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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Shili-Touzi, Inès;

    The introduction of a living cover crop during a cash crop growth cycle (relay intercropping) and its maintenance after the cash crop harvest may help to preserve biodiversity, increase soil organic matter content and carbon sequestration and provide other ecosystem services, such as increasing useful biotic interactions within the agroecosystem. We studied the impact of various approaches to managing a cover crop (red-fescue (Festuca rubra L.) or Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.)) intercropped with a winter wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.) during an annual scale in terms of light, water and nitrogen competition, using both modeling and experimental approaches. Modelling and experimental results showing that the use of a leguminous as a cover crop in a wheat intercropping system can therefore improve environmental performances by favoring certain biotic processes such as the production of primary biomass, the interception of radiation, which might otherwise reach weeds, and nitrate leaching at the end of growth cycle. These positives effects where observed during intercropping period and especially after the harvest of wheat, when the cover crop is maintained alive. Whatever the experiment, soil tillage had a very little effect on these processes; Les systèmes de cultures sous couvert végétal permanent associé à une culture commerciale ont la réputation d'être susceptibles d'assurer certains services écologiques et agronomiques : étouffement des adventices, mais aussi protection du sol, augmentation de la biodiversité, de l'activité biologique et du taux de matière organique des sols, diminution de l'érosion. Si ces systèmes se sont bien développés en climat tropical, ils restent toutefois presque inexistants en climat tempéré. L'objectif de cette étude est d'évaluer, par modélisation et expérimentation, les différentes interactions qui existent entre une culture de blé et une plante de couverture (fétuque rouge (Festuca rubra L.) ou luzerne (Medicago sativa L.)) cultivées simultanément pour les différentes ressources du milieu (lumière, eau et azote) dans les conditions de climat tempéré. La période considérée comprend la période culturale (association) et la période d'interculture (couvert maintenu vivant après la récolte du blé). Les résultats de modélisation et d'expérimentation montrent que l'introduction d'une plante de couverture en association avec un blé et son maintien en vie en période d'interculture peuvent améliorer les performances environnementales du système en favorisant certains processus biotiques comme par exemple la production de biomasse primaire, l'interception de rayonnement (qui agit directement sur le développement des adventices en réduisant la ressource en lumière arrivant au niveau du sol), et la réduction du stock d'azote susceptible d'être lessivé. Ces effets positifs sont observés en partie en période culturale mais surtout en période d'interculture

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Gohin, Alexandre; Gohin, Alexandre;

    [Paper in French] The European public policy in favor of the biodiesel consumption is highly debated. Available estimates of the induced land use changes conclude that this policy is inefficient to reduce emissions of GreenHouse Gas. We show that the crop yield evolutions in these estimates are significantly lower than the observed and expected evolutions. This difference is directly related to biased calibration choice of behavioral parameters. We show using the GTAP-BIO framework that a consistent calibration of these parameters leads to a strong reduction (by around 80% in the long run) of the land use changes and induced emissions.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ProdInra
    External research report . 2013
    License: CC BY SA
    Data sources: ProdInra
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
    Other literature type . 2013
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ProdInra
      External research report . 2013
      License: CC BY SA
      Data sources: ProdInra
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
      Other literature type . 2013
      Data sources: Datacite
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Camara, Mamadou Baïlo Camara;

    This subject is the continuity of the works started at L2ES Laboratory within the framework of ECCE program in collaboration with CREEBEL which ensures the nancial support. ECCE test bench is a series electrical hybrid vehicle with 4 independent wheels and a rated power of 120kW. The main energy source consists of two diesel motors and each is coupled to one alternator. The produced energy feeds 4 electric traction motors ; the remainder is stored by the batteries. This thesis presents the energy coupling strategies between these batteries and the supercapacitors to ensure dynamics in energy supply and storage for the hybrid vehicle. A bibliographical study has allowed to review technical progress and the available applications of the supercapacitors. A simplied model of supercapacitors which accurately translates the behavior of the cells during the charge and discharge is developed. Several DC/DC converters topologies with original strategies of embarked power management are developed. These topologies are based on the Buck-Boost converters and DC/AC-AC/DC converters with high frequency planar transformer. For cost raisons, the experimental test benches has been designed at a reduced scale ( 1/10 ). The experimental results obtained have allowed to compare the topologies performances for two control strategies. The polynomial control strategy (RST) is compared to classical PI correctors. These comparative studies have allowed choosing the best topology intended for the supercapacitors coupling to ECCE DC-bus.; Ce sujet s'inscrit dans la continuité des travaux commencés au sein du L2ES dans le cadre du programme ECCE en partenariat avec CREEBEL qui assure le nancement. La plateforme ECCE est un véhicule hybride électrique série à 4 roues indépendantes d'une puissance nominale en propulsion de 120kW électrique. La source d'énergie principale est constituée de deux moteurs diesels entraînant deux alternateurs. L'énergie électrique produite alimente les 4 moteurs électriques de traction et le reste est stocké dans le pack des batteries. Cette thèse développe les stratégies de couplage énergétique entre ce pack des batteries et les supercondensateurs an d'assurer au véhicule une dynamique de fourniture et du stockage de l'énergie électrique. Une étude bibliographique a permis de passer en revue le bilan technologique et les applications potentielles des supercondensateurs, puis d'élaborer le modèle simplié des supercondensateurs qui traduit dèlement le comportement des cellules durant les phases de charge et de décharge. Diérentes topologies des convertisseurs DC/DC avec des stratégies originales de gestion d'énergie électrique embarquée sont traitées. Les topologies proposées sont basées sur les convertisseurs Buck-Boost et les convertisseurs DC/AC-AC/DC à étage intermédiaire haute fréquence. Pour une raison de coût, les maquettes expérimentales des topologies ont été réalisées à l'échelle réduite ( 1/10 ). Les résultats expérimentaux obtenus ont permis de comparer les performances des topologies pour deux types de commande. La stratégie de gestion d'énergie à base des correcteurs polynomiaux (RST) est comparée à celle utilisant des correcteurs PI classiques. Ces études comparatives ont permis de choisir la meilleure topologie destinée au couplage des supercondensateurs sur le bus continu du banc ECCE.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: François-Martin, Claire;

    In vivo, membrane fusion must not occur spontaneously. Thus, membrane fusion requires a large activation energy that is overcome through the action of multiple proteins. Even though biological fusion is very complex, it results in the coalescence of both lipid bilayers that constitute the cores of the involved membranes. Therefore, the activation energy that is necessary to disrupt the leaflet arrangement during lipid bilayer fusion should be similar to that of in vivo membrane fusion. In order to approach biological membrane fusion’s activation energy, we developed an experimental protocol which allows determining the activation energy and the Arrhenius factor of the reaction, thanks to Arrhenius’ law. The relative areas occupied by the polar head and hydrophobic tails of a lipid confers to it a preferential curvature, called spontaneous curvature. Investigating membranes with several lipid compositions, I found that a mismatch between the membrane curvature and the spontaneous curvature of the lipid affects both the Arrhenius factor and the activation energy. A more negative curvature generates more hydrophobic defects in the “flat” membrane which leads to an increase in the frequency of fusion nucleation, i.e. a larger Arrhenius factor. During the fusion process, membrane shapes are modified and adopt large positive and negative curvatures, each leaflet having opposite curvatures. A mismatch between the spontaneous curvature of the lipid and the one it should adopt in order for fusion to proceed can inhibit the process of fusion, i.e increase its activation energy. In vivo, la fusion membranaire ne doit pas avoir lieu spontanément. C’est pourquoi ce processus présente une barrière énergétique conséquente qui est surmontée grâce à l'action de multiples protéines. Même si la fusion biologique est très complexe, son résultat est la coalescence des deux bicouches lipidiques qui forment la matrice des membranes impliquées. L'énergie nécessaire à la perturbation de l'arrangement en bicouche lors de leur fusion doit donc être semblable à celle intervenant dans la fusion biologique. Dans le but d'estimer l’énergie d’activation de la fusion biologique, nous avons établi un protocole expérimental permettant de déterminer l’énergie d’activation et le facteur d’Arrhenius de la réaction, grâce à la loi d’Arrhenius. Les surfaces relatives occupées par la tête polaire et les queues hydrophobes d’un lipide lui confèrent une courbure préférentielle, dite courbure spontanée. En étudiant des membranes présentant des compositions lipidiques diverses, j’ai montré qu’une inadéquation entre la courbure de la membrane et la courbure spontanée du lipide affectait à la fois le facteur d’Arrhenius et l’énergie d’activation. Une courbure plus négative génère plus de défauts à la surface de la membrane « plate », ce qui augmente la fréquence de la nucléation de la fusion et accroît le facteur d’Arrhenius. Au cours du processus de fusion, la géométrie des membranes est modifiée et celle-ci présente de régions de fortes courbures. Une inadéquation entre la courbure spontanée du lipide et celle qu’il devrait adopter pour que la fusion soit accomplie peut inhiber la fusion et donc faire augmenter l’énergie d’activation.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Authors: Motte, Vianney;

    Boron carbide B4C is a ceramic commonly used as a neutron absorber to control the power of nuclear power plants. The neutron absorption reactions, (n,α) type on the boron-10 isotope, lead to the production of large quantities of helium (up to 1022.cm-3). This results to swelling induced by the formation of highly pressurized bubbles, followed by microcracking. Analysis of the literature shows that helium diffusion mechanisms and the early stages of bubble formation are poorly understood. The goal of our work is to study the behaviour of helium in boron carbide, by carrying out a parametric analysis. For this purpose, samples of B4C, sintered from different powders, were implanted in helium with ion accelerators at different concentrations and temperatures, in order to simulate the helium produced in the reactor. The analyses were then mainly based on two characterization techniques: Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA), which is an ion beam analysis technique. The 3He(d,4He)1H reaction used allows obtaining helium profiles in the material. The Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), which allows observation of potential helium clusters in the material. We first demonstrated the influence of the concentration of implanted helium: the higher it is, the higher the density of clusters in the implanted area; then the influence of the implantation temperature: the higher it is, the higher the threshold temperature for cluster nucleation and the lower the density. We have deduced that these differences were due to the influence of the residual damage, which is lower at high temperature. Dual gold and helium implantations confirmed that damage caused by Au ions had a significant effect on cluster nucleation, lowering the temperature threshold of their occurrence and increasing their density. Next, we have highlighted the role of grain boundaries which have proved to be very efficient traps for helium. We have demonstrated that helium does not diffuse into these grain boundaries at temperatures up to 1200°C. Finally, the broadening of the helium profiles after heat treatments, in the temperature range 600-800°C, allowed us to determine an apparent diffusion coefficient of helium in B4C, still unknown in the literature: D = D0.exp (-Ea/kT), with D0 = 6.03x10-3 x/ 2.5 cm2.s-1 and Ea = 2.03 ± 0.18 eV. This work allowed us to better understand the behaviour of helium in boron carbide, which will be used in power control devices and neutron protections for the ASTRID reactor, a French sodium fast-neutron reactor project. The results thus allow obtaining useful indications for the design of the neutron absorber elements of the reactor Le carbure de bore B4C est une céramique couramment utilisée comme absorbant neutronique pour la régulation de la puissance des réacteurs nucléaires. Les réactions d’absorption neutronique, de type (n,α) sur l’isotope bore-10, conduisent à la production de grandes quantités d’hélium (jusqu’à 1022.cm-3). Il en résulte du gonflement induit par la formation de bulles hautement pressurisées, puis de la microfissuration. L’analyse de la littérature montre que les mécanismes de diffusion de l’hélium et les premières étapes de la formation des bulles sont mal connus. L’objectif de notre étude est d’étudier le comportement de l’hélium dans le carbure de bore, en réalisant une analyse paramétrique. Pour cela, des échantillons de B4C fritté à partir de différentes poudres ont été implantés en hélium dans des accélérateurs d’ions à différentes concentrations et températures, ce afin de simuler l’hélium produit en réacteur. Les analyses se sont ensuite principalement appuyées sur deux techniques de caractérisation : L’analyse par réactions nucléaires ou NRA (Nuclear Reaction Analysis) qui est une technique d’analyse par faisceau d’ions. La réaction 3He(d,4He)1H utilisée permet d’obtenir des profils d’hélium dans le matériau. La Microscope Electronique en Transmission (MET) qui permet d’observer les amas potentiels d’hélium dans le matériau. Nous avons tout d’abord mis en évidence l’influence de la concentration d’hélium implanté : plus elle est élevée, plus la densité d’amas dans la zone implantée est élevée ; puis celle de de la température d’implantation : plus cette dernière est élevée, plus la température seuil de germination des amas est élevée et leur densité réduite. Nous en avons déduit que ces différences étaient dues à l’influence de l’endommagement résiduel, plus faible à haute température. Des doubles implantations d’or et d’hélium ont confirmé que l’endommagement créé par les ions Au avait un effet significatif sur la germination des amas, en abaissant le seuil de température de leur apparition et en augmentant leur densité. Ensuite, nous avons mis en évidence le rôle des joints de grains qui se sont révélés être de véritables pièges pour hélium. Nous avons démontré que l’hélium ne diffuse pas dans ni à travers ces joints de grains jusqu’à des températures de l’ordre de 1200°C. Enfin, l’élargissement des profils d’hélium après traitements thermiques, dans la gamme de température 600-800°C, a permis de déterminer un coefficient de diffusion apparent de l’hélium dans le B4C, paramètre inconnu dans la littérature, ainsi qu’une énergie d’activation : D = D0.exp(-Ea/kT), avec D0 = 6,03x10- 3 x/ 2,5 cm2.s-1 et Ea = 2,03 ±0,18 eV. L’ensemble de ce travail a permis de mieux appréhender le comportement de l’hélium dans le carbure de bore qui sera utilisé dans les dispositifs de contrôle de la puissance et les protections neutroniques du réacteur ASTRID, projet français de réacteur à spectre neutronique rapide refroidi au sodium. Les résultats obtenus permettent ainsi de tirer des indications utiles à la conception des éléments absorbants neutroniques du réacteur

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  • Authors: Radau, Rodolphe, 1835-1911.;

    Mode of access: Internet.

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    Authors: de Boer, F.; Kessler, J. J.;

    Metadata only record This document presents an analysis of Fulani pastoral farming systems that focuses on how pastoralists use silvopastoral land. It aims to provide the missing knowledge needed to implement the resource management ('gestion des terroirs') approach at village level. In this region the influence of pastoral land use on the environment appears to be less pronounced than that of crop cultivation, even though levels of animal production are reasonable. The carrying capacity of the region has not yet been attained. Current constraints to pastoral land use in the region arise from the encroachment of cropland at the expense of pastoral land, and the increase in animal numbers. To develop sustainable natural resource management at village level that includes Fulani pastoral land use, the key factors appear to be the integration of livestock husbandry and cropland cultivation at household level, agreements between pastoralists and cropland farmers on land tenure and resource management, and support targeting of Fulani households (which have so far been neglected). Specific recommendations are given. (CAB Abstract)

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    Authors: Stolyarova, Elena;

    Little research has been done to date on French households’ preferences for energy retrofits in the dwelling. However, the economic role of these choices is crucial for implementing an effective and realistic energy policy in the residential sector, both in terms of proposed aid and targets. Are households interested in retrofits with high energy-savings potential? How much are they willing to pay and is it sufficient to cover the up-front costs? How many households have no choice of heating system, and what is their profile?This work sets out to answer these questions empirically using discrete choice models. It starts by analyzing the technical, socio-demographic and spatial constraints that face households and create barriers to domestic energy choices. A method to detect household constraint is devised and applied to the choice of space heating system in 2006 and 2013. The second stage analyzes household preferences for heating equipment and retrofits. This second part is based on a discrete choice experiment specially carried out for this research among 2,000 households. This work sheds light on households’ preferences and heterogeneity, as well as their willingness to pay, the implicit discount rate and other economic impacts. Les préférences des ménages français pour les travaux de rénovation énergétique dans le logement ont été peu étudiées jusqu’à présent. Or, elles sont la clé d’une politique énergétique efficace et réaliste pour le secteur résidentiel, tant au niveau des aides proposées, qu’au niveau des objectifs à réaliser. Les ménages sont-ils intéressés par des travaux à fort potentiel d’économie d’énergie ? Combien sont-ils prêt à payer et est-ce que c’est suffisant pour couvrir les coûts réels ? Combien de ménages n’ont pas le choix de leur mode de chauffage et quel est leur profil ?La thèse s'attache à répondre à ces questions de façon empirique à l’aide de modèles de choix discrets. Il s’agit, dans un premier temps, d’analyser les contraintes techniques, sociodémographiques et spatiales que rencontrent les ménages et qui entravent les choix énergétiques dans le logement. Une méthodologie de détection des ménages contraints a été proposée, puis appliquée au choix du chauffage en 2006 et 2013. Dans un deuxième temps, les préférences des ménages pour les équipements de chauffage et les travaux de rénovation ont été analysées. Cette deuxième partie utilise une enquête expérimentale qui a été réalisée spécialement pour ce travail de recherche auprès de 2000 ménages. Ce travail a permis de comprendre les préférences des ménages, leur hétérogénéité, et d’en déduire les consentements à payer, les taux d’actualisation implicites et les différents effets économiques.

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    Authors: Nefzi, Aida;

    The literature is not unanimous as for the effect of the climatic change on developing countries. Indeed, if several studies conclude that the agriculture of developing countries is vulnerable to the climatic change because of the predominance of weak capital agriculture, others suggest that climate change will be benefit to agriculture. This thesis has for objective to study the impact of the climate change on the Tunisian agriculture while using an analysis ricardienne of the agricultural value added. We execute a spatiotemporal analysis of the answer of the agricultural value added to the climate change on a relative data base of 21 governates of Tunisia that covers the period 1992-2007. On the basis of results of evaluation of this analysis, we proceed to a simulation of the impact of the climate change on agriculture relatively on the projections of a moderate scenario on the 2020 horizon. Results suggest that the climate change combined to an evolution of the technological level would have some beneficial effects on the Tunisian agriculture. This result would put back in question findings of the existing study that insist on the negative effects of the climatic change on agriculture. La littérature n'est pas unanime quant à l'effet favorable ou défavorable du changement climatique sur les pays en voie de développement. En effet, si plusieurs travaux concluent que l'agriculture des pays en voie de développement est vulnérable au changement climatique à cause de la prédominance de l'agriculture à faible capital, d'autres suggèrent le contraire. Cette thèse a pour objectif d'étudier l'impact du changement climatique sur l'agriculture tunisienne en utilisant une analyse ricardienne de la valeur ajoutée agricole. Nous effectuons une analyse spatio-temporelle de la réponse de la valeur ajoutée agricole au changement climatique sur une base de données relative à 21 gouvernorats de la Tunisie qui couvre la période 1992-2007. Sur la base des résultats d'estimation de cette analyse, nous procédons à une simulation de l'impact du changement climatique sur l'agriculture relativement aux projections d'un scénario modéré à l'horizon 2020. Les résultats suggèrent que le changement climatique combiné à une évolution du niveau technologique aurait des effets bénéfiques sur l'agriculture tunisienne. Ce résultat remettrait en question les conclusions de la majorité des travaux existants dans la littérature qui insistent sur les effets négatifs du changement climatique sur l'agriculture.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Adami, Salah-Eddine;

    Les progrès réalisés durant ces dernières années dans le domaine de la microélectronique et notamment vis-à-vis de l'augmentation exponentielle de la densité d'intégration des composants et des systèmes a participé activement à l'apparition et au développement de systèmes portables communicants de plus en plus performants et polyvalents. La R&D dans les technologies de stockage d'énergie n'a pas suivi cette tendance d'évolution très rapide ; ce qui constitue un handicap majeur dans les évolutions futures des systèmes portables. La transmission d'énergie sans fils sur des distances considérables (plusieurs dizaines de mètres) grâce aux microondes constitue une solution très prometteuse pour pallier aux problèmes d'autonomie dans le cas des systèmes sans fils communicants. De plus, du fait de l'omniprésence des ondes électromagnétiques dans notre environnement avec des niveaux plus ou moins importants, la récupération et l'exploitation de cette énergie libre est également possible. La rectenna (Rectifying Antenna) est le dispositif permettant de capter et de convertir une onde électromagnétique en une tension continue. Plusieurs travaux de thèse axés sur l'étude et l'optimisation de la rectenna ont été réalisés au sein du laboratoire. Ces travaux avaient montré que pour des faibles niveaux de champs les tensions délivrées par la rectenna sont généralement très faibles et inexploitables. Aussi, comme la majorité des micro-sources d'énergie et à cause de son impédance interne, les performances de la rectenna dépendent fortement de sa charge de sortie. Ainsi, le développement d'un système d'interfaçage de la rectenna est nécessaire afin de pallier ces manquements inhérents du convertisseur RF/DC. Ce genre de système d'interfaçage est généralement absent dans la littérature à cause des faibles niveaux de puissance exploités. Par conséquent, la rectenna est très souvent utilisée tel quelle ; ce qui limite fortement le champ applicatif. Dans ce projet de recherche, un système de gestion énergétique de la rectenna complètement autonome a été conçu, développé et optimisé afin de garantir les performances optimales de la rectenna quelques soient les fluctuations de la puissance d'entrée et celles de la charge de sortie. Le circuit d'interfaçage permet également de fournir à la charge des niveaux de tension utilisables. Le système réalisé est basé tout d'abord sur l'utilisation d'un convertisseur DC/DC résonant pouvant fonctionner d'une manière complètement autonome à partir de niveaux très bas de la tension et de la puissance de la source. Ce convertisseur permet donc de garantir l'autonomie du système en éliminant la nécessité d'une source d'énergie auxiliaire. A cause de ses faibles performances énergétiques, ce convertisseur ne sera utilisé que durant la phase de démarrage. L'efficacité du système en termes de rendement énergétique et d'adaptation d'impédance est garantie grâce à l'utilisation d'un convertisseur Flyback fonctionnant dans son régime de conduction discontinu. Ainsi, une adaptation d'impédance très efficace est réalisée entre la rectenna et la charge de sortie. Ce convertisseur principal fonctionnera durant le régime permanent. Les deux convertisseurs ont été optimisés pour des niveaux de tension et de puissance aussi bas que quelques centaines de mV et quelques μW respectivement. Des mesures expérimentales réalisées sur plusieurs prototypes ont démontré le bon fonctionnement et les excellentes performances prédites par la procédure de conception ; ce qui nous permet de valider notre approche. De plus, les performances obtenues se distinguent parfaitement vis-à-vis de l'état de l'art. Enfin, en fonction de l'application désirée, plusieurs synoptiques d'association des deux structures sont proposés. Ceci inclut également la gestion énergétique de la charge de sortie.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Shili-Touzi, Inès;

    The introduction of a living cover crop during a cash crop growth cycle (relay intercropping) and its maintenance after the cash crop harvest may help to preserve biodiversity, increase soil organic matter content and carbon sequestration and provide other ecosystem services, such as increasing useful biotic interactions within the agroecosystem. We studied the impact of various approaches to managing a cover crop (red-fescue (Festuca rubra L.) or Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.)) intercropped with a winter wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.) during an annual scale in terms of light, water and nitrogen competition, using both modeling and experimental approaches. Modelling and experimental results showing that the use of a leguminous as a cover crop in a wheat intercropping system can therefore improve environmental performances by favoring certain biotic processes such as the production of primary biomass, the interception of radiation, which might otherwise reach weeds, and nitrate leaching at the end of growth cycle. These positives effects where observed during intercropping period and especially after the harvest of wheat, when the cover crop is maintained alive. Whatever the experiment, soil tillage had a very little effect on these processes; Les systèmes de cultures sous couvert végétal permanent associé à une culture commerciale ont la réputation d'être susceptibles d'assurer certains services écologiques et agronomiques : étouffement des adventices, mais aussi protection du sol, augmentation de la biodiversité, de l'activité biologique et du taux de matière organique des sols, diminution de l'érosion. Si ces systèmes se sont bien développés en climat tropical, ils restent toutefois presque inexistants en climat tempéré. L'objectif de cette étude est d'évaluer, par modélisation et expérimentation, les différentes interactions qui existent entre une culture de blé et une plante de couverture (fétuque rouge (Festuca rubra L.) ou luzerne (Medicago sativa L.)) cultivées simultanément pour les différentes ressources du milieu (lumière, eau et azote) dans les conditions de climat tempéré. La période considérée comprend la période culturale (association) et la période d'interculture (couvert maintenu vivant après la récolte du blé). Les résultats de modélisation et d'expérimentation montrent que l'introduction d'une plante de couverture en association avec un blé et son maintien en vie en période d'interculture peuvent améliorer les performances environnementales du système en favorisant certains processus biotiques comme par exemple la production de biomasse primaire, l'interception de rayonnement (qui agit directement sur le développement des adventices en réduisant la ressource en lumière arrivant au niveau du sol), et la réduction du stock d'azote susceptible d'être lessivé. Ces effets positifs sont observés en partie en période culturale mais surtout en période d'interculture

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Gohin, Alexandre; Gohin, Alexandre;

    [Paper in French] The European public policy in favor of the biodiesel consumption is highly debated. Available estimates of the induced land use changes conclude that this policy is inefficient to reduce emissions of GreenHouse Gas. We show that the crop yield evolutions in these estimates are significantly lower than the observed and expected evolutions. This difference is directly related to biased calibration choice of behavioral parameters. We show using the GTAP-BIO framework that a consistent calibration of these parameters leads to a strong reduction (by around 80% in the long run) of the land use changes and induced emissions.

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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ProdInra
    External research report . 2013
    License: CC BY SA
    Data sources: ProdInra
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
    Other literature type . 2013
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ProdInra
      External research report . 2013
      License: CC BY SA
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
      Other literature type . 2013
      Data sources: Datacite
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Camara, Mamadou Baïlo Camara;

    This subject is the continuity of the works started at L2ES Laboratory within the framework of ECCE program in collaboration with CREEBEL which ensures the nancial support. ECCE test bench is a series electrical hybrid vehicle with 4 independent wheels and a rated power of 120kW. The main energy source consists of two diesel motors and each is coupled to one alternator. The produced energy feeds 4 electric traction motors ; the remainder is stored by the batteries. This thesis presents the energy coupling strategies between these batteries and the supercapacitors to ensure dynamics in energy supply and storage for the hybrid vehicle. A bibliographical study has allowed to review technical progress and the available applications of the supercapacitors. A simplied model of supercapacitors which accurately translates the behavior of the cells during the charge and discharge is developed. Several DC/DC converters topologies with original strategies of embarked power management are developed. These topologies are based on the Buck-Boost converters and DC/AC-AC/DC converters with high frequency planar transformer. For cost raisons, the experimental test benches has been designed at a reduced scale ( 1/10 ). The experimental results obtained have allowed to compare the topologies performances for two control strategies. The polynomial control strategy (RST) is compared to classical PI correctors. These comparative studies have allowed choosing the best topology intended for the supercapacitors coupling to ECCE DC-bus.; Ce sujet s'inscrit dans la continuité des travaux commencés au sein du L2ES dans le cadre du programme ECCE en partenariat avec CREEBEL qui assure le nancement. La plateforme ECCE est un véhicule hybride électrique série à 4 roues indépendantes d'une puissance nominale en propulsion de 120kW électrique. La source d'énergie principale est constituée de deux moteurs diesels entraînant deux alternateurs. L'énergie électrique produite alimente les 4 moteurs électriques de traction et le reste est stocké dans le pack des batteries. Cette thèse développe les stratégies de couplage énergétique entre ce pack des batteries et les supercondensateurs an d'assurer au véhicule une dynamique de fourniture et du stockage de l'énergie électrique. Une étude bibliographique a permis de passer en revue le bilan technologique et les applications potentielles des supercondensateurs, puis d'élaborer le modèle simplié des supercondensateurs qui traduit dèlement le comportement des cellules durant les phases de charge et de décharge. Diérentes topologies des convertisseurs DC/DC avec des stratégies originales de gestion d'énergie électrique embarquée sont traitées. Les topologies proposées sont basées sur les convertisseurs Buck-Boost et les convertisseurs DC/AC-AC/DC à étage intermédiaire haute fréquence. Pour une raison de coût, les maquettes expérimentales des topologies ont été réalisées à l'échelle réduite ( 1/10 ). Les résultats expérimentaux obtenus ont permis de comparer les performances des topologies pour deux types de commande. La stratégie de gestion d'énergie à base des correcteurs polynomiaux (RST) est comparée à celle utilisant des correcteurs PI classiques. Ces études comparatives ont permis de choisir la meilleure topologie destinée au couplage des supercondensateurs sur le bus continu du banc ECCE.

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    Authors: François-Martin, Claire;

    In vivo, membrane fusion must not occur spontaneously. Thus, membrane fusion requires a large activation energy that is overcome through the action of multiple proteins. Even though biological fusion is very complex, it results in the coalescence of both lipid bilayers that constitute the cores of the involved membranes. Therefore, the activation energy that is necessary to disrupt the leaflet arrangement during lipid bilayer fusion should be similar to that of in vivo membrane fusion. In order to approach biological membrane fusion’s activation energy, we developed an experimental protocol which allows determining the activation energy and the Arrhenius factor of the reaction, thanks to Arrhenius’ law. The relative areas occupied by the polar head and hydrophobic tails of a lipid confers to it a preferential curvature, called spontaneous curvature. Investigating membranes with several lipid compositions, I found that a mismatch between the membrane curvature and the spontaneous curvature of the lipid affects both the Arrhenius factor and the activation energy. A more negative curvature generates more hydrophobic defects in the “flat” membrane which leads to an increase in the frequency of fusion nucleation, i.e. a larger Arrhenius factor. During the fusion process, membrane shapes are modified and adopt large positive and negative curvatures, each leaflet having opposite curvatures. A mismatch between the spontaneous curvature of the lipid and the one it should adopt in order for fusion to proceed can inhibit the process of fusion, i.e increase its activation energy. In vivo, la fusion membranaire ne doit pas avoir lieu spontanément. C’est pourquoi ce processus présente une barrière énergétique conséquente qui est surmontée grâce à l'action de multiples protéines. Même si la fusion biologique est très complexe, son résultat est la coalescence des deux bicouches lipidiques qui forment la matrice des membranes impliquées. L'énergie nécessaire à la perturbation de l'arrangement en bicouche lors de leur fusion doit donc être semblable à celle intervenant dans la fusion biologique. Dans le but d'estimer l’énergie d’activation de la fusion biologique, nous avons établi un protocole expérimental permettant de déterminer l’énergie d’activation et le facteur d’Arrhenius de la réaction, grâce à la loi d’Arrhenius. Les surfaces relatives occupées par la tête polaire et les queues hydrophobes d’un lipide lui confèrent une courbure préférentielle, dite courbure spontanée. En étudiant des membranes présentant des compositions lipidiques diverses, j’ai montré qu’une inadéquation entre la courbure de la membrane et la courbure spontanée du lipide affectait à la fois le facteur d’Arrhenius et l’énergie d’activation. Une courbure plus négative génère plus de défauts à la surface de la membrane « plate », ce qui augmente la fréquence de la nucléation de la fusion et accroît le facteur d’Arrhenius. Au cours du processus de fusion, la géométrie des membranes est modifiée et celle-ci présente de régions de fortes courbures. Une inadéquation entre la courbure spontanée du lipide et celle qu’il devrait adopter pour que la fusion soit accomplie peut inhiber la fusion et donc faire augmenter l’énergie d’activation.

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    Authors: Motte, Vianney;

    Boron carbide B4C is a ceramic commonly used as a neutron absorber to control the power of nuclear power plants. The neutron absorption reactions, (n,α) type on the boron-10 isotope, lead to the production of large quantities of helium (up to 1022.cm-3). This results to swelling induced by the formation of highly pressurized bubbles, followed by microcracking. Analysis of the literature shows that helium diffusion mechanisms and the early stages of bubble formation are poorly understood. The goal of our work is to study the behaviour of helium in boron carbide, by carrying out a parametric analysis. For this purpose, samples of B4C, sintered from different powders, were implanted in helium with ion accelerators at different concentrations and temperatures, in order to simulate the helium produced in the reactor. The analyses were then mainly based on two characterization techniques: Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA), which is an ion beam analysis technique. The 3He(d,4He)1H reaction used allows obtaining helium profiles in the material. The Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), which allows observation of potential helium clusters in the material. We first demonstrated the influence of the concentration of implanted helium: the higher it is, the higher the density of clusters in the implanted area; then the influence of the implantation temperature: the higher it is, the higher the threshold temperature for cluster nucleation and the lower the density. We have deduced that these differences were due to the influence of the residual damage, which is lower at high temperature. Dual gold and helium implantations confirmed that damage caused by Au ions had a significant effect on cluster nucleation, lowering the temperature threshold of their occurrence and increasing their density. Next, we have highlighted the role of grain boundaries which have proved to be very efficient traps for helium. We have demonstrated that helium does not diffuse into these grain boundaries at temperatures up to 1200°C. Finally, the broadening of the helium profiles after heat treatments, in the temperature range 600-800°C, allowed us to determine an apparent diffusion coefficient of helium in B4C, still unknown in the literature: D = D0.exp (-Ea/kT), with D0 = 6.03x10-3 x/ 2.5 cm2.s-1 and Ea = 2.03 ± 0.18 eV. This work allowed us to better understand the behaviour of helium in boron carbide, which will be used in power control devices and neutron protections for the ASTRID reactor, a French sodium fast-neutron reactor project. The results thus allow obtaining useful indications for the design of the neutron absorber elements of the reactor Le carbure de bore B4C est une céramique couramment utilisée comme absorbant neutronique pour la régulation de la puissance des réacteurs nucléaires. Les réactions d’absorption neutronique, de type (n,α) sur l’isotope bore-10, conduisent à la production de grandes quantités d’hélium (jusqu’à 1022.cm-3). Il en résulte du gonflement induit par la formation de bulles hautement pressurisées, puis de la microfissuration. L’analyse de la littérature montre que les mécanismes de diffusion de l’hélium et les premières étapes de la formation des bulles sont mal connus. L’objectif de notre étude est d’étudier le comportement de l’hélium dans le carbure de bore, en réalisant une analyse paramétrique. Pour cela, des échantillons de B4C fritté à partir de différentes poudres ont été implantés en hélium dans des accélérateurs d’ions à différentes concentrations et températures, ce afin de simuler l’hélium produit en réacteur. Les analyses se sont ensuite principalement appuyées sur deux techniques de caractérisation : L’analyse par réactions nucléaires ou NRA (Nuclear Reaction Analysis) qui est une technique d’analyse par faisceau d’ions. La réaction 3He(d,4He)1H utilisée permet d’obtenir des profils d’hélium dans le matériau. La Microscope Electronique en Transmission (MET) qui permet d’observer les amas potentiels d’hélium dans le matériau. Nous avons tout d’abord mis en évidence l’influence de la concentration d’hélium implanté : plus elle est élevée, plus la densité d’amas dans la zone implantée est élevée ; puis celle de de la température d’implantation : plus cette dernière est élevée, plus la température seuil de germination des amas est élevée et leur densité réduite. Nous en avons déduit que ces différences étaient dues à l’influence de l’endommagement résiduel, plus faible à haute température. Des doubles implantations d’or et d’hélium ont confirmé que l’endommagement créé par les ions Au avait un effet significatif sur la germination des amas, en abaissant le seuil de température de leur apparition et en augmentant leur densité. Ensuite, nous avons mis en évidence le rôle des joints de grains qui se sont révélés être de véritables pièges pour hélium. Nous avons démontré que l’hélium ne diffuse pas dans ni à travers ces joints de grains jusqu’à des températures de l’ordre de 1200°C. Enfin, l’élargissement des profils d’hélium après traitements thermiques, dans la gamme de température 600-800°C, a permis de déterminer un coefficient de diffusion apparent de l’hélium dans le B4C, paramètre inconnu dans la littérature, ainsi qu’une énergie d’activation : D = D0.exp(-Ea/kT), avec D0 = 6,03x10- 3 x/ 2,5 cm2.s-1 et Ea = 2,03 ±0,18 eV. L’ensemble de ce travail a permis de mieux appréhender le comportement de l’hélium dans le carbure de bore qui sera utilisé dans les dispositifs de contrôle de la puissance et les protections neutroniques du réacteur ASTRID, projet français de réacteur à spectre neutronique rapide refroidi au sodium. Les résultats obtenus permettent ainsi de tirer des indications utiles à la conception des éléments absorbants neutroniques du réacteur

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  • Authors: Radau, Rodolphe, 1835-1911.;

    Mode of access: Internet.

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    Authors: de Boer, F.; Kessler, J. J.;

    Metadata only record This document presents an analysis of Fulani pastoral farming systems that focuses on how pastoralists use silvopastoral land. It aims to provide the missing knowledge needed to implement the resource management ('gestion des terroirs') approach at village level. In this region the influence of pastoral land use on the environment appears to be less pronounced than that of crop cultivation, even though levels of animal production are reasonable. The carrying capacity of the region has not yet been attained. Current constraints to pastoral land use in the region arise from the encroachment of cropland at the expense of pastoral land, and the increase in animal numbers. To develop sustainable natural resource management at village level that includes Fulani pastoral land use, the key factors appear to be the integration of livestock husbandry and cropland cultivation at household level, agreements between pastoralists and cropland farmers on land tenure and resource management, and support targeting of Fulani households (which have so far been neglected). Specific recommendations are given. (CAB Abstract)

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Stolyarova, Elena;

    Little research has been done to date on French households’ preferences for energy retrofits in the dwelling. However, the economic role of these choices is crucial for implementing an effective and realistic energy policy in the residential sector, both in terms of proposed aid and targets. Are households interested in retrofits with high energy-savings potential? How much are they willing to pay and is it sufficient to cover the up-front costs? How many households have no choice of heating system, and what is their profile?This work sets out to answer these questions empirically using discrete choice models. It starts by analyzing the technical, socio-demographic and spatial constraints that face households and create barriers to domestic energy choices. A method to detect household constraint is devised and applied to the choice of space heating system in 2006 and 2013. The second stage analyzes household preferences for heating equipment and retrofits. This second part is based on a discrete choice experiment specially carried out for this research among 2,000 households. This work sheds light on households’ preferences and heterogeneity, as well as their willingness to pay, the implicit discount rate and other economic impacts. Les préférences des ménages français pour les travaux de rénovation énergétique dans le logement ont été peu étudiées jusqu’à présent. Or, elles sont la clé d’une politique énergétique efficace et réaliste pour le secteur résidentiel, tant au niveau des aides proposées, qu’au niveau des objectifs à réaliser. Les ménages sont-ils intéressés par des travaux à fort potentiel d’économie d’énergie ? Combien sont-ils prêt à payer et est-ce que c’est suffisant pour couvrir les coûts réels ? Combien de ménages n’ont pas le choix de leur mode de chauffage et quel est leur profil ?La thèse s'attache à répondre à ces questions de façon empirique à l’aide de modèles de choix discrets. Il s’agit, dans un premier temps, d’analyser les contraintes techniques, sociodémographiques et spatiales que rencontrent les ménages et qui entravent les choix énergétiques dans le logement. Une méthodologie de détection des ménages contraints a été proposée, puis appliquée au choix du chauffage en 2006 et 2013. Dans un deuxième temps, les préférences des ménages pour les équipements de chauffage et les travaux de rénovation ont été analysées. Cette deuxième partie utilise une enquête expérimentale qui a été réalisée spécialement pour ce travail de recherche auprès de 2000 ménages. Ce travail a permis de comprendre les préférences des ménages, leur hétérogénéité, et d’en déduire les consentements à payer, les taux d’actualisation implicites et les différents effets économiques.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Nefzi, Aida;

    The literature is not unanimous as for the effect of the climatic change on developing countries. Indeed, if several studies conclude that the agriculture of developing countries is vulnerable to the climatic change because of the predominance of weak capital agriculture, others suggest that climate change will be benefit to agriculture. This thesis has for objective to study the impact of the climate change on the Tunisian agriculture while using an analysis ricardienne of the agricultural value added. We execute a spatiotemporal analysis of the answer of the agricultural value added to the climate change on a relative data base of 21 governates of Tunisia that covers the period 1992-2007. On the basis of results of evaluation of this analysis, we proceed to a simulation of the impact of the climate change on agriculture relatively on the projections of a moderate scenario on the 2020 horizon. Results suggest that the climate change combined to an evolution of the technological level would have some beneficial effects on the Tunisian agriculture. This result would put back in question findings of the existing study that insist on the negative effects of the climatic change on agriculture. La littérature n'est pas unanime quant à l'effet favorable ou défavorable du changement climatique sur les pays en voie de développement. En effet, si plusieurs travaux concluent que l'agriculture des pays en voie de développement est vulnérable au changement climatique à cause de la prédominance de l'agriculture à faible capital, d'autres suggèrent le contraire. Cette thèse a pour objectif d'étudier l'impact du changement climatique sur l'agriculture tunisienne en utilisant une analyse ricardienne de la valeur ajoutée agricole. Nous effectuons une analyse spatio-temporelle de la réponse de la valeur ajoutée agricole au changement climatique sur une base de données relative à 21 gouvernorats de la Tunisie qui couvre la période 1992-2007. Sur la base des résultats d'estimation de cette analyse, nous procédons à une simulation de l'impact du changement climatique sur l'agriculture relativement aux projections d'un scénario modéré à l'horizon 2020. Les résultats suggèrent que le changement climatique combiné à une évolution du niveau technologique aurait des effets bénéfiques sur l'agriculture tunisienne. Ce résultat remettrait en question les conclusions de la majorité des travaux existants dans la littérature qui insistent sur les effets négatifs du changement climatique sur l'agriculture.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Adami, Salah-Eddine;

    Les progrès réalisés durant ces dernières années dans le domaine de la microélectronique et notamment vis-à-vis de l'augmentation exponentielle de la densité d'intégration des composants et des systèmes a participé activement à l'apparition et au développement de systèmes portables communicants de plus en plus performants et polyvalents. La R&D dans les technologies de stockage d'énergie n'a pas suivi cette tendance d'évolution très rapide ; ce qui constitue un handicap majeur dans les évolutions futures des systèmes portables. La transmission d'énergie sans fils sur des distances considérables (plusieurs dizaines de mètres) grâce aux microondes constitue une solution très prometteuse pour pallier aux problèmes d'autonomie dans le cas des systèmes sans fils communicants. De plus, du fait de l'omniprésence des ondes électromagnétiques dans notre environnement avec des niveaux plus ou moins importants, la récupération et l'exploitation de cette énergie libre est également possible. La rectenna (Rectifying Antenna) est le dispositif permettant de capter et de convertir une onde électromagnétique en une tension continue. Plusieurs travaux de thèse axés sur l'étude et l'optimisation de la rectenna ont été réalisés au sein du laboratoire. Ces travaux avaient montré que pour des faibles niveaux de champs les tensions délivrées par la rectenna sont généralement très faibles et inexploitables. Aussi, comme la majorité des micro-sources d'énergie et à cause de son impédance interne, les performances de la rectenna dépendent fortement de sa charge de sortie. Ainsi, le développement d'un système d'interfaçage de la rectenna est nécessaire afin de pallier ces manquements inhérents du convertisseur RF/DC. Ce genre de système d'interfaçage est généralement absent dans la littérature à cause des faibles niveaux de puissance exploités. Par conséquent, la rectenna est très souvent utilisée tel quelle ; ce qui limite fortement le champ applicatif. Dans ce projet de recherche, un système de gestion énergétique de la rectenna complètement autonome a été conçu, développé et optimisé afin de garantir les performances optimales de la rectenna quelques soient les fluctuations de la puissance d'entrée et celles de la charge de sortie. Le circuit d'interfaçage permet également de fournir à la charge des niveaux de tension utilisables. Le système réalisé est basé tout d'abord sur l'utilisation d'un convertisseur DC/DC résonant pouvant fonctionner d'une manière complètement autonome à partir de niveaux très bas de la tension et de la puissance de la source. Ce convertisseur permet donc de garantir l'autonomie du système en éliminant la nécessité d'une source d'énergie auxiliaire. A cause de ses faibles performances énergétiques, ce convertisseur ne sera utilisé que durant la phase de démarrage. L'efficacité du système en termes de rendement énergétique et d'adaptation d'impédance est garantie grâce à l'utilisation d'un convertisseur Flyback fonctionnant dans son régime de conduction discontinu. Ainsi, une adaptation d'impédance très efficace est réalisée entre la rectenna et la charge de sortie. Ce convertisseur principal fonctionnera durant le régime permanent. Les deux convertisseurs ont été optimisés pour des niveaux de tension et de puissance aussi bas que quelques centaines de mV et quelques μW respectivement. Des mesures expérimentales réalisées sur plusieurs prototypes ont démontré le bon fonctionnement et les excellentes performances prédites par la procédure de conception ; ce qui nous permet de valider notre approche. De plus, les performances obtenues se distinguent parfaitement vis-à-vis de l'état de l'art. Enfin, en fonction de l'application désirée, plusieurs synoptiques d'association des deux structures sont proposés. Ceci inclut également la gestion énergétique de la charge de sortie.

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