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  • Energy Research
  • 7. Clean energy
  • 8. Economic growth
  • RU
  • Russian

  • В статье рассмотрена проблема энергосбережения и повышения энергоэффективности в жилищно-коммунальном хозяйстве России. Проведен анализ трудов российских и зарубежных авторов, раскрывающих проблему энергоэффективности в ЖКХ, причины ее низкого уровня и последующие пути решения. Также проанализированы статистические данные об избыточном потреблении энергоресурсов в ЖКХ, оснащенности индивидуальными приборами учета по разным видам коммунальных ресурсов, внедрении энергосберегающих технологий в строительство энергоэффективных домов. Целью статьи является рассмотрение проблемы энергосбережения и повышения энергоэффективности в жилищно-коммунальном хозяйстве с разных сторон и выявление наиболее важных факторов, значительно влияющих на низкие показатели энергоэффективности России. В статье обращается внимание на важность проблемы энергоэффективности для всей экономики страны и острая необходимость в ее решении наиболее результативными методами. Предлагаются способы решения проблемы энергоэффективности, действенные в каждом субъекте Российской Федерации. The article deals with the problem of energy saving and energy efficiency in the housing and communal services of Russia. The analysis of the works of Russian and foreign authors, revealing the problem of energy efficiency in housing and communal services, the reasons for its low level and subsequent solutions, was carried out. Statistical data on excessive consumption of energy resources in housing and communal services, equipment with individual metering devices for various types of communal resources, and the introduction of energy-saving technologies in the construction of energy-efficient houses are also analyzed. The purpose of the article is to consider the problem of energy saving and energy efficiency in housing and communal services from different angles and to identify the most important factors that significantly affect the low energy efficiency in Russia. The article draws attention to the importance of the problem of energy efficiency for the entire economy of the country and the urgent need to solve it with the most effective methods. The ways of solving the problem of energy efficiency, effective in each subject of the Russian Federation, are proposed.

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  • В последние десятилетия экологическая проблема приняла глобальный характер и требует консолидации мирового сообщества. Возникающие экологические угрозы становятся все более опасными для человечества, поэтому требуются усилия всех государств для предотвращения негативных последствий изменения окружающей среды. В данной статье рассматривается деятельность международных акторов в сфере обеспечения экологической безопасности. Авторами проведен сравнительный анализ правовых основ и национальных особенностей политики экологической безопасности Дании, США и России, рассмотрены примеры использования возобновляемых источников энергии, направленных на минимизацию экологических рисков, выявлены проблемы и определены перспективы реализации экологической политики в условиях перехода к «зеленой энергетике». In recent decades, the environmental problem has become global in nature and requires the consolidation of the world community. Emerging environmental threats are becoming more and more dangerous for humanity, therefore efforts of all states are required to prevent the negative consequences of environmental change. This article examines the activities of international actors in the field of ensuring environmental safety. The authors conducted a comparative analysis of the legal framework and national characteristics of environmental safety policies in Denmark, the USA and Russia, examined examples of the use of renewable energy sources aimed at minimizing environmental risks, identified problems and identified prospects for the implementation of environmental policy in the context of the transition to “green energy”.

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    Authors: L.V, Nefedova; Yu.Yu, Rafikova;

    The importance of developing a risk management methodology for the development of the renewable energy sector in Russia is justified. The stages of researches on the problem of risk assessments and management in renewable energy in MSU since 2015 are considered. The results are described: a list of risk factors and methods of managing them by using different kinds of renewable energy sources; internal and external components of risk factors that depend and not depend on the developers of RE projects are identified. The author's methodology for assessing resource risks level in the solar energy industry based on the calculation of the variability of the statistical parameters of insolation is presented.

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  • The issues of implementing effective measures to reduce losses during the operation of power electrical equipment are of particular practical interest for electric grid and industrial enterprises. In nominal and close to them modes, power transformers have a fairly high coefficient of performance (COP). However, the efficiency of autotransformers depends on many factors due to their design features. In this study, the authors propose a method for improving the energy efficiency of autotransformers while optimizing the functioning of their cooling system in order to reduce operating losses for electric drives of pumps and fans of forced cooling systems using an autotransformer with a rated power of 125 MVA as an example. Вопросы внедрения эффективных мероприятий по снижению потерь при эксплуатации силового электрооборудования представляют практический интерес для электросетевых и промышленных предприятий. В номинальных и близких к ним режимах силовые трансформаторы обладают высоким коэффициентом полезного действия (КПД). Однако из-за конструктивных особенностей автотрансформаторов их КПД зависит от многих факторов. На примере автотрансформатора АТДЦТН-125000/220/110-У1 номинальной мощностью 125 МВ·А предложен способ повышения энергоэффективности при оптимизации функционирования их системы охлаждения с целью снижения эксплуатационных потерь на электроприводы насосов и вентиляторов систем принудительного охлаждения. Энергетик, Выпуск 5 2023, Pages 19-21

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    Authors: Galina, Bityaeva; Mergen, Sangadzhiev;

    The Republic of Kalmykia is rich in solar energy, where the sun shines for more than three-quarters of a year. In addition to solar energy, wind energy can be used in the region. Since agriculture is the major branch of the economy in the Republic, waste from it can be used as biogas. This paper discusses the use of renewable energy sources in protected areas where additional noise devices and aggregates cannot be used. Also, the use of high-voltage power lines can lead to fires, and they occupy part of the useful area of nature reserves, so additional maintenance is required. To solve this problem, we analyzed the current state of the reserve for the protection of saiga lands in Kalmykia. The questions of insolation depending on the seasons and day-night characteristics are also investigated. The materials were the results of expedition routes conducted in recent years in the Black Lands reserve, data from cordons. The obtained materials will make it possible to use non-traditional types of energy for lighting cordons, hunting and tourist areas, in particular, the use of solar modules of different designs. To promote specially protected areas and the use of solar energy.

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  • Authors: Gorshkova, Ludmila; Sandulyak, Svetlana;

    In the current situation associated with the onset of the widespread economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, when production, financial markets, consumer demand for goods and services stopped at the same time, the concept of maintaining and developing business sustainability is becoming increasingly relevant. With fewer losses, those enterprises that can build viable business models in a timely manner have a chance to overcome the crisis. Orientation of organizations’ development strategies to the global sustainable development goals adopted by the global business community provides significant benefits for companies and increases business stability. Studies by international consultants show that Russian companies have not yet developed a full understanding of the importance and necessity of using sustainable development goals in their strategic and operational plans. The authors of the article consider five determinants that form, according to the authors, a complex system: intellectual; financial, informational, environmental and situational sustainability. The paper presents a brief description of the identified determinants and analyzes the research results of foreign and domestic scientists. It provides individual indicators, criteria, tools and methods for assessing the stability of each determinant and identifies problem areas. In practice, the assessment of the sustainability of different elements of a business is most often carried out separately from each other without taking into account their interdependence and mutual influence, which has negative consequences for balancing the strategic goals of the enterprise. The article proposes the use of a “cross-cutting” approach in assessing the sustainability of basic determinants and their integration with the global goals of sustainable development. The authors propose an element-by-element composition of the complex system of determinants (CSD), as well as describe and illustrate the three-level scheme of the relationship between the CSD and the global sustainable development goals in a structured way. The first and second levels represent global goals of sustainable development, grouped by their focus (economic, environmental, social). The third internal level (core) of the scheme is an economic entity with a set of determinants to be evaluated for their resistance to external and internal influences. The article lists the advantages of the integration of sustainable development goals in the business strategy of enterprises, which ensure the success of the business entity. В текущей ситуации, связанной с наступлением широкомасштабного экономического кризиса, вызванного коронавирусной пандемией, когда одновременно остановились производство, финансовые рынки, потребительский спрос на товары и услуги, концепция сохранения и развития устойчивости бизнеса становится все более актуальной. С меньшими потерями имеют шанс выйти из кризиса те предприятия, которые смогут своевременно выстроить модели жизнеспособного бизнеса. Ориентация стратегий развития организаций на глобальные цели устойчивого развития, принятые мировым бизнес-сообществом, дает существенные преимущества для компаний и повышает стабильность бизнеса. Исследования международных консультантов показывают, что у российских компаний еще не сформировано полноценного понимания важности и необходимости использования целей устойчивого развития в своих стратегических и операционных планах. Авторами статьи рассматривается пять детерминант, образующих, по мнению авторов, комплексную систему: интеллектуальная; финансовая, информационная, экологическая и ситуационная устойчивость. Дается краткая характеристика выделенных детерминант, анализируются результаты исследований зарубежных и отечественных ученых, приводятся отдельные показатели, критерии, инструменты и методы для оценки устойчивости каждой детерминанты, а также идентифицируются проблемные области. На практике оценка устойчивости разных элементов бизнеса чаще всего проводится обособленно друг от друга, без учета их взаимозависимости и взаимного влияния, что имеет негативные последствия для сбалансированности стратегических целей развития предприятия. В статье предложено использование «сквозного» подхода при оценке устойчивости базовых детерминант и их интеграции с глобальными целями устойчивого развития. Структурированно описан и проиллюстрирован поэлементный состав предлагаемой авторами комплексной системы детерминант (КСД) и трехуровневой схемы связи КСД с глобальными целями устойчивого развития. На первом и втором уровнях — глобальные цели устойчивого развития, сгруппированные по их направленности (экономические, экологические, социальные). Третьим внутренним уровнем (ядром) схемы является хозяйствующий субъект с набором детерминант, подлежащих оценке их устойчивости к внешним и внутренним воздействиям. Сформулированы преимущества интеграции целей устойчивого развития в бизнес-стратегии предприятий, обеспечивающие успешность деятельности хозяйствующего субъекта.

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  • In the article the role of expert evaluations in the Soviet hydropower projects of the second half of the 1950s — the first half of the 1960s is considered on the example of comparing the projects of the Low-­Ob and Low-­Volga hydroelectric power stations. The author notes that one of the significant roles in the rejection of the construction of hydroelectric power stations was played by the expertise of specialists from the fishing industry of the RSFSR. In addition, it is emphasized that the experts were guided not only by economic expediency, but also by environmental necessity. В статье на примере сравнения проектов Нижне-­Обской и Нижне-­Волжской гидро‑ электростанций рассматривается роль экспертных оценок в советских гидроэнер‑ гетических проектах второй половины 1950‑х — первой половины 1960‑х. Автором отмечается, что одну из значительных ролей в деле отказа от строительства гэс сыграла экспертиза специалистов рыбной промышленности РСФСР. Кроме того, подчеркивается, что эксперты руководствовались не только экономической целесообразностью, но и эко‑ логической необходимостью. ВЕСТНИК СУРГУТСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА, Выпуск 3 (72) 2021, Pages 29-40

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    Authors: S.V. Shikhalev; S.L. Tikhonov; I.F. Reshetnikov;

    The aim of the article is a quantitative assessment of the influence of non-condensable gases on the intensity of heat and mass transfer processes during film condensation of steam in the specific conditions for heat exchanger. The task is achieved by conducting experimental research of heat and mass transfer processes in film condensation of steam in the presence of non-condensable gases.The study was carried out by the method of stationary heat flow on an experimental kettle with a jacket (0,02 m3 capacity), industrial cooking boilers (0,04 m3 and 0,06 m3 capacity). Cylindrical kettles with a hemispherical and elliptical bottom were selected as the condensation surface. The results of the experiments are presented in the form of a criterion equation for determining the mass transfer coefficient for vapor concentration diffusion. When the concentration of a non-condensable gas reaches 40% an intensification of the resulting heat transfer coefficient from the vapor-gas mixture to the condensation surface is observed. The coefficient of heat transfer to the condensation surface depends on the concentration of non-condensable gases in the apparatus cavity. The results of the research indicate that it is possible to improve the heat exchangers with a jacket and allow an assessment of the heat input when removing the gas mixture from the jacket in the heating mode of the cookers at the design stage. Material research allows to develop automatiс systems and control parameters in the operation of apparatus with a jacket

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  • Развитие китайской экономики за последние 20 лет обусловлено ростом промышленности «Поднебесной», что сразу повлекло за собой рост потребности Китая в энергетических ресурсах. В 2003 г. по объемам потребляемой энергии Китайская Народная Республика вышла на второе место в мире, заняв позицию между США и Японией [1]. Собственных топливных ресурсов КНР уже недостаточно для запросов его развивающейся промышленности; поэтому с 1993 г. Китай начал импортировать нефть. Основными источниками оставался уголь и собственные ограниченные ресурсы углеводород, которые не способны покрыть местный спрос. В 2014 г. объем импорта нефти в КНР составил примерно 310 млн. тонн, а к 2030 г. удельный вес импортируемой нефти увеличится с нынешних на 80% [2]. Китайский импорт сырой нефти после США, занимает второе место в мире. Зависимость Китая от иностранной нефти достигла 59% в 2013 году, в то время как зависимость США не превышает 46,3%. Таким образом, в 2014 году импорт и экспорт ситуации из-за неочищенной нефти в Китае, особенно во второй половине обуславливает падение цен на нефть. Поэтому развитие торговых связей с КНР в топливно-энергетическом аспекте является ключевой ролью развития как самого Китая, так стран экспортеров. Количество последних, в условиях современных геополитических реалиях, будет очень сильно колебаться. Over the past 20 years, China’s economic growth is associated with the expansion of the industrial sector with the resultant increase in energy demand. In 2003, the Peoples Republic of China ranked second in terms of energy consumption behind the United States and ahead of Japan [1]. Domestic fuel supplies are no longer sufficient to satisfy the rising demand of the industrial sector; hence, in 1993, China began to import crude petroleum. Major energy sources are coal and scarce domestic hydrocarbon resources, which cannot meet the local demand. In 2014, China imported about 310 million tons of oil. By 2030, crude oil imports will rise by 80% [2]. China is now the second-largest importer of crude oil in the world after the United States. China's oil import dependence has reached 59% in 2013 while US import dependence does not exceed 46.3%. Therefore, the development of energy relations with China will contribute significantly to the economic growth of China and oil exporting countries. Contemporary geopolitical environment will lead to substantial fluctuations in the number of oil exporting countries.

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  • Environment is a generalized concept that characterizes the natural conditions of a certain area and its ecological state. In order to assess the harm from greenhouse gas emissions, it is necessary to understand the mechanism of their impact on the environment. Currently, greenhouse gas emissions and their regulation are one of the global problems of industrial enterprises that undertake and implement various approaches and mechanisms to address the negative impact of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. Окружающая среда - обобщённое понятие, характеризующее природные условия некоторой местности и её экологическое состояние. Для того чтобы оценить вред от эмиссии парниковых газов, необходимо разобраться в самом механизме воздействия их на окружающую среду. В настоящее время выбросы парниковых газов и их регулирование являются одной из глобальных проблем промышленных предприятий, которые предпринимают и внедряют различные подходы и механизмы для решения негативного влияния выбросов в атмосферу. Экономика и предпринимательство, Выпуск 6 (155) 2023, Pages 260-267

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  • В статье рассмотрена проблема энергосбережения и повышения энергоэффективности в жилищно-коммунальном хозяйстве России. Проведен анализ трудов российских и зарубежных авторов, раскрывающих проблему энергоэффективности в ЖКХ, причины ее низкого уровня и последующие пути решения. Также проанализированы статистические данные об избыточном потреблении энергоресурсов в ЖКХ, оснащенности индивидуальными приборами учета по разным видам коммунальных ресурсов, внедрении энергосберегающих технологий в строительство энергоэффективных домов. Целью статьи является рассмотрение проблемы энергосбережения и повышения энергоэффективности в жилищно-коммунальном хозяйстве с разных сторон и выявление наиболее важных факторов, значительно влияющих на низкие показатели энергоэффективности России. В статье обращается внимание на важность проблемы энергоэффективности для всей экономики страны и острая необходимость в ее решении наиболее результативными методами. Предлагаются способы решения проблемы энергоэффективности, действенные в каждом субъекте Российской Федерации. The article deals with the problem of energy saving and energy efficiency in the housing and communal services of Russia. The analysis of the works of Russian and foreign authors, revealing the problem of energy efficiency in housing and communal services, the reasons for its low level and subsequent solutions, was carried out. Statistical data on excessive consumption of energy resources in housing and communal services, equipment with individual metering devices for various types of communal resources, and the introduction of energy-saving technologies in the construction of energy-efficient houses are also analyzed. The purpose of the article is to consider the problem of energy saving and energy efficiency in housing and communal services from different angles and to identify the most important factors that significantly affect the low energy efficiency in Russia. The article draws attention to the importance of the problem of energy efficiency for the entire economy of the country and the urgent need to solve it with the most effective methods. The ways of solving the problem of energy efficiency, effective in each subject of the Russian Federation, are proposed.

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  • В последние десятилетия экологическая проблема приняла глобальный характер и требует консолидации мирового сообщества. Возникающие экологические угрозы становятся все более опасными для человечества, поэтому требуются усилия всех государств для предотвращения негативных последствий изменения окружающей среды. В данной статье рассматривается деятельность международных акторов в сфере обеспечения экологической безопасности. Авторами проведен сравнительный анализ правовых основ и национальных особенностей политики экологической безопасности Дании, США и России, рассмотрены примеры использования возобновляемых источников энергии, направленных на минимизацию экологических рисков, выявлены проблемы и определены перспективы реализации экологической политики в условиях перехода к «зеленой энергетике». In recent decades, the environmental problem has become global in nature and requires the consolidation of the world community. Emerging environmental threats are becoming more and more dangerous for humanity, therefore efforts of all states are required to prevent the negative consequences of environmental change. This article examines the activities of international actors in the field of ensuring environmental safety. The authors conducted a comparative analysis of the legal framework and national characteristics of environmental safety policies in Denmark, the USA and Russia, examined examples of the use of renewable energy sources aimed at minimizing environmental risks, identified problems and identified prospects for the implementation of environmental policy in the context of the transition to “green energy”.

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    Authors: L.V, Nefedova; Yu.Yu, Rafikova;

    The importance of developing a risk management methodology for the development of the renewable energy sector in Russia is justified. The stages of researches on the problem of risk assessments and management in renewable energy in MSU since 2015 are considered. The results are described: a list of risk factors and methods of managing them by using different kinds of renewable energy sources; internal and external components of risk factors that depend and not depend on the developers of RE projects are identified. The author's methodology for assessing resource risks level in the solar energy industry based on the calculation of the variability of the statistical parameters of insolation is presented.

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  • The issues of implementing effective measures to reduce losses during the operation of power electrical equipment are of particular practical interest for electric grid and industrial enterprises. In nominal and close to them modes, power transformers have a fairly high coefficient of performance (COP). However, the efficiency of autotransformers depends on many factors due to their design features. In this study, the authors propose a method for improving the energy efficiency of autotransformers while optimizing the functioning of their cooling system in order to reduce operating losses for electric drives of pumps and fans of forced cooling systems using an autotransformer with a rated power of 125 MVA as an example. Вопросы внедрения эффективных мероприятий по снижению потерь при эксплуатации силового электрооборудования представляют практический интерес для электросетевых и промышленных предприятий. В номинальных и близких к ним режимах силовые трансформаторы обладают высоким коэффициентом полезного действия (КПД). Однако из-за конструктивных особенностей автотрансформаторов их КПД зависит от многих факторов. На примере автотрансформатора АТДЦТН-125000/220/110-У1 номинальной мощностью 125 МВ·А предложен способ повышения энергоэффективности при оптимизации функционирования их системы охлаждения с целью снижения эксплуатационных потерь на электроприводы насосов и вентиляторов систем принудительного охлаждения. Энергетик, Выпуск 5 2023, Pages 19-21

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    Authors: Galina, Bityaeva; Mergen, Sangadzhiev;

    The Republic of Kalmykia is rich in solar energy, where the sun shines for more than three-quarters of a year. In addition to solar energy, wind energy can be used in the region. Since agriculture is the major branch of the economy in the Republic, waste from it can be used as biogas. This paper discusses the use of renewable energy sources in protected areas where additional noise devices and aggregates cannot be used. Also, the use of high-voltage power lines can lead to fires, and they occupy part of the useful area of nature reserves, so additional maintenance is required. To solve this problem, we analyzed the current state of the reserve for the protection of saiga lands in Kalmykia. The questions of insolation depending on the seasons and day-night characteristics are also investigated. The materials were the results of expedition routes conducted in recent years in the Black Lands reserve, data from cordons. The obtained materials will make it possible to use non-traditional types of energy for lighting cordons, hunting and tourist areas, in particular, the use of solar modules of different designs. To promote specially protected areas and the use of solar energy.

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  • Authors: Gorshkova, Ludmila; Sandulyak, Svetlana;

    In the current situation associated with the onset of the widespread economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, when production, financial markets, consumer demand for goods and services stopped at the same time, the concept of maintaining and developing business sustainability is becoming increasingly relevant. With fewer losses, those enterprises that can build viable business models in a timely manner have a chance to overcome the crisis. Orientation of organizations’ development strategies to the global sustainable development goals adopted by the global business community provides significant benefits for companies and increases business stability. Studies by international consultants show that Russian companies have not yet developed a full understanding of the importance and necessity of using sustainable development goals in their strategic and operational plans. The authors of the article consider five determinants that form, according to the authors, a complex system: intellectual; financial, informational, environmental and situational sustainability. The paper presents a brief description of the identified determinants and analyzes the research results of foreign and domestic scientists. It provides individual indicators, criteria, tools and methods for assessing the stability of each determinant and identifies problem areas. In practice, the assessment of the sustainability of different elements of a business is most often carried out separately from each other without taking into account their interdependence and mutual influence, which has negative consequences for balancing the strategic goals of the enterprise. The article proposes the use of a “cross-cutting” approach in assessing the sustainability of basic determinants and their integration with the global goals of sustainable development. The authors propose an element-by-element composition of the complex system of determinants (CSD), as well as describe and illustrate the three-level scheme of the relationship between the CSD and the global sustainable development goals in a structured way. The first and second levels represent global goals of sustainable development, grouped by their focus (economic, environmental, social). The third internal level (core) of the scheme is an economic entity with a set of determinants to be evaluated for their resistance to external and internal influences. The article lists the advantages of the integration of sustainable development goals in the business strategy of enterprises, which ensure the success of the business entity. В текущей ситуации, связанной с наступлением широкомасштабного экономического кризиса, вызванного коронавирусной пандемией, когда одновременно остановились производство, финансовые рынки, потребительский спрос на товары и услуги, концепция сохранения и развития устойчивости бизнеса становится все более актуальной. С меньшими потерями имеют шанс выйти из кризиса те предприятия, которые смогут своевременно выстроить модели жизнеспособного бизнеса. Ориентация стратегий развития организаций на глобальные цели устойчивого развития, принятые мировым бизнес-сообществом, дает существенные преимущества для компаний и повышает стабильность бизнеса. Исследования международных консультантов показывают, что у российских компаний еще не сформировано полноценного понимания важности и необходимости использования целей устойчивого развития в своих стратегических и операционных планах. Авторами статьи рассматривается пять детерминант, образующих, по мнению авторов, комплексную систему: интеллектуальная; финансовая, информационная, экологическая и ситуационная устойчивость. Дается краткая характеристика выделенных детерминант, анализируются результаты исследований зарубежных и отечественных ученых, приводятся отдельные показатели, критерии, инструменты и методы для оценки устойчивости каждой детерминанты, а также идентифицируются проблемные области. На практике оценка устойчивости разных элементов бизнеса чаще всего проводится обособленно друг от друга, без учета их взаимозависимости и взаимного влияния, что имеет негативные последствия для сбалансированности стратегических целей развития предприятия. В статье предложено использование «сквозного» подхода при оценке устойчивости базовых детерминант и их интеграции с глобальными целями устойчивого развития. Структурированно описан и проиллюстрирован поэлементный состав предлагаемой авторами комплексной системы детерминант (КСД) и трехуровневой схемы связи КСД с глобальными целями устойчивого развития. На первом и втором уровнях — глобальные цели устойчивого развития, сгруппированные по их направленности (экономические, экологические, социальные). Третьим внутренним уровнем (ядром) схемы является хозяйствующий субъект с набором детерминант, подлежащих оценке их устойчивости к внешним и внутренним воздействиям. Сформулированы преимущества интеграции целей устойчивого развития в бизнес-стратегии предприятий, обеспечивающие успешность деятельности хозяйствующего субъекта.

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  • In the article the role of expert evaluations in the Soviet hydropower projects of the second half of the 1950s — the first half of the 1960s is considered on the example of comparing the projects of the Low-­Ob and Low-­Volga hydroelectric power stations. The author notes that one of the significant roles in the rejection of the construction of hydroelectric power stations was played by the expertise of specialists from the fishing industry of the RSFSR. In addition, it is emphasized that the experts were guided not only by economic expediency, but also by environmental necessity. В статье на примере сравнения проектов Нижне-­Обской и Нижне-­Волжской гидро‑ электростанций рассматривается роль экспертных оценок в советских гидроэнер‑ гетических проектах второй половины 1950‑х — первой половины 1960‑х. Автором отмечается, что одну из значительных ролей в деле отказа от строительства гэс сыграла экспертиза специалистов рыбной промышленности РСФСР. Кроме того, подчеркивается, что эксперты руководствовались не только экономической целесообразностью, но и эко‑ логической необходимостью. ВЕСТНИК СУРГУТСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА, Выпуск 3 (72) 2021, Pages 29-40

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    Authors: S.V. Shikhalev; S.L. Tikhonov; I.F. Reshetnikov;

    The aim of the article is a quantitative assessment of the influence of non-condensable gases on the intensity of heat and mass transfer processes during film condensation of steam in the specific conditions for heat exchanger. The task is achieved by conducting experimental research of heat and mass transfer processes in film condensation of steam in the presence of non-condensable gases.The study was carried out by the method of stationary heat flow on an experimental kettle with a jacket (0,02 m3 capacity), industrial cooking boilers (0,04 m3 and 0,06 m3 capacity). Cylindrical kettles with a hemispherical and elliptical bottom were selected as the condensation surface. The results of the experiments are presented in the form of a criterion equation for determining the mass transfer coefficient for vapor concentration diffusion. When the concentration of a non-condensable gas reaches 40% an intensification of the resulting heat transfer coefficient from the vapor-gas mixture to the condensation surface is observed. The coefficient of heat transfer to the condensation surface depends on the concentration of non-condensable gases in the apparatus cavity. The results of the research indicate that it is possible to improve the heat exchangers with a jacket and allow an assessment of the heat input when removing the gas mixture from the jacket in the heating mode of the cookers at the design stage. Material research allows to develop automatiс systems and control parameters in the operation of apparatus with a jacket

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  • Развитие китайской экономики за последние 20 лет обусловлено ростом промышленности «Поднебесной», что сразу повлекло за собой рост потребности Китая в энергетических ресурсах. В 2003 г. по объемам потребляемой энергии Китайская Народная Республика вышла на второе место в мире, заняв позицию между США и Японией [1]. Собственных топливных ресурсов КНР уже недостаточно для запросов его развивающейся промышленности; поэтому с 1993 г. Китай начал импортировать нефть. Основными источниками оставался уголь и собственные ограниченные ресурсы углеводород, которые не способны покрыть местный спрос. В 2014 г. объем импорта нефти в КНР составил примерно 310 млн. тонн, а к 2030 г. удельный вес импортируемой нефти увеличится с нынешних на 80% [2]. Китайский импорт сырой нефти после США, занимает второе место в мире. Зависимость Китая от иностранной нефти достигла 59% в 2013 году, в то время как зависимость США не превышает 46,3%. Таким образом, в 2014 году импорт и экспорт ситуации из-за неочищенной нефти в Китае, особенно во второй половине обуславливает падение цен на нефть. Поэтому развитие торговых связей с КНР в топливно-энергетическом аспекте является ключевой ролью развития как самого Китая, так стран экспортеров. Количество последних, в условиях современных геополитических реалиях, будет очень сильно колебаться. Over the past 20 years, China’s economic growth is associated with the expansion of the industrial sector with the resultant increase in energy demand. In 2003, the Peoples Republic of China ranked second in terms of energy consumption behind the United States and ahead of Japan [1]. Domestic fuel supplies are no longer sufficient to satisfy the rising demand of the industrial sector; hence, in 1993, China began to import crude petroleum. Major energy sources are coal and scarce domestic hydrocarbon resources, which cannot meet the local demand. In 2014, China imported about 310 million tons of oil. By 2030, crude oil imports will rise by 80% [2]. China is now the second-largest importer of crude oil in the world after the United States. China's oil import dependence has reached 59% in 2013 while US import dependence does not exceed 46.3%. Therefore, the development of energy relations with China will contribute significantly to the economic growth of China and oil exporting countries. Contemporary geopolitical environment will lead to substantial fluctuations in the number of oil exporting countries.

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  • Environment is a generalized concept that characterizes the natural conditions of a certain area and its ecological state. In order to assess the harm from greenhouse gas emissions, it is necessary to understand the mechanism of their impact on the environment. Currently, greenhouse gas emissions and their regulation are one of the global problems of industrial enterprises that undertake and implement various approaches and mechanisms to address the negative impact of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. Окружающая среда - обобщённое понятие, характеризующее природные условия некоторой местности и её экологическое состояние. Для того чтобы оценить вред от эмиссии парниковых газов, необходимо разобраться в самом механизме воздействия их на окружающую среду. В настоящее время выбросы парниковых газов и их регулирование являются одной из глобальных проблем промышленных предприятий, которые предпринимают и внедряют различные подходы и механизмы для решения негативного влияния выбросов в атмосферу. Экономика и предпринимательство, Выпуск 6 (155) 2023, Pages 260-267

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