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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Lalanne, Philippe;

    L'objectif de ce travail a été de comprendre au niveau microscopique, l'organisation du mélange supercritique CO2/éthanol considéré comme un ‘solvant universel' dans le domaine des applications industrielles (fractionnement des polymères). La méthodologie utilisée est basée sur une étude par spectrométrie de vibration (Infrarouge et Raman) et une analyse théorique des résultats expérimentaux en utilisant des méthodes de calculs ab-initio et des approches analytiques. Les corps purs et le mélange CO2/éthanol ont été étudiés. L'analyse du mode de vibration symétrique du CO2 en fonction de la température (28 This work is aimed at the understating of the microscopic organisation of the CO2/ethanol supercritical mixture, considered as an universal solvent in industrial applications (fractionation of polymers). The methodology is based upon the use of vibrational spectroscopy (Infrared and Raman) and the theoretical analysis of the experimental results from ab-initio calculations and analytical approaches. The heat fluids as well as the CO2/ethanol mixture were studied. The analysis of CO2 symetric vibrational stretching mode in the temperature and the density range 28

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Hal
    Doctoral thesis . 2001
    Data sources: Hal
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Hal
      Doctoral thesis . 2001
      Data sources: Hal
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Camara, Mamadou Baïlo Camara;

    This subject is the continuity of the works started at L2ES Laboratory within the framework of ECCE program in collaboration with CREEBEL which ensures the nancial support. ECCE test bench is a series electrical hybrid vehicle with 4 independent wheels and a rated power of 120kW. The main energy source consists of two diesel motors and each is coupled to one alternator. The produced energy feeds 4 electric traction motors ; the remainder is stored by the batteries. This thesis presents the energy coupling strategies between these batteries and the supercapacitors to ensure dynamics in energy supply and storage for the hybrid vehicle. A bibliographical study has allowed to review technical progress and the available applications of the supercapacitors. A simplied model of supercapacitors which accurately translates the behavior of the cells during the charge and discharge is developed. Several DC/DC converters topologies with original strategies of embarked power management are developed. These topologies are based on the Buck-Boost converters and DC/AC-AC/DC converters with high frequency planar transformer. For cost raisons, the experimental test benches has been designed at a reduced scale ( 1/10 ). The experimental results obtained have allowed to compare the topologies performances for two control strategies. The polynomial control strategy (RST) is compared to classical PI correctors. These comparative studies have allowed choosing the best topology intended for the supercapacitors coupling to ECCE DC-bus.; Ce sujet s'inscrit dans la continuité des travaux commencés au sein du L2ES dans le cadre du programme ECCE en partenariat avec CREEBEL qui assure le nancement. La plateforme ECCE est un véhicule hybride électrique série à 4 roues indépendantes d'une puissance nominale en propulsion de 120kW électrique. La source d'énergie principale est constituée de deux moteurs diesels entraînant deux alternateurs. L'énergie électrique produite alimente les 4 moteurs électriques de traction et le reste est stocké dans le pack des batteries. Cette thèse développe les stratégies de couplage énergétique entre ce pack des batteries et les supercondensateurs an d'assurer au véhicule une dynamique de fourniture et du stockage de l'énergie électrique. Une étude bibliographique a permis de passer en revue le bilan technologique et les applications potentielles des supercondensateurs, puis d'élaborer le modèle simplié des supercondensateurs qui traduit dèlement le comportement des cellules durant les phases de charge et de décharge. Diérentes topologies des convertisseurs DC/DC avec des stratégies originales de gestion d'énergie électrique embarquée sont traitées. Les topologies proposées sont basées sur les convertisseurs Buck-Boost et les convertisseurs DC/AC-AC/DC à étage intermédiaire haute fréquence. Pour une raison de coût, les maquettes expérimentales des topologies ont été réalisées à l'échelle réduite ( 1/10 ). Les résultats expérimentaux obtenus ont permis de comparer les performances des topologies pour deux types de commande. La stratégie de gestion d'énergie à base des correcteurs polynomiaux (RST) est comparée à celle utilisant des correcteurs PI classiques. Ces études comparatives ont permis de choisir la meilleure topologie destinée au couplage des supercondensateurs sur le bus continu du banc ECCE.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Motte, Vianney;

    Boron carbide B4C is a ceramic commonly used as a neutron absorber to control the power of nuclear power plants. The neutron absorption reactions, (n,α) type on the boron-10 isotope, lead to the production of large quantities of helium (up to 1022.cm-3). This results to swelling induced by the formation of highly pressurized bubbles, followed by microcracking. Analysis of the literature shows that helium diffusion mechanisms and the early stages of bubble formation are poorly understood. The goal of our work is to study the behaviour of helium in boron carbide, by carrying out a parametric analysis. For this purpose, samples of B4C, sintered from different powders, were implanted in helium with ion accelerators at different concentrations and temperatures, in order to simulate the helium produced in the reactor. The analyses were then mainly based on two characterization techniques: Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA), which is an ion beam analysis technique. The 3He(d,4He)1H reaction used allows obtaining helium profiles in the material. The Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), which allows observation of potential helium clusters in the material. We first demonstrated the influence of the concentration of implanted helium: the higher it is, the higher the density of clusters in the implanted area; then the influence of the implantation temperature: the higher it is, the higher the threshold temperature for cluster nucleation and the lower the density. We have deduced that these differences were due to the influence of the residual damage, which is lower at high temperature. Dual gold and helium implantations confirmed that damage caused by Au ions had a significant effect on cluster nucleation, lowering the temperature threshold of their occurrence and increasing their density. Next, we have highlighted the role of grain boundaries which have proved to be very efficient traps for helium. We have demonstrated that helium does not diffuse into these grain boundaries at temperatures up to 1200°C. Finally, the broadening of the helium profiles after heat treatments, in the temperature range 600-800°C, allowed us to determine an apparent diffusion coefficient of helium in B4C, still unknown in the literature: D = D0.exp (-Ea/kT), with D0 = 6.03x10-3 x/ 2.5 cm2.s-1 and Ea = 2.03 ± 0.18 eV. This work allowed us to better understand the behaviour of helium in boron carbide, which will be used in power control devices and neutron protections for the ASTRID reactor, a French sodium fast-neutron reactor project. The results thus allow obtaining useful indications for the design of the neutron absorber elements of the reactor Le carbure de bore B4C est une céramique couramment utilisée comme absorbant neutronique pour la régulation de la puissance des réacteurs nucléaires. Les réactions d’absorption neutronique, de type (n,α) sur l’isotope bore-10, conduisent à la production de grandes quantités d’hélium (jusqu’à 1022.cm-3). Il en résulte du gonflement induit par la formation de bulles hautement pressurisées, puis de la microfissuration. L’analyse de la littérature montre que les mécanismes de diffusion de l’hélium et les premières étapes de la formation des bulles sont mal connus. L’objectif de notre étude est d’étudier le comportement de l’hélium dans le carbure de bore, en réalisant une analyse paramétrique. Pour cela, des échantillons de B4C fritté à partir de différentes poudres ont été implantés en hélium dans des accélérateurs d’ions à différentes concentrations et températures, ce afin de simuler l’hélium produit en réacteur. Les analyses se sont ensuite principalement appuyées sur deux techniques de caractérisation : L’analyse par réactions nucléaires ou NRA (Nuclear Reaction Analysis) qui est une technique d’analyse par faisceau d’ions. La réaction 3He(d,4He)1H utilisée permet d’obtenir des profils d’hélium dans le matériau. La Microscope Electronique en Transmission (MET) qui permet d’observer les amas potentiels d’hélium dans le matériau. Nous avons tout d’abord mis en évidence l’influence de la concentration d’hélium implanté : plus elle est élevée, plus la densité d’amas dans la zone implantée est élevée ; puis celle de de la température d’implantation : plus cette dernière est élevée, plus la température seuil de germination des amas est élevée et leur densité réduite. Nous en avons déduit que ces différences étaient dues à l’influence de l’endommagement résiduel, plus faible à haute température. Des doubles implantations d’or et d’hélium ont confirmé que l’endommagement créé par les ions Au avait un effet significatif sur la germination des amas, en abaissant le seuil de température de leur apparition et en augmentant leur densité. Ensuite, nous avons mis en évidence le rôle des joints de grains qui se sont révélés être de véritables pièges pour hélium. Nous avons démontré que l’hélium ne diffuse pas dans ni à travers ces joints de grains jusqu’à des températures de l’ordre de 1200°C. Enfin, l’élargissement des profils d’hélium après traitements thermiques, dans la gamme de température 600-800°C, a permis de déterminer un coefficient de diffusion apparent de l’hélium dans le B4C, paramètre inconnu dans la littérature, ainsi qu’une énergie d’activation : D = D0.exp(-Ea/kT), avec D0 = 6,03x10- 3 x/ 2,5 cm2.s-1 et Ea = 2,03 ±0,18 eV. L’ensemble de ce travail a permis de mieux appréhender le comportement de l’hélium dans le carbure de bore qui sera utilisé dans les dispositifs de contrôle de la puissance et les protections neutroniques du réacteur ASTRID, projet français de réacteur à spectre neutronique rapide refroidi au sodium. Les résultats obtenus permettent ainsi de tirer des indications utiles à la conception des éléments absorbants neutroniques du réacteur

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Davis, Géraldine;

    Les ondes internes jouent un rôle essentiel dans la dynamique de l'atmosphère et de l'océan. Elles sont entres autres invoquées pour expliquer le mélange irréversible de ce dernier. Dans des géométries particulières, ces ondes sont susceptibles de converger vers des trajectoires limites appelées attracteurs. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions expérimentalement ces attracteurs dans une cuve trapézoïdale. Dans un premier temps, nous nous intéressons à leur bilan énergétique, en mesurant les différentes dissipations ainsi que la puissance injectée par le générateur d'onde. Si cette puissance est suffisante, l'attracteur est susceptible de se déstabiliser par interactions triadiques. Nous quantifions la part de dissipation portée par ces ondes secondaires ainsi générées. La mesure de la puissance injectée en régime linéaire a montré qu'elle est plus importante pour les attracteurs. Cette résonance, observée jusqu'ici sous une excitation monochromatique, est ici observée en étudiant la réponse du système à une impulsion. Un développement théorique est proposé et permet de comparer quantitativement les deux méthodes. Enfin, nous étudions le régime non linéaire des attracteurs, qui présente des spectres temporel et spatial très riches. Après avoir caractérisé le régime non linéaire, nous exhibons deux comportements non linéaires très différents et apportons des pistes d'explication à leur existence Internal waves are very important to atmospheric and oceanic dynamics. Among others, they might explain the irreversible mixing of the oceans. In particular geometries, these waves can focus on limit cycles called attractors. Firstly, we investigate the energy budget of these attractor by measuring the different dissipative terms and the injected power coming from the waves source. If this power is sufficient, the attractor destibilise throught triadic instabilities. We quantify how much these secondary are important to the global dissipation rate.The measurement of injected power in the linear regime has shown that it is bigger for the attractors. This resonance, which had been observed under a monochromatic excitation, is here study by analysing the response of the system to an impulse. A theoretical development is proposed to compare quantitatively these two methods. Finally, we study the non linear regime of attractors, which present some complex spatial and temporal spectrum. We caracterise this non linear regime and show that two very different non linear beahviors exist. We bring up some explanation to these behaviors

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    HAL-ENS-LYON
    Doctoral thesis . 2019
    Data sources: HAL-ENS-LYON
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    Authors: Razafindradama, Jaosoa Jeannot;

    Le lambahoany est un pagne tissé par une société textile malgache telle que la Cotona d’ Antsirabe. D’ailleurs, il enveloppe le peuple malgache depuis son existence, les hommes comme les femmes, puis les vivants comme les morts. C’est ainsi que le lambahoany occupe une importante place dans la communauté malgache, non seulement comme un panneau de transmission des messages spécifiques mais également pour son rôle au système éducatif social au même titre que les arts virtuels développés aux écoles des arts. Ensuite, il est aussi nécessaire pour sensibiliser des personnes à travers d’un sujet donné. C’est en ce sens qu’il n’est plus un simple pagne mais il s’agit d’un objet patrimonial qui permet d’identifier les malgaches. Alors, leur préservation et leur valorisation se confirme primordial. D’où, la valorisation du lambahoany et sa pérennisation pour les générations futures constituent les principaux objectifs de cette étude; ABSTRACT: The Lambahoany is woven loin cloth by Malagasy textile companies like Cotona Antsirabe. Moreover, it wraps the Malagasy people since its existence, men and women, and the living and the dead. Thus the Lambahoany occupies an important place in the Malagasy community, not only as a sign of transmission of specific messages but also for its role in social education system as well as virtual arts developed schools of the arts. Then it is also necessary to educate people through a given topic. It is in this sense that it is no longer a simple loincloth, but it is a heritage object that identifies the Malagasy. So, their preservation and enhancement confirms paramount. Hence, the enhancement of Lambahoany and its sustainability for future generations are the main objectives of this study.

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    Authors: Vennetier, Michel; Girard, François; Didier, Cody; Ouarmim, Samira; +5 Authors

    La fenologia del pino d’Aleppo è stata osservata in modo continuo dal 2007 al 2010 su un dispositivo sperimentale situato nel demanio dipartimentale di Fontblanche (Bocche de Rodano). Misure di crescita sono state effettuate annualmente lungo un transetto altitudinale andando di 80 m sulla costa (Saint-Mitre, Bocche del Rodano) fino a 650 m (Siou-Blanc, Var). Il dispositivo di Fontblanche racchiude una zona di esclusione permanente di 30 % dei precipitazioni, una zona irrigata alla primavera e in autunno e due zone campioni, per simulare gli effetti del cambiamento sulla pluviometria. Il riscaldamento climatico in corso si tradusce da importanti modifiche fenologiche, e in particolare variazioni del policiclismo. Dal 2008 al 2010, il pino d’Aleppo di Fontblanche ha mostrato un’attività quasi ininterrotta tutto l’anno : il primo ciclo di crescita primaverile è così incominciato fino i mesi di novembre o dicembre dell’anno precedente, invece di febbraio-marzo, sia con 1 a 2 mesi d’anticipo. Nel 2009 e 2010, la comparsa dei boccioli maschi è stata osservata in dicembre, sia con 1 a 2 mesi d’anticipo, fenomeno che non è stato mai menzionato. In ragione di autunni caldi, cicli di crescita molto tardivi sono apparsi in ottobre o inizio di novembre, conducendo a germogli incompiuti, senza aghi o portando aghi piccolissimi. La frequenza di questo fenomeno sembra di avere aumentato nei 10 ultimi anni. Ha condotto a numerosi aborti di germogli male legnificati in seguito a danni di gelo o di funghi in inverno. L’esclusione di pioggia ha ridotto il numero annuale dei cicli di crescita dei germogli e la durata dei cicli. Ha anche ridotto la velocità di crescita degli aghi. L’irrigazione ha aumentato il numero e la durata dei cicli, che sono stati più precoci. Ha permesso una crescita attiva e continua degli aghi e di una parte dei germogli in estate. L’analisi retrospettiva su 15 anni di numerose branche lungo il transetto ha permesso di quantificare l’evoluzione temporale del policiclismo. Mostra che la fenologia è costrinta contemporaneamente dalla lunghezza e dalla precocità della seccità estiva, e alle altitudini più alte dal freddo che limita la durata della stagione di vegetazione. Il cambiamento climatico gioca in modo opposto su queste due costrizioni. The phenological phases of the Aleppo pine were observed weekly from 2007 until 2010 in experimental plots in the Fontblanche forest (Bouches-du-Rhône, S.-E. France) and along an altitudinal transect from 80 m on the coast up to 650 m. The Fontblanche experiment includes a permanent rain exclusion plot (-30 %), a plot irrigated in spring and autumn and two control plots, to simulate the effects of climate change on rainfall. The current ongoing climate warming has induced important phenological modifications. From 2008 until 2010, the Aleppo pine in Fontblanche showed almost continuous activity throughout the year: the first growth cycle of spring, usually in February-March, began in November or December of the previous year. In 2009 and 2010, the development of male floral buds was observed in December, 2 - 3 months too early, which had never been mentioned. Because of warm autumns, very late growth cycles appeared in October or the beginning of November, leading to unfinished shoots, carrying either no or only very small needles. The frequency of this phenomenon seems to have increased in the last 10 years. It has led to the abortion of numerous shoots which were insufficiently lignified following damage by frost or fungus in winter. The rain exclusion reduced the annual number of shoot growth cycles as well as the duration of these cycles. It also slowed down the lengthening of needles. Irrigation increased the number and the length of cycles which also started earlier. It enabled the active, continuous growth of needles and of part of the shoots in summer. A 15-year retrospective branch analysis along the transect made it possible to quantify the evolution of polycyclism. It showed that phenology is forced by the length and the earliness of the summer drought and, at the highest altitude, by cold which limits the duration of the growth season. Climate change results in the opposite effect in modifying these two constraints. Face aux nouvelles menaces liées au changement climatique (stress hydrique, nouveaux ravageurs...) les arbres doivent mettre en place différentes stratégies pour s'adapter. Dans cet article, les auteurs nous présentent les résultats les plus récents en matière d'adaptation phénologique, en prenant pour objet d'étude le pin d'Alep. Ils constatent ainsi plusieurs perturbations dans les cycles de croissance de cette espèce.

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    Article . 2011
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    Article . 2011
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    Article . 2011
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    Article . 2011
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      Article . 2011
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    Authors: Ismail, Y.;

    L’augmentation du prix de pétrole ainsi que la sévérité des normes de pollution poussent les ingénieurs automobiles de trouver des solutions innovantes en vue de réduire la consommation et polluer moins. L’augmentation du rendement du moteur thermique est l’une des voies les plus exploitées dans nos jours. Parmi les différentes possibilités d’augmenter ce rendement vient la récupération de l’énergie à l’échappement qui propose de mécaniser l’énergie perdue sous forme thermique par le biais d’un système de conversion de l’énergie. Le problème de cette solution est d’abord dans le potentiel du fluide de l’échappement d’être converti en travail mécanique, ainsi que le rendement du système de conversionet les interactions du système avec le moteur thermique qui viennent modifier son fonctionnement. Dans ce contexte cette thèse se focalise sur la récupération de l’énergie à l’échappement via une turbine de récupération de l’énergie. Cette solution permet de convertir l’énergie de l’échappement en travail au niveau de la roue de la turbine. Ce dernier peut être remis au vilebrequin via une démultiplication mécanique et assister au développement du couple moteur (turbocompound mécanique), soit converti en électricité (turbocompound électrique). Dans une première partie de la thèse une étude basée sur le premier et le second principe de la thermodynamique (approche exergétique) est effectuée. Cette étude évalue le potentiel théorique de mécanisation de l’énergie à l’échappement.Par la suite de la thèse, une méthodologie d’évaluation du potentiel de récupération d’énergie par une turbine est développée. Cette méthodologie prend en compte les interactions entre la turbine de récupération et le fonctionnement du moteur. Dans celle-ci, nous montrons des adaptations nécessaires au moteur pour le faire fonctionner correctement en ajoutant la turbine de récupération qui génère une contre pression. Des essais banc moteur ont été réalisés suivi d’une étude par simulation du moteur et de la turbine de récupération. L’évaluation de ce système est faite sur deux types de combustion essence et Diesel. Une explication détaillée des phénomènes prenant lieu dans le moteur après l’ajout du système de récupération est proposée. Finalement, des conclusions sont tirées sur l’apport de ce système sur le rendement global sur les différents points de fonctionnement du moteur The rising price of fuel and the severity of the pollutionnorms push automotive engineers to find innovativesolutions to reduce fuel consumption and pollution. Theincreased efficiency of the combustion engine is nowadaysone of the most used methods. Among the variouspossibilities of increasing the efficiency is the exhaustenergy recovery which proposes to transform to mechanicalwork the thermal energy lost through a systemof energy conversion. The problem with this solution liesfirst in the potential of the exhaust fluid to be convertedinto mechanical work, and the performance of the conversionsystem and the interactions of the system withthe engine which modify its operation. In this contextthis theses focuses on the recovery of energy to theexhaust via a turbine for energy recovery. This solutionconverts the energy of the exhaust into work at theturbine wheel. It can be delivered to the crankshaft via amechanical gearing and assist in the development ofengine torque (mechanical turbocompound) or convertedinto electricity (electrical turbocompound).In the first part of the thesis a study based on the firstand second law of thermodynamics (Exergy approach)is performed. This study evaluates the theoretical potentialfor mechanization of energy in the exhaust.Subsequently, a methodology for assessing the potentialof energy recovery via a turbine is developed. Thismethodology takes into account the interactions betweenthe power turbine and the engine operation. Inthis methodology, we show the necessary modificationsto the engine to make it work correctly by adding therecovery turbine that generates a backpressure. Enginetests were carried out on engine test bench followed bya simulation study of the engine and the power turbine.The evaluation of this system is made on two types ofcombustion gasoline and diesel. A detailed explanationof the phenomena taking place in the engine after addingthe recovery system is proposed. Finally, conclusionsare drawn about the contribution of this system onthe overall performance on different operating points ofthe engine.

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    Doctoral thesis . 2014
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      Doctoral thesis . 2014
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Bittencourt, Mariana;

    Les bâtiments universitaires en France ont énormément de défis pour atteindre aux exigences de transition écologique pour la croissance verte. En même temps sont des éléments clés pour la propagation des objectives du développent durable à l'échelle du bâtiment, du campus universitaire et de la ville. Les universités sont des institutions capables de promouvoir des changements dans la société, mais aussi sont des institutions qui ont besoin de changer. En d'autres termes, avant d'être un modèle pour la société, les universités devraient mettre en œuvre un comportement durable favorisant des pratiques durables dans le campus. Il est possible d'affirmer que la consommation énergétique, les émissions de CO2 et le manque d'intégration avec la ville sont les problèmes majeurs auxquels font face les universités françaises.Actuellement, l'implantation de stratégies pour améliorer la performance de durabilité dans les bâtiments font face à de nombreux défis, parmi eux le manque d'expérience et d'information pour soutenir la prise de décision. Un outil participatif d'aide à la décision a été développé et testé pour mesurer la performance des stratégies de la rénovation du bâtiment Aile Sud de la Bergerie Nationale. La performance des stratégies de la rénovation du bâtiment Aile Sud a été évalué et des solutions pour améliorer sa performance ont été suggérées dans une approche d'amélioration continue. In France, the university buildings have significant challenges to meet the environmental transition requirements for green growth. At the same time, they are key elements for the spread of the sustainable development objectives at the building, the university campus, and the city scale. Universities are institutions capable of promoting changes in society, but also are institutions that need to be changed. In other words, before being a model for society, universities should implement sustainable behavior through the promotion of sustainable practices on campus. It is possible to say that energy consumption, CO2 emissions and lack of integration with the city are the major problems faced by French universities.Nowadays, the sustainable strategies implementation to improve buildings performance faces many challenges, including the lack of experience and information to support decision-making. A participatory tool for support decision-making was developed and tested to measure the performance of the ‘Aile Sud’ building renovation strategies in the Bergerie Nationale. The performance of the ‘Aile Sud’ building renovation strategies was assessed, and some recommendations for performance improvement were suggested in a continuous improvement approach.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
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    Hal
    Doctoral thesis . 2017
    Data sources: Hal
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Hal
      Doctoral thesis . 2017
      Data sources: Hal
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Nabi, Brahim;

    Les propriétés magnétiques et mécaniques des alliages Fe-49%Co-2%V et Fe-27%Co, utilisés respectivement dans les générateurs et les transformateurs électriques de l’aéronef, ont été étudiées en fonction des traitements thermiques. Concernant le Fe-49%Co-2%V, les résultats expérimentaux ont montré que les propriétés magnétiques et mécaniques dépendent de la distance entre les interfaces qui séparent les cristallites présents dans la microstructure et ceci quel que soit le taux de recristallisation. Le champ coercitif dépend linéairement de l’inverse de la distance entre ces interfaces et la limite d’élasticité suit une loi de Hall et Petch modifiée pour tenir compte des sous-joints. De plus, une relation linéaire entre la contrainte de friction de la loi de Hall et Petch avec le taux d’ordre à grande distance mesuré par diffraction de neutrons a été établie. Finalement, en s’appuyant sur l’expérience, une loi polynomiale de degré deux reliant les pertes magnétiques et la limite d’élasticité a été proposée. Concernant l’alliage Fe-27%Co, un suivi de l’évolution de la composante de Goss {011} pendant le processus de fabrication a été réalisé. Cette composante est recherchée car favorable pour les propriétés magnétiques. Il a été trouvé que l’origine de cette texture est intimement liée au cisaillement développé lors du laminage à chaud. De plus, le développement de la texture {111} de déformation à froid a été étudié. Le système de glissement {110}, majoritairement activé, a été mis en évidence via un couplage d’analyses EBSD et de simulations VPSC. Au cours de la déformation plastique, les composantes de Goss et Cube tournée ({001}) tournent afin de positionner leur plan {110} pour le glissement facile. Ces rotations, respectivement de 35° et 55° autour de la direction transverse, permettent de former la composante {111}. Magnetic and mechanical properties of Fe-49%Co-2%V and Fe-27%Co alloys, used in electric generators and transformers of the aircraft, have been investigated as a function of heat treatments. As regards to Fe-49%Co-2%V alloy, experimental results have shown that the magnetic and mechanical properties depend on the boundary spacing, which separate the microstructure crystallites, whatever the recrystallized fraction. The coercivity depends linearly on the inverse of the boundary spacing and the yield strength follows a modified Hall Petch relationship by taking into account the sub-grain size. Moreover, a linear relationship between the frictional stress and the long range order degree measured by neutron diffraction has been established. Finally, based on the experiment, a square polynomial degree relationship between the magnetic losses and the yield stress has been proposed. As respect to the Fe-27%Co alloy, the evolution of the {011} Goss component during the manufacturing process has been investigated. This sought component is favorable for the magnetic properties of the sheet. It has been found that the origin of this texture is related to its development by shearing during hot rolling. Moreover, the development of the {111} cold deformation texture was studied. It has been established by coupling EBSD analysis and simulation based on VPSC model that the {110} system is the predominant active slip system during the plastic deformation. During the deformation, the Goss and the rotated Cube ({001}) components, rotate of 35° and 55° respectively with regard to the transverse direction. That happens in order to place the active slip plane {110} in the favorable position for gliding to develop the {111} component.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
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    Hal
    Doctoral thesis . 2014
    Data sources: Hal
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Hal
      Doctoral thesis . 2014
      Data sources: Hal
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Wantz, Eliot;

    L’épuration du biogaz est une voie de valorisation de la filière méthanisation indispensable à la transition énergétique, permettant la substitution du gaz naturel d’origine fossile par une énergie renouvelable pour diverses applications. Mais la faible rentabilité économique pour de petites échelles de production, typiques d’une installation agricole de taille moyenne, représente aujourd’hui un véritable frein à son développement, alors que ces unités sont les plus compatibles sur le plan sociétal et environnemental. Ce travail a pour objectif de développer un procédé d’épuration par lavage à l’eau sous pression en colonne d’absorption, le procédé Epurogaz, permettant de répondre aux exigences de la filière et d’atteindre une rentabilité économique.Des approches de modélisation inédites ont été développées pour identifier des pistes d’améliorations. Ces modélisations prennent notamment en considération l’absorption concomitante du dioxyde de carbone et du méthane et la réduction du débit volumique de gaz qui se produit dans la colonne d’absorption, ainsi que les étapes de régénération de l’eau pour un fonctionnement en circuit fermé. La précision des prédictions obtenues par les simulations a été évaluée par une étude de sensibilité puis les résultats ont été validés par comparaison avec les résultats expérimentaux de la thèse de D.Benizri (2016).Les simulations ont mis en évidence l’importante amélioration de la pureté en méthane lorsque l’eau est régénérée sous un vide primaire plutôt qu’à pression atmosphérique grâce à une désorption accrue du gaz contenu dans l’eau. L’eau présente alors une concentration en gaz dissous plus faible qui se traduit ensuite par une absorption plus importante dans la colonne d’absorption, et donc une teneur en méthane plus importante dans le biométhane produit. Des estimations de consommation énergétique ont permis de définir une plage de vide optimale, entre 0.2 et 0.5 bar absolu, permettant d’atteindre les performances d’absorption optimales pour une consommation énergétique réduite.Par ailleurs, l’intégration d’une désorption de l’eau sous pression intermédiaire, entre la colonne d’absorption et la régénération finale de l’eau sous vide, permet de recirculer une fraction importante du méthane dissous dans la colonne d’absorption et ainsi d’augmenter son taux de récupération, et donc les performances économiques et environnementales de l’installation. Sur cette étape, une pression optimale peut être définie, correspondant à un maximum de récupération de méthane ne perturbant pas le fonctionnement de la colonne d’absorption. Cette pression, qui dépend également des autres paramètres opératoires, se situe généralement entre 3 et 4 bars. Cette désorption à pression intermédiaire conduit à la formation d’un mélange gaz-liquide nécessitant la séparation du gaz et du liquide. Un GLCC, séparateur cyclonique de mélange gaz-liquide, peut avantageusement être mis en œuvre en remplacement des ballons de séparation classiques afin de réduire les coûts du système.Ces innovations ont été intégrées à la fabrication d’un prototype d’épuration à pleine échelle élaboré pendant la durée du projet avec des partenaires industriels. Le prototype, dimensionné pour l’épuration d’un débit de biogaz de 20 à 40 Nm3/h, a été mis en place sur le site de méthanisation de la ferme de Lamothe à Seysses, en France, pour une campagne d’expérimentation qui a permis de confirmer les résultats des simulations et valider le fonctionnement du procédé en conditions de fonctionnement réelles. Les innovations ont permis d’obtenir un biométhane respectant les spécifications pour l’injection dans le réseau (et donc aussi la qualité carburant véhicule) avec un taux de méthane supérieur à 97% pour une consommation énergétique équivalente aux valeurs données dans la littérature.Une étude économique complétée par une analyse de cycle de vie a montré la pertinence du procédé développé pour l’épuration du biogaz à petites échelles. Biogas upgrading is a valorization pathway that is essential to the energy transition, allowing the substitution of natural gas of fossil origin by a renewable energy for various applications. But the low economic profitability for small production scales, typical of a medium-sized agricultural installation, restricts its development, whereas these units are the most compatible on the societal and environmental level. The objective of this work is to develop an upgrading process called Epurogaz that uses High Pressure Water Scrubbing, to meet the requirements of the sector and to reach an economic profitability.New modeling approaches have been developed to identify possible improvements. These models consider the concomitant absorption of carbon dioxide and methane and the reduction in gas volume flow that occurs in the absorption column, as well as the water regeneration steps for closed loop operation. The accuracy of the predictions obtained by the simulations was evaluated by a sensitivity analysis and the results were then validated by comparison with the experimental results from the thesis of D.Benizri (2016).The simulations highlighted the significant improvement in methane purity when the water is regenerated under a primary vacuum rather than at atmospheric pressure due to an increased desorption of the gas contained in the water. This results in a lower dissolved gas concentration in the water, which then translates into higher absorption in the absorption column, and thus a higher methane content in the biomethane produced. Estimates of energy consumption have made it possible to define an optimal vacuum range, between 0.2 and 0.5 bar absolute, allowing to reach the optimal absorption performances for a reduced energy consumption.Moreover, the integration of a desorption of water under intermediate pressure, between the absorption column and the final regeneration of the water under vacuum, allows to recirculate a significant fraction of the methane dissolved in the absorption column and thus to increase its recovery rate, and thus the economic and environmental performances of the installation. At this stage, an optimal pressure can be defined, corresponding to a maximum methane recovery that does not disturb the operation of the absorption column. This pressure, which also depends on the other operating parameters, is generally between 3 and 4 bars. This desorption at intermediate pressure leads to the formation of a gas-liquid mixture requiring the separation of the gas and the liquid. A GLCC, cyclonic gas-liquid mixture separator, can be advantageously implemented in replacement of the classical separation tanks in order to reduce the system costs.These innovations have been integrated into the fabrication of a full-scale upgrading prototype developed during the project with industrial partners. The prototype, designed for the upgrading of a biogas flow of 20 to 40 Nm3/h, was installed on the anaerobic digestion site of the farm of Lamothe at Seysses, France, for an experimentation campaign that confirmed the results of the simulations and validated the operation of the process in real operating conditions. The innovations made it possible to obtain a biomethane that complies with the specifications for injection into the network (and therefore also the vehicle fuel quality) with a methane content of over 97% for an energy consumption equivalent to the values given in the literature.An economic study completed by a life cycle analysis showed the relevance of the developed process for small scale biogas upgrading.

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    Doctoral thesis . 2023
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      Doctoral thesis . 2023
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Lalanne, Philippe;

    L'objectif de ce travail a été de comprendre au niveau microscopique, l'organisation du mélange supercritique CO2/éthanol considéré comme un ‘solvant universel' dans le domaine des applications industrielles (fractionnement des polymères). La méthodologie utilisée est basée sur une étude par spectrométrie de vibration (Infrarouge et Raman) et une analyse théorique des résultats expérimentaux en utilisant des méthodes de calculs ab-initio et des approches analytiques. Les corps purs et le mélange CO2/éthanol ont été étudiés. L'analyse du mode de vibration symétrique du CO2 en fonction de la température (28 This work is aimed at the understating of the microscopic organisation of the CO2/ethanol supercritical mixture, considered as an universal solvent in industrial applications (fractionation of polymers). The methodology is based upon the use of vibrational spectroscopy (Infrared and Raman) and the theoretical analysis of the experimental results from ab-initio calculations and analytical approaches. The heat fluids as well as the CO2/ethanol mixture were studied. The analysis of CO2 symetric vibrational stretching mode in the temperature and the density range 28

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Hal
    Doctoral thesis . 2001
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      Hal
      Doctoral thesis . 2001
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    Authors: Camara, Mamadou Baïlo Camara;

    This subject is the continuity of the works started at L2ES Laboratory within the framework of ECCE program in collaboration with CREEBEL which ensures the nancial support. ECCE test bench is a series electrical hybrid vehicle with 4 independent wheels and a rated power of 120kW. The main energy source consists of two diesel motors and each is coupled to one alternator. The produced energy feeds 4 electric traction motors ; the remainder is stored by the batteries. This thesis presents the energy coupling strategies between these batteries and the supercapacitors to ensure dynamics in energy supply and storage for the hybrid vehicle. A bibliographical study has allowed to review technical progress and the available applications of the supercapacitors. A simplied model of supercapacitors which accurately translates the behavior of the cells during the charge and discharge is developed. Several DC/DC converters topologies with original strategies of embarked power management are developed. These topologies are based on the Buck-Boost converters and DC/AC-AC/DC converters with high frequency planar transformer. For cost raisons, the experimental test benches has been designed at a reduced scale ( 1/10 ). The experimental results obtained have allowed to compare the topologies performances for two control strategies. The polynomial control strategy (RST) is compared to classical PI correctors. These comparative studies have allowed choosing the best topology intended for the supercapacitors coupling to ECCE DC-bus.; Ce sujet s'inscrit dans la continuité des travaux commencés au sein du L2ES dans le cadre du programme ECCE en partenariat avec CREEBEL qui assure le nancement. La plateforme ECCE est un véhicule hybride électrique série à 4 roues indépendantes d'une puissance nominale en propulsion de 120kW électrique. La source d'énergie principale est constituée de deux moteurs diesels entraînant deux alternateurs. L'énergie électrique produite alimente les 4 moteurs électriques de traction et le reste est stocké dans le pack des batteries. Cette thèse développe les stratégies de couplage énergétique entre ce pack des batteries et les supercondensateurs an d'assurer au véhicule une dynamique de fourniture et du stockage de l'énergie électrique. Une étude bibliographique a permis de passer en revue le bilan technologique et les applications potentielles des supercondensateurs, puis d'élaborer le modèle simplié des supercondensateurs qui traduit dèlement le comportement des cellules durant les phases de charge et de décharge. Diérentes topologies des convertisseurs DC/DC avec des stratégies originales de gestion d'énergie électrique embarquée sont traitées. Les topologies proposées sont basées sur les convertisseurs Buck-Boost et les convertisseurs DC/AC-AC/DC à étage intermédiaire haute fréquence. Pour une raison de coût, les maquettes expérimentales des topologies ont été réalisées à l'échelle réduite ( 1/10 ). Les résultats expérimentaux obtenus ont permis de comparer les performances des topologies pour deux types de commande. La stratégie de gestion d'énergie à base des correcteurs polynomiaux (RST) est comparée à celle utilisant des correcteurs PI classiques. Ces études comparatives ont permis de choisir la meilleure topologie destinée au couplage des supercondensateurs sur le bus continu du banc ECCE.

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    Authors: Motte, Vianney;

    Boron carbide B4C is a ceramic commonly used as a neutron absorber to control the power of nuclear power plants. The neutron absorption reactions, (n,α) type on the boron-10 isotope, lead to the production of large quantities of helium (up to 1022.cm-3). This results to swelling induced by the formation of highly pressurized bubbles, followed by microcracking. Analysis of the literature shows that helium diffusion mechanisms and the early stages of bubble formation are poorly understood. The goal of our work is to study the behaviour of helium in boron carbide, by carrying out a parametric analysis. For this purpose, samples of B4C, sintered from different powders, were implanted in helium with ion accelerators at different concentrations and temperatures, in order to simulate the helium produced in the reactor. The analyses were then mainly based on two characterization techniques: Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA), which is an ion beam analysis technique. The 3He(d,4He)1H reaction used allows obtaining helium profiles in the material. The Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), which allows observation of potential helium clusters in the material. We first demonstrated the influence of the concentration of implanted helium: the higher it is, the higher the density of clusters in the implanted area; then the influence of the implantation temperature: the higher it is, the higher the threshold temperature for cluster nucleation and the lower the density. We have deduced that these differences were due to the influence of the residual damage, which is lower at high temperature. Dual gold and helium implantations confirmed that damage caused by Au ions had a significant effect on cluster nucleation, lowering the temperature threshold of their occurrence and increasing their density. Next, we have highlighted the role of grain boundaries which have proved to be very efficient traps for helium. We have demonstrated that helium does not diffuse into these grain boundaries at temperatures up to 1200°C. Finally, the broadening of the helium profiles after heat treatments, in the temperature range 600-800°C, allowed us to determine an apparent diffusion coefficient of helium in B4C, still unknown in the literature: D = D0.exp (-Ea/kT), with D0 = 6.03x10-3 x/ 2.5 cm2.s-1 and Ea = 2.03 ± 0.18 eV. This work allowed us to better understand the behaviour of helium in boron carbide, which will be used in power control devices and neutron protections for the ASTRID reactor, a French sodium fast-neutron reactor project. The results thus allow obtaining useful indications for the design of the neutron absorber elements of the reactor Le carbure de bore B4C est une céramique couramment utilisée comme absorbant neutronique pour la régulation de la puissance des réacteurs nucléaires. Les réactions d’absorption neutronique, de type (n,α) sur l’isotope bore-10, conduisent à la production de grandes quantités d’hélium (jusqu’à 1022.cm-3). Il en résulte du gonflement induit par la formation de bulles hautement pressurisées, puis de la microfissuration. L’analyse de la littérature montre que les mécanismes de diffusion de l’hélium et les premières étapes de la formation des bulles sont mal connus. L’objectif de notre étude est d’étudier le comportement de l’hélium dans le carbure de bore, en réalisant une analyse paramétrique. Pour cela, des échantillons de B4C fritté à partir de différentes poudres ont été implantés en hélium dans des accélérateurs d’ions à différentes concentrations et températures, ce afin de simuler l’hélium produit en réacteur. Les analyses se sont ensuite principalement appuyées sur deux techniques de caractérisation : L’analyse par réactions nucléaires ou NRA (Nuclear Reaction Analysis) qui est une technique d’analyse par faisceau d’ions. La réaction 3He(d,4He)1H utilisée permet d’obtenir des profils d’hélium dans le matériau. La Microscope Electronique en Transmission (MET) qui permet d’observer les amas potentiels d’hélium dans le matériau. Nous avons tout d’abord mis en évidence l’influence de la concentration d’hélium implanté : plus elle est élevée, plus la densité d’amas dans la zone implantée est élevée ; puis celle de de la température d’implantation : plus cette dernière est élevée, plus la température seuil de germination des amas est élevée et leur densité réduite. Nous en avons déduit que ces différences étaient dues à l’influence de l’endommagement résiduel, plus faible à haute température. Des doubles implantations d’or et d’hélium ont confirmé que l’endommagement créé par les ions Au avait un effet significatif sur la germination des amas, en abaissant le seuil de température de leur apparition et en augmentant leur densité. Ensuite, nous avons mis en évidence le rôle des joints de grains qui se sont révélés être de véritables pièges pour hélium. Nous avons démontré que l’hélium ne diffuse pas dans ni à travers ces joints de grains jusqu’à des températures de l’ordre de 1200°C. Enfin, l’élargissement des profils d’hélium après traitements thermiques, dans la gamme de température 600-800°C, a permis de déterminer un coefficient de diffusion apparent de l’hélium dans le B4C, paramètre inconnu dans la littérature, ainsi qu’une énergie d’activation : D = D0.exp(-Ea/kT), avec D0 = 6,03x10- 3 x/ 2,5 cm2.s-1 et Ea = 2,03 ±0,18 eV. L’ensemble de ce travail a permis de mieux appréhender le comportement de l’hélium dans le carbure de bore qui sera utilisé dans les dispositifs de contrôle de la puissance et les protections neutroniques du réacteur ASTRID, projet français de réacteur à spectre neutronique rapide refroidi au sodium. Les résultats obtenus permettent ainsi de tirer des indications utiles à la conception des éléments absorbants neutroniques du réacteur

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    Authors: Davis, Géraldine;

    Les ondes internes jouent un rôle essentiel dans la dynamique de l'atmosphère et de l'océan. Elles sont entres autres invoquées pour expliquer le mélange irréversible de ce dernier. Dans des géométries particulières, ces ondes sont susceptibles de converger vers des trajectoires limites appelées attracteurs. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions expérimentalement ces attracteurs dans une cuve trapézoïdale. Dans un premier temps, nous nous intéressons à leur bilan énergétique, en mesurant les différentes dissipations ainsi que la puissance injectée par le générateur d'onde. Si cette puissance est suffisante, l'attracteur est susceptible de se déstabiliser par interactions triadiques. Nous quantifions la part de dissipation portée par ces ondes secondaires ainsi générées. La mesure de la puissance injectée en régime linéaire a montré qu'elle est plus importante pour les attracteurs. Cette résonance, observée jusqu'ici sous une excitation monochromatique, est ici observée en étudiant la réponse du système à une impulsion. Un développement théorique est proposé et permet de comparer quantitativement les deux méthodes. Enfin, nous étudions le régime non linéaire des attracteurs, qui présente des spectres temporel et spatial très riches. Après avoir caractérisé le régime non linéaire, nous exhibons deux comportements non linéaires très différents et apportons des pistes d'explication à leur existence Internal waves are very important to atmospheric and oceanic dynamics. Among others, they might explain the irreversible mixing of the oceans. In particular geometries, these waves can focus on limit cycles called attractors. Firstly, we investigate the energy budget of these attractor by measuring the different dissipative terms and the injected power coming from the waves source. If this power is sufficient, the attractor destibilise throught triadic instabilities. We quantify how much these secondary are important to the global dissipation rate.The measurement of injected power in the linear regime has shown that it is bigger for the attractors. This resonance, which had been observed under a monochromatic excitation, is here study by analysing the response of the system to an impulse. A theoretical development is proposed to compare quantitatively these two methods. Finally, we study the non linear regime of attractors, which present some complex spatial and temporal spectrum. We caracterise this non linear regime and show that two very different non linear beahviors exist. We bring up some explanation to these behaviors

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    HAL-ENS-LYON
    Doctoral thesis . 2019
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      HAL-ENS-LYON
      Doctoral thesis . 2019
      Data sources: HAL-ENS-LYON
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    Authors: Razafindradama, Jaosoa Jeannot;

    Le lambahoany est un pagne tissé par une société textile malgache telle que la Cotona d’ Antsirabe. D’ailleurs, il enveloppe le peuple malgache depuis son existence, les hommes comme les femmes, puis les vivants comme les morts. C’est ainsi que le lambahoany occupe une importante place dans la communauté malgache, non seulement comme un panneau de transmission des messages spécifiques mais également pour son rôle au système éducatif social au même titre que les arts virtuels développés aux écoles des arts. Ensuite, il est aussi nécessaire pour sensibiliser des personnes à travers d’un sujet donné. C’est en ce sens qu’il n’est plus un simple pagne mais il s’agit d’un objet patrimonial qui permet d’identifier les malgaches. Alors, leur préservation et leur valorisation se confirme primordial. D’où, la valorisation du lambahoany et sa pérennisation pour les générations futures constituent les principaux objectifs de cette étude; ABSTRACT: The Lambahoany is woven loin cloth by Malagasy textile companies like Cotona Antsirabe. Moreover, it wraps the Malagasy people since its existence, men and women, and the living and the dead. Thus the Lambahoany occupies an important place in the Malagasy community, not only as a sign of transmission of specific messages but also for its role in social education system as well as virtual arts developed schools of the arts. Then it is also necessary to educate people through a given topic. It is in this sense that it is no longer a simple loincloth, but it is a heritage object that identifies the Malagasy. So, their preservation and enhancement confirms paramount. Hence, the enhancement of Lambahoany and its sustainability for future generations are the main objectives of this study.

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    Authors: Vennetier, Michel; Girard, François; Didier, Cody; Ouarmim, Samira; +5 Authors

    La fenologia del pino d’Aleppo è stata osservata in modo continuo dal 2007 al 2010 su un dispositivo sperimentale situato nel demanio dipartimentale di Fontblanche (Bocche de Rodano). Misure di crescita sono state effettuate annualmente lungo un transetto altitudinale andando di 80 m sulla costa (Saint-Mitre, Bocche del Rodano) fino a 650 m (Siou-Blanc, Var). Il dispositivo di Fontblanche racchiude una zona di esclusione permanente di 30 % dei precipitazioni, una zona irrigata alla primavera e in autunno e due zone campioni, per simulare gli effetti del cambiamento sulla pluviometria. Il riscaldamento climatico in corso si tradusce da importanti modifiche fenologiche, e in particolare variazioni del policiclismo. Dal 2008 al 2010, il pino d’Aleppo di Fontblanche ha mostrato un’attività quasi ininterrotta tutto l’anno : il primo ciclo di crescita primaverile è così incominciato fino i mesi di novembre o dicembre dell’anno precedente, invece di febbraio-marzo, sia con 1 a 2 mesi d’anticipo. Nel 2009 e 2010, la comparsa dei boccioli maschi è stata osservata in dicembre, sia con 1 a 2 mesi d’anticipo, fenomeno che non è stato mai menzionato. In ragione di autunni caldi, cicli di crescita molto tardivi sono apparsi in ottobre o inizio di novembre, conducendo a germogli incompiuti, senza aghi o portando aghi piccolissimi. La frequenza di questo fenomeno sembra di avere aumentato nei 10 ultimi anni. Ha condotto a numerosi aborti di germogli male legnificati in seguito a danni di gelo o di funghi in inverno. L’esclusione di pioggia ha ridotto il numero annuale dei cicli di crescita dei germogli e la durata dei cicli. Ha anche ridotto la velocità di crescita degli aghi. L’irrigazione ha aumentato il numero e la durata dei cicli, che sono stati più precoci. Ha permesso una crescita attiva e continua degli aghi e di una parte dei germogli in estate. L’analisi retrospettiva su 15 anni di numerose branche lungo il transetto ha permesso di quantificare l’evoluzione temporale del policiclismo. Mostra che la fenologia è costrinta contemporaneamente dalla lunghezza e dalla precocità della seccità estiva, e alle altitudini più alte dal freddo che limita la durata della stagione di vegetazione. Il cambiamento climatico gioca in modo opposto su queste due costrizioni. The phenological phases of the Aleppo pine were observed weekly from 2007 until 2010 in experimental plots in the Fontblanche forest (Bouches-du-Rhône, S.-E. France) and along an altitudinal transect from 80 m on the coast up to 650 m. The Fontblanche experiment includes a permanent rain exclusion plot (-30 %), a plot irrigated in spring and autumn and two control plots, to simulate the effects of climate change on rainfall. The current ongoing climate warming has induced important phenological modifications. From 2008 until 2010, the Aleppo pine in Fontblanche showed almost continuous activity throughout the year: the first growth cycle of spring, usually in February-March, began in November or December of the previous year. In 2009 and 2010, the development of male floral buds was observed in December, 2 - 3 months too early, which had never been mentioned. Because of warm autumns, very late growth cycles appeared in October or the beginning of November, leading to unfinished shoots, carrying either no or only very small needles. The frequency of this phenomenon seems to have increased in the last 10 years. It has led to the abortion of numerous shoots which were insufficiently lignified following damage by frost or fungus in winter. The rain exclusion reduced the annual number of shoot growth cycles as well as the duration of these cycles. It also slowed down the lengthening of needles. Irrigation increased the number and the length of cycles which also started earlier. It enabled the active, continuous growth of needles and of part of the shoots in summer. A 15-year retrospective branch analysis along the transect made it possible to quantify the evolution of polycyclism. It showed that phenology is forced by the length and the earliness of the summer drought and, at the highest altitude, by cold which limits the duration of the growth season. Climate change results in the opposite effect in modifying these two constraints. Face aux nouvelles menaces liées au changement climatique (stress hydrique, nouveaux ravageurs...) les arbres doivent mettre en place différentes stratégies pour s'adapter. Dans cet article, les auteurs nous présentent les résultats les plus récents en matière d'adaptation phénologique, en prenant pour objet d'étude le pin d'Alep. Ils constatent ainsi plusieurs perturbations dans les cycles de croissance de cette espèce.

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    Authors: Ismail, Y.;

    L’augmentation du prix de pétrole ainsi que la sévérité des normes de pollution poussent les ingénieurs automobiles de trouver des solutions innovantes en vue de réduire la consommation et polluer moins. L’augmentation du rendement du moteur thermique est l’une des voies les plus exploitées dans nos jours. Parmi les différentes possibilités d’augmenter ce rendement vient la récupération de l’énergie à l’échappement qui propose de mécaniser l’énergie perdue sous forme thermique par le biais d’un système de conversion de l’énergie. Le problème de cette solution est d’abord dans le potentiel du fluide de l’échappement d’être converti en travail mécanique, ainsi que le rendement du système de conversionet les interactions du système avec le moteur thermique qui viennent modifier son fonctionnement. Dans ce contexte cette thèse se focalise sur la récupération de l’énergie à l’échappement via une turbine de récupération de l’énergie. Cette solution permet de convertir l’énergie de l’échappement en travail au niveau de la roue de la turbine. Ce dernier peut être remis au vilebrequin via une démultiplication mécanique et assister au développement du couple moteur (turbocompound mécanique), soit converti en électricité (turbocompound électrique). Dans une première partie de la thèse une étude basée sur le premier et le second principe de la thermodynamique (approche exergétique) est effectuée. Cette étude évalue le potentiel théorique de mécanisation de l’énergie à l’échappement.Par la suite de la thèse, une méthodologie d’évaluation du potentiel de récupération d’énergie par une turbine est développée. Cette méthodologie prend en compte les interactions entre la turbine de récupération et le fonctionnement du moteur. Dans celle-ci, nous montrons des adaptations nécessaires au moteur pour le faire fonctionner correctement en ajoutant la turbine de récupération qui génère une contre pression. Des essais banc moteur ont été réalisés suivi d’une étude par simulation du moteur et de la turbine de récupération. L’évaluation de ce système est faite sur deux types de combustion essence et Diesel. Une explication détaillée des phénomènes prenant lieu dans le moteur après l’ajout du système de récupération est proposée. Finalement, des conclusions sont tirées sur l’apport de ce système sur le rendement global sur les différents points de fonctionnement du moteur The rising price of fuel and the severity of the pollutionnorms push automotive engineers to find innovativesolutions to reduce fuel consumption and pollution. Theincreased efficiency of the combustion engine is nowadaysone of the most used methods. Among the variouspossibilities of increasing the efficiency is the exhaustenergy recovery which proposes to transform to mechanicalwork the thermal energy lost through a systemof energy conversion. The problem with this solution liesfirst in the potential of the exhaust fluid to be convertedinto mechanical work, and the performance of the conversionsystem and the interactions of the system withthe engine which modify its operation. In this contextthis theses focuses on the recovery of energy to theexhaust via a turbine for energy recovery. This solutionconverts the energy of the exhaust into work at theturbine wheel. It can be delivered to the crankshaft via amechanical gearing and assist in the development ofengine torque (mechanical turbocompound) or convertedinto electricity (electrical turbocompound).In the first part of the thesis a study based on the firstand second law of thermodynamics (Exergy approach)is performed. This study evaluates the theoretical potentialfor mechanization of energy in the exhaust.Subsequently, a methodology for assessing the potentialof energy recovery via a turbine is developed. Thismethodology takes into account the interactions betweenthe power turbine and the engine operation. Inthis methodology, we show the necessary modificationsto the engine to make it work correctly by adding therecovery turbine that generates a backpressure. Enginetests were carried out on engine test bench followed bya simulation study of the engine and the power turbine.The evaluation of this system is made on two types ofcombustion gasoline and diesel. A detailed explanationof the phenomena taking place in the engine after addingthe recovery system is proposed. Finally, conclusionsare drawn about the contribution of this system onthe overall performance on different operating points ofthe engine.

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    Doctoral thesis . 2014
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      Doctoral thesis . 2014
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    Authors: Bittencourt, Mariana;

    Les bâtiments universitaires en France ont énormément de défis pour atteindre aux exigences de transition écologique pour la croissance verte. En même temps sont des éléments clés pour la propagation des objectives du développent durable à l'échelle du bâtiment, du campus universitaire et de la ville. Les universités sont des institutions capables de promouvoir des changements dans la société, mais aussi sont des institutions qui ont besoin de changer. En d'autres termes, avant d'être un modèle pour la société, les universités devraient mettre en œuvre un comportement durable favorisant des pratiques durables dans le campus. Il est possible d'affirmer que la consommation énergétique, les émissions de CO2 et le manque d'intégration avec la ville sont les problèmes majeurs auxquels font face les universités françaises.Actuellement, l'implantation de stratégies pour améliorer la performance de durabilité dans les bâtiments font face à de nombreux défis, parmi eux le manque d'expérience et d'information pour soutenir la prise de décision. Un outil participatif d'aide à la décision a été développé et testé pour mesurer la performance des stratégies de la rénovation du bâtiment Aile Sud de la Bergerie Nationale. La performance des stratégies de la rénovation du bâtiment Aile Sud a été évalué et des solutions pour améliorer sa performance ont été suggérées dans une approche d'amélioration continue. In France, the university buildings have significant challenges to meet the environmental transition requirements for green growth. At the same time, they are key elements for the spread of the sustainable development objectives at the building, the university campus, and the city scale. Universities are institutions capable of promoting changes in society, but also are institutions that need to be changed. In other words, before being a model for society, universities should implement sustainable behavior through the promotion of sustainable practices on campus. It is possible to say that energy consumption, CO2 emissions and lack of integration with the city are the major problems faced by French universities.Nowadays, the sustainable strategies implementation to improve buildings performance faces many challenges, including the lack of experience and information to support decision-making. A participatory tool for support decision-making was developed and tested to measure the performance of the ‘Aile Sud’ building renovation strategies in the Bergerie Nationale. The performance of the ‘Aile Sud’ building renovation strategies was assessed, and some recommendations for performance improvement were suggested in a continuous improvement approach.

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    Hal
    Doctoral thesis . 2017
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      Hal
      Doctoral thesis . 2017
      Data sources: Hal
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    Authors: Nabi, Brahim;

    Les propriétés magnétiques et mécaniques des alliages Fe-49%Co-2%V et Fe-27%Co, utilisés respectivement dans les générateurs et les transformateurs électriques de l’aéronef, ont été étudiées en fonction des traitements thermiques. Concernant le Fe-49%Co-2%V, les résultats expérimentaux ont montré que les propriétés magnétiques et mécaniques dépendent de la distance entre les interfaces qui séparent les cristallites présents dans la microstructure et ceci quel que soit le taux de recristallisation. Le champ coercitif dépend linéairement de l’inverse de la distance entre ces interfaces et la limite d’élasticité suit une loi de Hall et Petch modifiée pour tenir compte des sous-joints. De plus, une relation linéaire entre la contrainte de friction de la loi de Hall et Petch avec le taux d’ordre à grande distance mesuré par diffraction de neutrons a été établie. Finalement, en s’appuyant sur l’expérience, une loi polynomiale de degré deux reliant les pertes magnétiques et la limite d’élasticité a été proposée. Concernant l’alliage Fe-27%Co, un suivi de l’évolution de la composante de Goss {011} pendant le processus de fabrication a été réalisé. Cette composante est recherchée car favorable pour les propriétés magnétiques. Il a été trouvé que l’origine de cette texture est intimement liée au cisaillement développé lors du laminage à chaud. De plus, le développement de la texture {111} de déformation à froid a été étudié. Le système de glissement {110}, majoritairement activé, a été mis en évidence via un couplage d’analyses EBSD et de simulations VPSC. Au cours de la déformation plastique, les composantes de Goss et Cube tournée ({001}) tournent afin de positionner leur plan {110} pour le glissement facile. Ces rotations, respectivement de 35° et 55° autour de la direction transverse, permettent de former la composante {111}. Magnetic and mechanical properties of Fe-49%Co-2%V and Fe-27%Co alloys, used in electric generators and transformers of the aircraft, have been investigated as a function of heat treatments. As regards to Fe-49%Co-2%V alloy, experimental results have shown that the magnetic and mechanical properties depend on the boundary spacing, which separate the microstructure crystallites, whatever the recrystallized fraction. The coercivity depends linearly on the inverse of the boundary spacing and the yield strength follows a modified Hall Petch relationship by taking into account the sub-grain size. Moreover, a linear relationship between the frictional stress and the long range order degree measured by neutron diffraction has been established. Finally, based on the experiment, a square polynomial degree relationship between the magnetic losses and the yield stress has been proposed. As respect to the Fe-27%Co alloy, the evolution of the {011} Goss component during the manufacturing process has been investigated. This sought component is favorable for the magnetic properties of the sheet. It has been found that the origin of this texture is related to its development by shearing during hot rolling. Moreover, the development of the {111} cold deformation texture was studied. It has been established by coupling EBSD analysis and simulation based on VPSC model that the {110} system is the predominant active slip system during the plastic deformation. During the deformation, the Goss and the rotated Cube ({001}) components, rotate of 35° and 55° respectively with regard to the transverse direction. That happens in order to place the active slip plane {110} in the favorable position for gliding to develop the {111} component.

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    Hal
    Doctoral thesis . 2014
    Data sources: Hal
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      Hal
      Doctoral thesis . 2014
      Data sources: Hal
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    Authors: Wantz, Eliot;

    L’épuration du biogaz est une voie de valorisation de la filière méthanisation indispensable à la transition énergétique, permettant la substitution du gaz naturel d’origine fossile par une énergie renouvelable pour diverses applications. Mais la faible rentabilité économique pour de petites échelles de production, typiques d’une installation agricole de taille moyenne, représente aujourd’hui un véritable frein à son développement, alors que ces unités sont les plus compatibles sur le plan sociétal et environnemental. Ce travail a pour objectif de développer un procédé d’épuration par lavage à l’eau sous pression en colonne d’absorption, le procédé Epurogaz, permettant de répondre aux exigences de la filière et d’atteindre une rentabilité économique.Des approches de modélisation inédites ont été développées pour identifier des pistes d’améliorations. Ces modélisations prennent notamment en considération l’absorption concomitante du dioxyde de carbone et du méthane et la réduction du débit volumique de gaz qui se produit dans la colonne d’absorption, ainsi que les étapes de régénération de l’eau pour un fonctionnement en circuit fermé. La précision des prédictions obtenues par les simulations a été évaluée par une étude de sensibilité puis les résultats ont été validés par comparaison avec les résultats expérimentaux de la thèse de D.Benizri (2016).Les simulations ont mis en évidence l’importante amélioration de la pureté en méthane lorsque l’eau est régénérée sous un vide primaire plutôt qu’à pression atmosphérique grâce à une désorption accrue du gaz contenu dans l’eau. L’eau présente alors une concentration en gaz dissous plus faible qui se traduit ensuite par une absorption plus importante dans la colonne d’absorption, et donc une teneur en méthane plus importante dans le biométhane produit. Des estimations de consommation énergétique ont permis de définir une plage de vide optimale, entre 0.2 et 0.5 bar absolu, permettant d’atteindre les performances d’absorption optimales pour une consommation énergétique réduite.Par ailleurs, l’intégration d’une désorption de l’eau sous pression intermédiaire, entre la colonne d’absorption et la régénération finale de l’eau sous vide, permet de recirculer une fraction importante du méthane dissous dans la colonne d’absorption et ainsi d’augmenter son taux de récupération, et donc les performances économiques et environnementales de l’installation. Sur cette étape, une pression optimale peut être définie, correspondant à un maximum de récupération de méthane ne perturbant pas le fonctionnement de la colonne d’absorption. Cette pression, qui dépend également des autres paramètres opératoires, se situe généralement entre 3 et 4 bars. Cette désorption à pression intermédiaire conduit à la formation d’un mélange gaz-liquide nécessitant la séparation du gaz et du liquide. Un GLCC, séparateur cyclonique de mélange gaz-liquide, peut avantageusement être mis en œuvre en remplacement des ballons de séparation classiques afin de réduire les coûts du système.Ces innovations ont été intégrées à la fabrication d’un prototype d’épuration à pleine échelle élaboré pendant la durée du projet avec des partenaires industriels. Le prototype, dimensionné pour l’épuration d’un débit de biogaz de 20 à 40 Nm3/h, a été mis en place sur le site de méthanisation de la ferme de Lamothe à Seysses, en France, pour une campagne d’expérimentation qui a permis de confirmer les résultats des simulations et valider le fonctionnement du procédé en conditions de fonctionnement réelles. Les innovations ont permis d’obtenir un biométhane respectant les spécifications pour l’injection dans le réseau (et donc aussi la qualité carburant véhicule) avec un taux de méthane supérieur à 97% pour une consommation énergétique équivalente aux valeurs données dans la littérature.Une étude économique complétée par une analyse de cycle de vie a montré la pertinence du procédé développé pour l’épuration du biogaz à petites échelles. Biogas upgrading is a valorization pathway that is essential to the energy transition, allowing the substitution of natural gas of fossil origin by a renewable energy for various applications. But the low economic profitability for small production scales, typical of a medium-sized agricultural installation, restricts its development, whereas these units are the most compatible on the societal and environmental level. The objective of this work is to develop an upgrading process called Epurogaz that uses High Pressure Water Scrubbing, to meet the requirements of the sector and to reach an economic profitability.New modeling approaches have been developed to identify possible improvements. These models consider the concomitant absorption of carbon dioxide and methane and the reduction in gas volume flow that occurs in the absorption column, as well as the water regeneration steps for closed loop operation. The accuracy of the predictions obtained by the simulations was evaluated by a sensitivity analysis and the results were then validated by comparison with the experimental results from the thesis of D.Benizri (2016).The simulations highlighted the significant improvement in methane purity when the water is regenerated under a primary vacuum rather than at atmospheric pressure due to an increased desorption of the gas contained in the water. This results in a lower dissolved gas concentration in the water, which then translates into higher absorption in the absorption column, and thus a higher methane content in the biomethane produced. Estimates of energy consumption have made it possible to define an optimal vacuum range, between 0.2 and 0.5 bar absolute, allowing to reach the optimal absorption performances for a reduced energy consumption.Moreover, the integration of a desorption of water under intermediate pressure, between the absorption column and the final regeneration of the water under vacuum, allows to recirculate a significant fraction of the methane dissolved in the absorption column and thus to increase its recovery rate, and thus the economic and environmental performances of the installation. At this stage, an optimal pressure can be defined, corresponding to a maximum methane recovery that does not disturb the operation of the absorption column. This pressure, which also depends on the other operating parameters, is generally between 3 and 4 bars. This desorption at intermediate pressure leads to the formation of a gas-liquid mixture requiring the separation of the gas and the liquid. A GLCC, cyclonic gas-liquid mixture separator, can be advantageously implemented in replacement of the classical separation tanks in order to reduce the system costs.These innovations have been integrated into the fabrication of a full-scale upgrading prototype developed during the project with industrial partners. The prototype, designed for the upgrading of a biogas flow of 20 to 40 Nm3/h, was installed on the anaerobic digestion site of the farm of Lamothe at Seysses, France, for an experimentation campaign that confirmed the results of the simulations and validated the operation of the process in real operating conditions. The innovations made it possible to obtain a biomethane that complies with the specifications for injection into the network (and therefore also the vehicle fuel quality) with a methane content of over 97% for an energy consumption equivalent to the values given in the literature.An economic study completed by a life cycle analysis showed the relevance of the developed process for small scale biogas upgrading.

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    Doctoral thesis . 2023
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