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Показаны причины высокой энергоемкости существующих технологий производства прессованных силикатных изделий Обосновано проведение химических реакций образования гидросиликатов кальция в одну стадию. При этом будет использовано выделяемое реакциями тепло для образования гидросиликатов. Исследовано совмещение механической и химической активации для увеличения удельной поверхности смеси, истинной плотности и прочности сформованных образцов. Предложена энергосберегающая технология.Представлены сравнительные показатели расхода энергетических ресурсов по существующей технологии и предлагаемой. Was shown the reasons for the increased power consumption of the existing production technologies of pressed silicate products. It proves the correctness of carrying out chemical reactions of calcium Hydrosilicates formation in a single step. If the process is carried out in a single step, the heat that is released will be used for the formation of calcium silicate. In experiments combined mechanical activation with the chemical activation lime is not subjected to the preliminary damping. The effect of mechanical activation to the specific surface of the mixture, the density and strength of the obtained samples. A power-saving and resource-saving technology. Presents energy consumption figures for a final product on the Normal and technology offered. It is found that the quality of the existing bricks meets standards. It was shown that the deletion of thermal energy flow from outside into the process is possible to obtain a quality product.

В статье рассмотрена модернизация системы подогревателей сиропа сорго перед концентрированием в выпарной установке. Процесс выпаривания является одним из наиболее энергоемких процессов химической технологии, поэтому организация рекуперации тепла в этих процессов – это актуальная задача, особенно при высоких ценах на внешние энергоносители. Для решения поставленной задачи были применены методы пинч-анализа. На основании расчета теплового и материального балансов выпарной установки были выделены тепловые потоки для тепловой интеграции. С помощью составных кривых потоков процесса и сеточной диаграммы был проведен анализ существующего проекта и выявлены недостатки предлагаемой системы рекуперации тепла, а именно, нарушение минимальной разности температур в теплообменных аппаратах и перенос тепла через пинч. Это влечет за собой как увеличение капитальных затрат, так и затрат на внешние энергоносители. The modernization of the sorghum syrup heating process before concentrating in the multi-effect evaporator is considered in the paper. Process of evaporation is one of the most power-intensive processes of chemical technology therefore the organization of heat recovery in these processes is a relevant task, especially taking into account high prices of external energy carriers. Pinch-analysis methods have been applied to the solution of the objective. Thermal and material balances of evaporator system have been calculated, process streams for heat integration have been identified and their data have been extracted. By means of the process streams composite curves and the grid diagram the analysis of the existing project has been carried out and shortcomings of the offered system of heat recover, namely, violation of the minimum temperature difference in heat exchange equipment and heat transfer across the pinch has been revealed. It involves both increase in capital expenditure, and costs of external energy carriers. On the basis of the pinch-analysis principles the alternative design of the process streams heat integration, that realizes the maximum energy recovery for economically and technologically reasonable value of the minimum temperature difference in heat exchange network Tmin = 5 С, has been developed. For technical implementation of the upgraded scheme additional plate heat exchangers have been chosen and calculated. Propositions for improving the heat scheme include saving of the hot utility (steam) and cold utility (cooling water) consumptions, increasing overall efficiency by using the upgraded scheme have been made.The technical and economic analysis of the proposed design showed a 1.43-fold decrease in the of external energy consumption in comparison with the initial design. At almost identical payback period, the alternative design will allow to get net annual profit 42 % more, than the existing design.

The analysis of scientific works shows that the development of technology is ahead of the level of development of energy management. There are no clear comparisons of the energy efficiency of electrical technologies and heat technologies. Objective indicators of energy efficiency in various technologies of dehydration of raw materials not developed yet. In that article assumed that objective results for comparing energy efficiency in the processing of raw materials is obtained by the basis of system analysis of the entire energy conversion chain from fuel to finished product. The purpose of the work is experimentally proving the objectivity of this hypothesis. To achieve this goal, it is proposing to use the indicator of the energy share of fuel in the finished product and the amount of moisture removed when burning 1 kg of fuel, which does not depend on fluctuations in energy prices, which can vary and differ for different countries. The most important result of the work is the comparison of these parameters with the data for innovative equipment samples developed by the authors. The significance of the results obtained is that the evaporating devices developed by the authors are not inferior in efficiency to traditional ones, and make it possible to obtain concentrates up to 90 ° brix. Thus, for fuels with an oil equivalent of 40 MJ per 1 kg, traditional dryers can remove no more than 3 kg of moisture, cryoconcentrators – 20 kg.

Scopus У статті проаналізовано наслідки впливу енергоресурсів неналежної якості на продуктивність виробництва і фінансові витрати промислових підприємств. Запропоновано програму дій щодо здійснення контролінгу та оптимізації якості енергоресурсів на підприємстві. У рамках кожного кроку програми сформовано функціональну підсистему процедур на підприємстві, що передбачають як взаємодію з постачальниками енергоресурсів (у рамках інспекційного й оперативного контролінгу), так і заходи всередині його підрозділів. В статье проанализированы последствия влияния энергоресурсов ненадлежащего качества на продуктивность производства и финансовые затраты промышленных предприятий. Предложена программа действий по осуществлению контроллинга и оптимизации качества энергоресурсов на предприятии. В рамках каждого шага программы сформирована функциональная подсистема процедур на предприятии, которые предусматривают как взаимодействие с поставщиками энергоресурсов (в рамках инспекционного и оперативного контроллинга), так и мероприятия внутри его подразделений. Introduction. The economic condition of a company is largely determined by the efficient usage of the main industrial energy resources. Energy savings, even within tenths of a percent via programs to optimize the energy efficiency of industrial enterprises, provide an opportunity to save considerable financial resources. Purpose is to justify the need of controlling the quality of industrial enterprises energy resources as an element of increasing energy efficiency and the development of its implementation program. Results. Reduction of equipment performance, quality of final products, cost overrun of energy resources, increase the dynamics of depreciation and reduction of maintenance intervals in usage of poor quality of electricity, industrial water and natural gas are identified. The program of energy resources quality controlling at an industrial enterprise is proposed. Quality of energy resources monitoring and improving is performed by several steps: the internal audit, optimization the supply contracts, operative controlling and the quality of energy resources monitoring, planning and implementation of measures to improve the quality of energy recourses. Each step of the program includes a subsystem of action between the units of the company and interaction with energy suppliers. Conclusion. Understanding the need of controlling the quality of energy resources by managers and implementation of appropriate targeted programs in the future will significantly increase the competitiveness of industrial enterprises in the market.

The aim of the work is to increase biogas output and generation of electricity in biogas plants due to the joint fermentation of cattle manure with winemaking waste. To achieve this goal, the following tasks have been solved: the biogas yield from cattle manure with winemaking waste was determined during periodic loading of the digester; based on the obtained experimental data, a mathematical model was calibrated to estimate the biogas yield during fermentation of cattle manure with the addition of winemaking waste. Because of the studies, it had been found that when manure was fermented with part of the water replaced in the substrate 2% of the winemaking waste, the fermentation dynamics in the substrate are similar to the fermentation of pure cattle manure. Biogas obtained by fermentation of manure with the addition of 2%, 6.5% and 13% of wastewater from wine production instead of water in the first day of fermentation either did not burn at all or burned poorly. The addition of winemaking waste to a substrate based on manure in an amount of 13% allows increasing the maximum biogas yield by a third to 1,372 l/(hrkg dry organic matter). The significance of the research results lies in the fact that the use of winemaking waste as a substrate will allow a third increase in biogas output and power generation, and a reduction in the payback period of a 4,4 MW biogas plant using the green tariff to 6,5 years.

Приведен краткий научно-аналитический обзор о состоянии и перспективах мирового развития альтернативной энергетики, включающей ветроэнергетику, солнечную энергетику, геотермальную энергетику, биогазовую энергетику, приливную гидроэнергетику, водородную энергетику и малую гидроэнергетику. Purpose. Implementation of brief analytical review of the state and prospect of development in the modern world of alternative energy, including wind energy, sun energy, geothermal energy, biogas energy, flood-tide water energy, hydrogen energy and small water energy. Methodology. Scientific methods of collection, analysis and analytical treatment of scientific and technical information in area of the present state of world energy and ways of its further development. Results. A brief scientific and technical review is resulted about the state and prospects of world development of basic types of alternative energy. It is shown that, in spite of comparatively small stake (to 10 %) of this untraditional energy in general world balance of making of electric power, world association taking into account the necessary changing in the nearest 50 years of present oil-gas «foundation» of energy on other with large raw material, potential and ecological possibilities are forced to invest large financial means in development of the indicated directions of alternative energy. Originality. First on the basis of materials of separate magazine publications, scientific monographs and internet-reports on power problem the brief analytical review of the state and prospects of world development of basic types of alternative energy is executed. Practical value. Deepening and spread of the scientific and technical learnings in area of functioning and ways of development of modern energy. Scientific popularization of arising up before society claimed tasks from global and important for all of humanity of power problem.

The issues of improving the efficiency of methanol usage as a promising marine power plant fuel with low carbon content are discussed. The main aim of the research is an analysis of characteristics of advanced marine gas turbine power plants with the combined thermodynamic and thermochemical regeneration of waste heat. The possible methanol conversion at the expense thermochemical heat regeneration of marine engines recoverable resources has been revealed. The analysis of parameters influences of the waste heat recoverable resources, as well as restrictions related to the engine system of gas fuel injection, on the efficiency of methanol conversion has been carried out. It was demonstrated that the simulation of methanol steam conversion processes results in the pressure increase in the reactor, which, in its turn, causes a shift of conversion efficiency process towards higher temperature area. The calculation scheme of steam injection gas turbine plant with the joint thermodynamic and thermochemical regeneration of waste heat is demonstrated. The results of mathematical simulation of the processes in regeneration plant under the 3.4 MW constant capacity and heat exchanger thermal ratio of 0.85 were obtained. The cycle optimization has been based on the efficiency of plant under the conditions of variation of water/methanol ratio and gas temperatures in thermochemical regenerator. The efficiency increase constituted 4% relative to characteristics of the base engine operating on methanol. The estimation of carbon content in produced syngas has shown that thermochemical regeneration of methanol conversion by using the waste heat can reduce the energy efficiency by 1.5 times.

Ukraine in terms of water availability ranked 17th among 20 European countries. Its water resources depend on the river flow from the territories of the neighboring countries (76.6%) and only about a fourth of it is formed within the country (23.4%). The prevailing part of the territory of the country is characterized by low and very low water availability (1.98 - 0.12 thousand m3 per person). Only the Transcarpathian region belongs to the category of average water availability (6.3 thousand m3 per person.) Most of the research results confirm the high probability of a 25-70% decrease in the water resources of the Ukraine in the 21st century. Stabilization and even an increase in water resources are expected within the Ukrainian Carpathians. Given the results of modeling, we should expect further increase in the water deficit in the zone of unsustainable agriculture - in the southern regions of Ukraine already to the middle XXI century. Украина по показателю обеспеченности водными ресурсами занимает 17 место среди 20 европейских стран. Ее водные ресурсы зависят от речного стока с территорий прилегающих стран (76,6%) и только приблизительно их четвертая часть формируется в пределах страны (23,4%). Преобладающая часть территории страны характеризуется низкой и очень низкой водообеспеченностью (1,98 - 0,12 тыс.м3 на одного человека). Лишь Закарпатская область принадлежит к категории средней обеспеченности местным стоком (6,3 тыс.м3 на одного человека. Большинство результатов исследований подтверждают высокую вероятность уменьшения водных ресурсов равнинной Украины в ХХІ веке на 25-70%. В пределах Украинских Карпат ожидается стабилизация и даже увеличение водных ресурсов. Учитывая имеющиеся результаты моделирования, следует ожидать дальнейшего увеличения дефицита водных ресурсов в зоне неустойчивого земледелия – в южных регионах Украины уже к средине ХХІ века.

Разработка новых энергосберегающих теплотехнологических установок является важной научно – технической проблемой, связанной с использованием системного подхода к решению задач энергосбережения применительно к теплофизическим явлениям, реализуемым в теплотехнологических системах и комплексах. В работе представлены результаты исследований энергоэффективного процесса сушки и измельчения бурого угля в термовакуумной установке. Приведены расчеты нагревательного элемента термовакуумной установки. Практическая значимость проведенных исследований связана с возможностью создания промышленного производства нового поколения экологически чистых энергосберегающих термовакуумных сушильных установок. The development of new energy saving heat technology plants is an important scientific-&-engineering problem related to the use of the system approach to the solution of the problems of energy saving with regard to thermal and physical phenomena realized by heat technology systems and complexes. This paper gives the research results obtained for the energy-efficient drying process and brown coal milling in the thermovacuum unit. The computations of the heating element of the thermovacuum unit have been given. While analyzing thermodynamical processes running in the heat technology plant the consideration was given to the conditions that provide maximum exergic power efficiency factor for the thermovacuum drying unit. This provides an opportunity for the determination of the mode parameters for the drying process and the fabrication of the energy saving highly efficient drying unit and also the assessment of the degree of the thermodynamic sophistication of the heater, based on the selected criterion of the optimality and varied factors. A practical value of the research done is related to the possibility of the setting up of the full-scale production of ecologically safe energy saving thermovacuum drying units of a new generation.