only a part of the countries in this area does not change much. The purpose of this article is to try to show the real CO2 emissions of the Federal Republic of Germany as well as the impact of its trade on CO2 emissions in other countries in the world and in the EU in the year 2015. This study was conducted on the group of countries that are the major emitters of CO2 in the world including most of the EU member states. Actual CO2 emissions were achieved by applying the actual emission factor. Its size takes into account the transfer of CO2 in export products and services as well as those imported by individual countries. As a result of its application, it has turned out that the real CO2 emissions in the Federal Republic of Germany are significantly different from the gross values that represent the CO2 emissions in the country. Emisja CO2 jest problemem globalnym. Oznacza to, że walka jedynie części krajów w tym obszarze niewiele zmienia. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest próba ukazania rzeczywistego poziomu emisji CO2 na terenie Republiki Federalnej Niemiec, jak również wpływ jej wymiany handlowej na emisję CO2 w pozostałych państwach świata i UE w 2015 roku. Badanie zostało przeprowadzone na grupie państw będących głównymi emitentami CO2 na świecie, w tym większości państw członkowskich UE. Poziom emisji CO2 uzyskano przez zastosowanie wskaźnika emisji rzeczywistej. Jego wielkość uwzględnia transfer CO2 w produktach i usługach eksportowych, a także importowanych przez poszczególne kraje. W wyniku jego zastosowania okazało się, że rzeczywisty poziom emisji CO2 w Republice Federalnej Niemiec jest znacznie odmienny od wartości brutto, które reprezentują wielkości emisji CO2 na terenie danego kraju.

CO2 emissions are a global problem. This means that the fight of only a part of the countries in this area does not change much. The purpose of this article is to try to show the real CO2 emissions of the Federal Republic of Germany as well as the impact of its trade on CO2 emissions in other countries in the world and in the EU in the year 2015. This study was conducted on the group of countries that are the major emitters of CO2 in the world including most of the EU member states. Actual CO2 emissions were achieved by applying the actual emission factor. Its size takes into account the transfer of CO2 in export products and services as well as those imported by individual countries. As a result of its application, it has turned out that the real CO2 emissions in the Federal Republic of Germany are significantly different from the gross values that represent the CO2 emissions in the country. Emisja CO2 jest problemem globalnym. Oznacza to, że walka jedynie części krajów w tym obszarze niewiele zmienia. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest próba ukazania rzeczywistego poziomu emisji CO2 na terenie Republiki Federalnej Niemiec, jak również wpływ jej wymiany handlowej na emisję CO2 w pozostałych państwach świata i UE w 2015 roku. Badanie zostało przeprowadzone na grupie państw będących głównymi emitentami CO2 na świecie, w tym większości państw członkowskich UE. Poziom emisji CO2 uzyskano przez zastosowanie wskaźnika emisji rzeczywistej. Jego wielkość uwzględnia transfer CO2 w produktach i usługach eksportowych, a także importowanych przez poszczególne kraje. W wyniku jego zastosowania okazało się, że rzeczywisty poziom emisji CO2 w Republice Federalnej Niemiec jest znacznie odmienny od wartości brutto, które reprezentują wielkości emisji CO2 na terenie danego kraju.

In recent decades the demand of energy has increased significantly. Providing more and more energy is an essential task of today's energetic industry. In the last few years, addition to traditional methods of energy production, alternative energy sources have been fast developing. One of these sources is fuel cell, mainly due to their high efficiency. Fuel cells perform direct conversion of chemical fuel into electrical energy, without combustion. Generally fuel cells are powered by hydrogen. However, problems with the storage of hydrogen are the reason for the search of new fuels for fuel cells. Moreover, fuel cells can provide an additional/spare source of energy in energy systems using combustion engines. So, is important to using main fuel to powering fuel cell. The paper presents measurements of electrooxidation of diesel fuel emulsion prepared on the basis of a nonionic surfactant on a smooth platinum electrode in an aqueous solution of H2SO4. The resulting current density reached the level of 20 mA/cm2. So, the possibility of using diesel fuel as fuel for fuel cells has been proved. Ze względu na stale wzrastające zapotrzebowanie na energię elektryczną poszukiwane są coraz to nowsze rozwiązania, pozwalające na sprostanie temu wyzwaniu. W ostatnich latach oprócz tradycyjnych metod wytwarzania energii coraz dynamiczniej rozwija się energetyka niekonwencjonalna. Przykładem takiego rozwiązania jest stosowanie ogniw paliwowych, głównie ze względu na ich wysoką sprawność. Ogniwa te przetwarzają energię chemiczną bezpośrednio na energię elektryczną, z pominięciem procesu spalania paliwa. Najczęściej zasilane są wodorem, jednak problemy z jego przechowywaniem wymuszają poszukiwanie innych paliw. Ponadto ogniwa paliwowe mogą stanowić dodatkowe/zapasowe źródło energii elektrycznej w systemach wykorzystujących np. silniki spalinowe. Istotnym zagadnieniem staje się, więc wykorzystanie paliwa dla głównego źródła zasilania. Praca przedstawia badania nad elektroutlenianiem oleju napędowego na elektrodzie platynowej w wodnym roztworze H2SO4. Uzyskana gęstość prądu wyniosła 20 mA/cm2. Wykazano więc, że istnieje możliwość bezpośredniego zasilania ogniw paliwowych olejem napędowym.

In recent decades the demand of energy has increased significantly. Providing more and more energy is an essential task of today's energetic industry. In the last few years, addition to traditional methods of energy production, alternative energy sources have been fast developing. One of these sources is fuel cell, mainly due to their high efficiency. Fuel cells perform direct conversion of chemical fuel into electrical energy, without combustion. Generally fuel cells are powered by hydrogen. However, problems with the storage of hydrogen are the reason for the search of new fuels for fuel cells. Moreover, fuel cells can provide an additional/spare source of energy in energy systems using combustion engines. So, is important to using main fuel to powering fuel cell. The paper presents measurements of electrooxidation of diesel fuel emulsion prepared on the basis of a nonionic surfactant on a smooth platinum electrode in an aqueous solution of H2SO4. The resulting current density reached the level of 20 mA/cm2. So, the possibility of using diesel fuel as fuel for fuel cells has been proved. Ze względu na stale wzrastające zapotrzebowanie na energię elektryczną poszukiwane są coraz to nowsze rozwiązania, pozwalające na sprostanie temu wyzwaniu. W ostatnich latach oprócz tradycyjnych metod wytwarzania energii coraz dynamiczniej rozwija się energetyka niekonwencjonalna. Przykładem takiego rozwiązania jest stosowanie ogniw paliwowych, głównie ze względu na ich wysoką sprawność. Ogniwa te przetwarzają energię chemiczną bezpośrednio na energię elektryczną, z pominięciem procesu spalania paliwa. Najczęściej zasilane są wodorem, jednak problemy z jego przechowywaniem wymuszają poszukiwanie innych paliw. Ponadto ogniwa paliwowe mogą stanowić dodatkowe/zapasowe źródło energii elektrycznej w systemach wykorzystujących np. silniki spalinowe. Istotnym zagadnieniem staje się, więc wykorzystanie paliwa dla głównego źródła zasilania. Praca przedstawia badania nad elektroutlenianiem oleju napędowego na elektrodzie platynowej w wodnym roztworze H2SO4. Uzyskana gęstość prądu wyniosła 20 mA/cm2. Wykazano więc, że istnieje możliwość bezpośredniego zasilania ogniw paliwowych olejem napędowym.

The aim of the study is to evaluate the financing of environmental investments in Poland credited by the Bank of Environmental Protection (BOŚ) in the years 1991-2013. Authors conducted a research relating to the total amount, structure and distribution of resources granted by BOŚ. They indicated directions of financial measures allocation i.e. tasks, projects and achieved ecological effects in the field of environmental protection. A method of deduction was used. Information taken from the theoretical literature as well as legal and normative acts. Empirical data for comparative statistical analysis derived from documents and reports of the BOŚ Department of Ecology and Strategy. In the structure of loans granted by BOŚ in the years 1991-2013, 87% of the investments concerned the protection of the atmosphere, 10% – water conservation and water management, 2.5% – protection of the earth. Most often were used loans with subsidies (in cooperation with National Fund for Environmental Protection & Water Management – 26%), credit lines (23%) or the National Fund payments (21%). In terms of value (16 bln PLN – 40% of measures) dominated commercial investment loans. BOŚ activity in the field of renewable energy sources (RES) relates mainly to loans for the purchase and installation of solar collectors (81% of the contracts, of which 80% were signed in 2011-2013). The largest investments were wind turbines (1.4 bln PLN). Since 1991, 46% of energy from RES obtained in the years 2012-2013. Ecological effects of completed projects include reduction in pollutants’ emission: CO2 – 2.4 mill tons, SO2 – 0.5 mill ton, dust – 139 thous. tons, NOx – 44.5 thous. tons. Financial measures from BOŚ enabled to build wastewater treatment plants (with a capacity of 2.6 mill m3 /day) and sewage network (8.9 thous. km). Neutralized 6.9 mill tones of waste. In the structure of credit debt 31% is represented by RES, 9% refers to energy efficiency and 5% – modernization of technological processes

The aim of the study is to evaluate the financing of environmental investments in Poland credited by the Bank of Environmental Protection (BOŚ) in the years 1991-2013. Authors conducted a research relating to the total amount, structure and distribution of resources granted by BOŚ. They indicated directions of financial measures allocation i.e. tasks, projects and achieved ecological effects in the field of environmental protection. A method of deduction was used. Information taken from the theoretical literature as well as legal and normative acts. Empirical data for comparative statistical analysis derived from documents and reports of the BOŚ Department of Ecology and Strategy. In the structure of loans granted by BOŚ in the years 1991-2013, 87% of the investments concerned the protection of the atmosphere, 10% – water conservation and water management, 2.5% – protection of the earth. Most often were used loans with subsidies (in cooperation with National Fund for Environmental Protection & Water Management – 26%), credit lines (23%) or the National Fund payments (21%). In terms of value (16 bln PLN – 40% of measures) dominated commercial investment loans. BOŚ activity in the field of renewable energy sources (RES) relates mainly to loans for the purchase and installation of solar collectors (81% of the contracts, of which 80% were signed in 2011-2013). The largest investments were wind turbines (1.4 bln PLN). Since 1991, 46% of energy from RES obtained in the years 2012-2013. Ecological effects of completed projects include reduction in pollutants’ emission: CO2 – 2.4 mill tons, SO2 – 0.5 mill ton, dust – 139 thous. tons, NOx – 44.5 thous. tons. Financial measures from BOŚ enabled to build wastewater treatment plants (with a capacity of 2.6 mill m3 /day) and sewage network (8.9 thous. km). Neutralized 6.9 mill tones of waste. In the structure of credit debt 31% is represented by RES, 9% refers to energy efficiency and 5% – modernization of technological processes

The primary objective of this study is to signal some potential effects of the UE energy and climate policy for the Polish countryside. The changing of the climate-energy policy framework poses new challenges for rural areas. The question is - to what extent the climate and energy package will determine the transformation of rural areas. It is a very topical subject of reflection and requires in-depth analyzes of agricultural economists.

The primary objective of this study is to signal some potential effects of the UE energy and climate policy for the Polish countryside. The changing of the climate-energy policy framework poses new challenges for rural areas. The question is - to what extent the climate and energy package will determine the transformation of rural areas. It is a very topical subject of reflection and requires in-depth analyzes of agricultural economists.

Formulation of new forest policy and its implementation requires the use of past experiences and the enactment of many changes. Modification to the provisions of the 1997 National Forest Policy is necessary, introducing additions and corrections resulting from climate, economic and environmental changes, social expectations and international conditions. Agriculture and energy are the sectors of the economy that currently have the greatest impact on the implementation of forest policy and are particularly important for forestry activities, including the adaptation of forests to climate change. Forests and forest management are currently the victim, not the driving force, of the ongoing climate warming process, and the adaptation of forests to climate change requires coordination of policy solutions. The member states of the European Union do not pursue a common forest policy, whereas the implementation of forestry policy solutions aimed at counteracting negative climate change should be approved and adopted on a global scale. Without such a consensus, local or regional activities – much needed and bringing large, specific environmental benefits – are insufficient. The impact of climate change on the production and income of producers in the forestry and wood products sectors should also be taken into account in policy solutions. It is important to integrate forestry and forestry policy with other sectoral policies, building comprehensive planning processes that apply to entities in various sectors, including solutions for environmental services payments. The main instrument in the policy−making process is the participation of the relevant stakeholders, not a hierarchical management model. Development of solutions in the current situation should take place as soon as possible, while the schedule for achieving goals should be set beyond 2030. The objective of this work is to present the justifications for the introduction of the proposed changes and additions to the current provisions in the policy of the State Forests related to the implementation of the assumptions, objectives and conditions for the development of forestry and forests in our country. Sylwan 164 (7): 539-548

Formulation of new forest policy and its implementation requires the use of past experiences and the enactment of many changes. Modification to the provisions of the 1997 National Forest Policy is necessary, introducing additions and corrections resulting from climate, economic and environmental changes, social expectations and international conditions. Agriculture and energy are the sectors of the economy that currently have the greatest impact on the implementation of forest policy and are particularly important for forestry activities, including the adaptation of forests to climate change. Forests and forest management are currently the victim, not the driving force, of the ongoing climate warming process, and the adaptation of forests to climate change requires coordination of policy solutions. The member states of the European Union do not pursue a common forest policy, whereas the implementation of forestry policy solutions aimed at counteracting negative climate change should be approved and adopted on a global scale. Without such a consensus, local or regional activities – much needed and bringing large, specific environmental benefits – are insufficient. The impact of climate change on the production and income of producers in the forestry and wood products sectors should also be taken into account in policy solutions. It is important to integrate forestry and forestry policy with other sectoral policies, building comprehensive planning processes that apply to entities in various sectors, including solutions for environmental services payments. The main instrument in the policy−making process is the participation of the relevant stakeholders, not a hierarchical management model. Development of solutions in the current situation should take place as soon as possible, while the schedule for achieving goals should be set beyond 2030. The objective of this work is to present the justifications for the introduction of the proposed changes and additions to the current provisions in the policy of the State Forests related to the implementation of the assumptions, objectives and conditions for the development of forestry and forests in our country. Sylwan 164 (7): 539-548

In this paper I addressed the issue of the engagement of museums in climate change. The problem of climate change is so important in the current social context that, despite its difficult political connotations, it cannot be ignored by museums, especially if we consider a museum as an element of a public sphere. Climate change is a challenge in 21st century. Climate change will present challenges that are of long-term nature, multidimensional and global phenomenon. It could impact directly on museums. I assume museums can provide a safe place for dialogue around climate change. Museums can also inform publics about the science of climate change and help to equip people with knowledge, shape their attitudes and behaviour, and strengthen the mechanism of participation. Potential barriers in effective communication could be the problem of uncertainty of our knowledge about climate change, scientific discourse in the process of communication and getting visitors involved.