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Local renewable energy resources (RES) are often considered as an alternative to the conventional power supply by means of power lines. This is an urgent approach for rural electrification if there are long distances from main substations, and distribution feeders’ construction and service is not cost effective for grid companies. Nevertheless, the real potential for RES implementation at some regions could be limited by economic, geographical and climatic factors especially. The paper gives a review of the experience of power supply type selection for distant consumers given the specific northern continental conditions. The main goal of the paper is the methods estimating technical and economical efficiency of power supply system alternatives including centralized power supply and standalone microgrid implementation to select suitable power supply variant.

Abstract In this paper, we discuss a number of ways to define and measure the affordability of energy consumption, and we examine the emergence of energy poverty in Italy in the period from 1998 to 2011. The paper examines the eligibility criteria for claiming the benefits available to support energy consumption for vulnerable families and it identifies the potential beneficiaries. The study assesses the appropriateness of the eligibility criteria by comparing the population targeted by the policy with the population actually facing affordability problems. A simulation exercise, using the hypothetical scenario most likely to result in energy benefits being made available, shows that, regardless of the affordability index adopted, the provision of state energy benefits has little impact on fuel poverty.

Aquaponics systems and technologies are growing primary industries in many countries, with high environmental and socio-economic advantages. Aquaponics is a closed-loop system that produces aquatic animals and plants in a new way using recirculated water and nutrients. With a growing world population expected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050, food production sustainability is a primary issue in today’s world agenda, and aquaponics and aquaculture systems can be potential contributors to the challenge. Observing the climate changes and global warming’s impact on the ecosystem, decreasing aqua animal stocks, and responding to increasing demand are turning points in the sustainability era. In the past 15 years, fish production has doubled, thus denoting that aquaponics transforms into commercial scales with a revolutionized production, high efficiency, and fewer resources’ utilization, thus requiring proper operation and management standards and practices. Therefore, this study aims to shape a new framework for sustainable aquaponics modeling and utilization as the all-in-one solution platform covering technical, managerial, socio-economic, institutional, and environmental measures within the suitability requirements. The proposed model in this study offers a systematic approach to the design and implementation of sustainability-efficient aquaponics and aquaculture systems. Through an exhaustive coverage of the topic, this research effort can be counted as a practical reference for researchers, scholars, experts, practitioners, and students in the context of aquaponics and aquaculture studies.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emission forms the biggest portion of greenhouse gas emissions known to cause global warming, which can lead to climate change. One of the most widely recommended means of tack...

En los países del sur de Asia, incluidos Bangladesh, India y Pakistán, el escenario energético actual se considera no sostenible debido a diversas cuestiones, como las opciones económicas, ambientales, geopolíticas y tecnológicas para la explotación de la energía y el volumen insignificante del comercio regional de energía. Sin embargo, dentro de la región, India está liderando una fase de transición energética y transformación económica a través del desarrollo de energías renovables. Los países deben mostrar buenos resultados en el desarrollo de sus fuentes renovables siguiendo el rápido ritmo de las energías renovables en todo el mundo. Este artículo ofrece una visión general del escenario energético, el crecimiento de las energías renovables, la evolución y el enfoque de la política energética al resaltar los desafíos y barreras clave para la combinación energética ecológica de los países. Es importante destacar que el documento evalúa la combinación energética actual en el sur de Asia, destacando la anomalía de sus perspectivas futuras basadas en combustibles fósiles, sus ambiciones de avanzar hacia una menor contaminación ambiental y una combinación energética sostenible a través de un análisis FODA de herramientas estratégicas; fortalezas, debilidades, oportunidades y amenazas (FODA). En particular, este estudio examina las políticas gubernamentales para expandir la implementación de fuentes renovables con una visión de la estructura regulatoria existente del sector energético. Los hallazgos de la investigación presentada sugieren que para lograr el ambicioso objetivo de reducir la descarga de emisiones hasta en un 30% para el año 2030 en el marco de las Contribuciones Previstas Determinadas a Nivel Nacional (INDC), los gobiernos de los tres países deben tomar medidas preventivas. Incluye la reducción gradual de los subsidios a los combustibles fósiles, la integración del mercado dentro de la región y la rápida realización de las iniciativas existentes a través de una fuerte voluntad política, una buena gobernanza, la adopción de las últimas tecnologías y un plan de acción pragmático, y la cooperación energética en toda la región. Dans les pays d'Asie du Sud, y compris le Bangladesh, l'Inde et le Pakistan, le scénario énergétique actuel est considéré comme non durable en raison de divers problèmes tels que les options économiques, environnementales, géopolitiques et technologiques pour l'exploitation de l'énergie et le volume négligeable du commerce régional de l'énergie. Bien que, dans la région, l'Inde mène une phase de transition énergétique et de transformation économique grâce au développement des énergies renouvelables. Les pays doivent bien montrer dans le développement de leurs sources renouvelables à la suite du rythme rapide des énergies renouvelables dans le monde entier. Cet article offre un aperçu du scénario énergétique, de la croissance des énergies renouvelables, de l'évolution et de l'approche de la politique énergétique en soulignant les principaux défis et obstacles pour le mix énergétique écologique des pays. Il est important de noter que le document évalue le bouquet énergétique actuel en Asie du Sud, en soulignant l'anomalie de ses perspectives d'avenir basées sur les combustibles fossiles, ses ambitions de réduire la pollution environnementale et son bouquet énergétique durable grâce à une analyse SWOT d'outil stratégique ; forces, faiblesses, opportunités et menaces (SWOT). En particulier, cette étude examine les politiques gouvernementales visant à étendre la mise en œuvre des sources renouvelables avec un aperçu de la structure réglementaire existante du secteur de l'énergie. Les résultats de recherche présentés suggèrent que pour atteindre l'objectif ambitieux de réduire les rejets d'émissions jusqu'à 30 % d'ici 2030 dans le cadre des contributions prévues déterminées au niveau national (CPDN), les gouvernements des trois pays doivent prendre des mesures préventives. Il comprend la réduction progressive des subventions sur les combustibles fossiles, l'intégration du marché dans la région et la réalisation rapide des initiatives existantes grâce à une forte volonté politique, à une bonne gouvernance, à l'adoption des dernières technologies, à un plan d'action pragmatique et à une coopération énergétique dans toute la région. In the South Asian countries, including Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan, the current energy scenario is considered non-sustainable due to diverse issues such as economic, environmental, geopolitical, technological options for energy exploitation, and negligible volume of regional energy trade. Though, within the region, India is leading a phase of energy transition and economic transformation through renewable energy development. The countries need to exhibit well in the development of their renewable sources following the rapid pace of renewable energies worldwide. This article offers an overview of the energy scenario, growth of renewable energies, evolution, and approach for energy policy by highlighting key challenges and barriers for the ecological energy mix of the countries. Importantly, the paper assesses the current energy mix in South Asia, highlighting the anomaly of its fossil fuel-based future outlook, its ambitions to move towards less environmental pollution, and sustainable energy mix through a strategic tool SWOT analysis; strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT). In particular, this study examines the government policies to expand the implementation of renewable sources with an insight into the existing regulatory structure of the energy sector. The presented research findings suggest that to achieve the ambitious target to reduce emission discharge by up to 30% by the year 2030 under Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), the Governments of the three countries must take preemptive measures. It includes the stage-wise reduction of subsidies on fossil fuels, market integration within the region, and swift realization of the existing initiatives through strong political will, good governance, adoption of the latest technologies, and a pragmatic action plan, and energy cooperation across the region. في بلدان جنوب آسيا، بما في ذلك بنغلاديش والهند وباكستان، يعتبر سيناريو الطاقة الحالي غير مستدام بسبب قضايا متنوعة مثل الخيارات الاقتصادية والبيئية والجيوسياسية والتكنولوجية لاستغلال الطاقة، وحجم ضئيل من تجارة الطاقة الإقليمية. على الرغم من أن الهند، داخل المنطقة، تقود مرحلة انتقال الطاقة والتحول الاقتصادي من خلال تطوير الطاقة المتجددة. تحتاج البلدان إلى أن تظهر أداءً جيدًا في تطوير مصادرها المتجددة بعد الوتيرة السريعة للطاقات المتجددة في جميع أنحاء العالم. تقدم هذه المقالة لمحة عامة عن سيناريو الطاقة، ونمو الطاقات المتجددة، والتطور، ونهج سياسة الطاقة من خلال تسليط الضوء على التحديات والحواجز الرئيسية لمزيج الطاقة البيئية للبلدان. والأهم من ذلك، تقوم الورقة بتقييم مزيج الطاقة الحالي في جنوب آسيا، مع تسليط الضوء على الشذوذ في توقعاتها المستقبلية القائمة على الوقود الأحفوري، وطموحاتها للتحرك نحو تلوث بيئي أقل، ومزيج الطاقة المستدامة من خلال تحليل SWOT الاستراتيجي للأداة ؛ نقاط القوة والضعف والفرص والتهديدات (SWOT). على وجه الخصوص، تبحث هذه الدراسة في السياسات الحكومية لتوسيع تنفيذ مصادر الطاقة المتجددة مع نظرة ثاقبة على الهيكل التنظيمي الحالي لقطاع الطاقة. تشير نتائج البحث المقدمة إلى أنه لتحقيق الهدف الطموح المتمثل في الحد من تصريف الانبعاثات بنسبة تصل إلى 30 ٪ بحلول عام 2030 بموجب المساهمات المقررة المحددة وطنيًا (INDCs)، يجب على حكومات البلدان الثلاثة اتخاذ تدابير وقائية. ويشمل ذلك التخفيض التدريجي للإعانات على الوقود الأحفوري، وتكامل الأسواق داخل المنطقة، والإدراك السريع للمبادرات القائمة من خلال الإرادة السياسية القوية، والحكم الرشيد، واعتماد أحدث التقنيات، وخطة عمل عملية، والتعاون في مجال الطاقة في جميع أنحاء المنطقة.

Abstract The problem of fine particle gas cleaning is especially actual at the present time. This is due to the need to capture the desired product and waste gases cleaning. In both cases, the equipment should provide maximum collection efficiency. Cleaning of gas from thermal power plant (TPP) fly ash is serious problem. Coal-fired thermal power plants provide 27% of the total world energy consumption. Conventional TPP produce more than 700,000 tonnes of fly ash per year. Annually fly ash production only in Russia, according to various estimates, is 27–35 million tons. Various apparatus are used to clean the gases from the fly ash. Required collection efficiency of purification units must to be 99.5–99.7% and higher. Wet scrubbers makes ash recycling more difficult. It requires ash separation from the slurry and drying. One solution of gas cleaning problem is a electrocyclone. It provides gas purification efficiency up to 99.9% at initial ash concentration equal 50 g/m 3 and higher. An electrocyclone allows to obtain a product in dry form. Re-entrainment is return of captured material to clean gas stream. Re-entrainment in the gas cleaning equipment is one of the negative effects. Re-entrainment reduces equipment efficiency at high gas velocities. The present study was carried out to determine the value of re-entrainment in the electrocyclone. The object of study was the electrocyclone of ‘pipe in pipe’ type. Aluminosilicate fly ash from thermal power plant (TPP) was the test material. Study was carried out in dry and wet modes. Re-entrainment was observed in dry operation mode. No re-entrainment was observed in wet operation mode. The value of re-entrainment was calculated. It decreases collection efficiency from 99.9% to 60%. Re-entrainment depends on aerosol velocity (range 14–27 m/s) and the aerosol concentration (range 2–30 g/m 3 ). It is shown, what re-entrainment can be eliminated by water irrigation of collecting electrodes.

Global, spectral isolation data measured every minute over a four-year period at Dhahran (26° 32′ N, 50° 13′ E) Saudi Arabia, using five Schott filters with cutoff at “285, 500, 530, 630, and 695” nm, and ultraviolet radiation sensor, 295–385nm, are analyzed. Monthly averages of the diurnal variations of these bands are presented. The rainfall, dust/sand storm, cloud and air mass effects on the band radiation are also investigated. Comparisons of the yearly average of band radiation measured at Dhahran and those reported in Goldberg and Klein (1977) for Jerusalem (32° N) and Rockville (39° N) are presented. Monthly average band radiation are also presented. The data showed that the ratio of the monthly average of the diurnal band radiations to the total radiation for winter and summer are nearly the same. The data also showed that the rainfall increases the percentage of radiation in the bands 385–500nm, 500–530nm, and 630–690nm, and it decreases the percentage radiation of the band 690–2800nm and that the opposite is true for dust/sand storm effect. The change in the band radiation due to cloud cover is small. The data also showed that the monthly and yearly averages of the radiation in the bands “630–695, and 695–2800” nm are latitude independent. The monthly radiation values at each band over the year are almost constant.

Theoretical and experimental data on the concentrations of methane in different phase states in the porous structure of coals from the Donets Basin are reported. On the saturation of coal samples with methane, the natural conditions of the occurrence of methane in coal beds were simulated for the equilibrium coal–gas system. The amounts of methane dissolved in a solid matrix and adsorbed on the pore surfaces of coal matter were measured by broad-band NMR spectroscopy. The values obtained did not exceed 20% of the total methane absorbed by the sample in an equilibrium state at a pressure of 10 MPa. Sorbed methane was the predominant phase state only upon the opening of a high-pressure chamber after the emission of methane from filtration channels.