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description Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Part of book or chapter of book 2022Publisher:Hannover : publish-Ing. Authors: Stellmach, Dieter; Weiß, Michael; Seibold, Jürgen; Tilebein, Meike;doi: 10.15488/12155
Sustainability aspects and their verification are becoming indispensable for companies in the textile industry from both an economic and a legal perspective. The reason for this is that there is a large number of different certificates, specifications, and labels, such as Global Organic Textile Standard, Fairtrade, or OekoTex, as well as legislation, such as the German Act on Corporate Due Diligence Obligations in Supply Chains issued in 2021. Hence, the requirements for keeping the proof, e.g. for the batch-accurate world-wide tracing of organic cotton for clothing, or for the necessary transparency to determine the carbon footprint or the recycling percentage, are becoming more and more associated with considerable effort, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Depending on the certificate or specification, SMEs need not only to determine their own sustainability information (gate-to-gate), but also that of the upstream stages of the value chain (cradle-to-gate). The multi-stage value chains of the SME-dominated textile industry, together with the vast and fast-changing variety of materials and products, lead to high complexity in processes and communication. In addition, when confronted with batch-related sustainability criteria and a variety of sustainability and labelling requests from different customers, SMEs have to spend an increasing amount of time and effort on the reliable provision and communication of the respective information. The paper describes the challenges and existing approaches, e.g. the use of blockchain technology, associated with the provision of cradle-to-gate sustainability information in textile SMEs and proposes a holistic framework enabling SMEs along the value chain to configure and implement an infrastructure for efficient, fully digital cloud-ready workflow, based on process models and textile product master trees, in order to address these challenges.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis , Thesis 2013Embargo end date: 22 May 2013 GermanyPublisher:Universität Stuttgart Authors: Neelamraju, Sridhar;doi: 10.18419/opus-6818
In einem gegebenen chemischen System können im allgemeinen viele (meta)-stabile Strukturen existieren, von denen einige auf einer experimentell zugänglichen Zeitskala beobachtet werden können. Einige diese Polymorphe könnten neuartige Eigenschaften haben, die der zukünftigen Nutzung harren. Die Lösung des Problems, wie die Festkörpersynthese gezielt auf eine solche Verbindung hingelenkt werden kann, bleibt jedoch eine grosse Herausforderung. Denn auf die Vorhersage neuer Verbindungen durch theoretische Methoden erfolgt normalerweise keine wirkliche Synthese, und die Planung der Synthese von anorganischen Festkörpern benötigt oft den Einsatz von theoretischen Verfahren, die nicht nur die thermodynamische Stabilität von möglichen Strukturkandidaten vorhersagen sondern auch das kinetische Verhalten der Atome während der experimentellen Synthese modellieren. In dieser Arbeit wollen wir den Graben zwischen den Kenntnissen aus der Strukturvorhersage und der tatsächlichen Synthese neuer Strukturen durch den Einsatz von Verfahren überbrücken, die dem theoretischen Chemiker zur Verfügung stehen wie Algorithmen zur Erkundung von Energielandschaften, zur Berechnung von Spektren und für molekulardynamiksimulationen, wobei die Synthese von MgF2 durch die Tieftemperaturabscheidungsmethode (LT-ABD) als Modellsystem dient. Vom Standpunkt des Modellierers kann man die LT-ABD-Synthese in drei Teile aufspalten: the Erzeugung der Gasphase, die Abscheidung des Gases auf dem Substrat, und das Tempern des abgeschiedenen Films. Um die möglichen Clustermodifikationen von MgF2, die in der Gasphase existieren können, zu verstehen, führen wir als ersten Schritt globale Optimierungen an neutralen und ionischen Clustern unter Verwendung von Simulated Annealing durch und finden viele mögliche Strukturen. Darüber hinaus erkunden wir die Energielandschaft von (MgF2)3 und (MgF2)4 mit dem Thresholdalgorithmus, um die Stabilität und Dynamik dieser Cluster abzuschätzen. Diese Methode erlaubt uns nicht nur die Bestimmung der stabilen und metastabilen Isomere sondern auch der Barrieren, die die Isomere trennen, sowie der Wahrscheinlichkeitsströme zwischen ihnen, welche Abschätzungen der Stabilität aller Isomere liefern. Wir finden eine qualitative Übereinstimmung zwischen der auf ab initio Energien und der auf empirischem Potential basierenden Landschaft, und wichtige Aspekte wie die Unterbassins und die Energiebarrieren folgen ähnlichen Trends. Wir finden allerdings, dass diese Energien sich bei den weniger kompakten Clustern systematisch unterscheiden. Daneben haben wir dasselbe Verfahren angewandt, um zusätzlich die Energielandschaft des Tetramers zu untersuchen. In diesem Fall haben wir uns wegen des Rechenaufwandes auf das empirische Potential beschränkt. In einem gegebenen chemischen System können im allgemeinen viele (meta)-stabile Strukturen existieren, von denen einige auf einer experimentell zugänglichen Zeitskala beobachtet werden können. Einige diese Polymorphe könnten neuartige Eigenschaften haben, die der zukünftigen Nutzung harren. Die Lösung des Problems, wie die Festkörpersynthese gezielt auf eine solche Verbindung hingelenkt werden kann, bleibt jedoch eine grosse Herausforderung. Denn auf die Vorhersage neuer Verbindungen durch theoretische Methoden erfolgt normalerweise keine wirkliche Synthese, und die Planung der Synthese von anorganischen Festkörpern benötigt oft den Einsatz von theoretischen Verfahren, die nicht nur die thermodynamische Stabilität von möglichen Strukturkandidaten vorhersagen sondern auch das kinetische Verhalten der Atome während der experimentellen Synthese modellieren. In dieser Arbeit wollen wir den Graben zwischen den Kenntnissen aus der Strukturvorhersage und der tatsächlichen Synthese neuer Strukturen durch den Einsatz von Verfahren überbrücken, die dem theoretischen Chemiker zur Verfügung stehen wie Algorithmen zur Erkundung von Energielandschaften, zur Berechnung von Spektren und für molekulardynamiksimulationen, wobei die Synthese von MgF2 durch die Tieftemperaturabscheidungsmethode (LT-ABD) als Modellsystem dient. Vom Standpunkt des Modellierers kann man die LT-ABD-Synthese in drei Teile aufspalten: the Erzeugung der Gasphase, die Abscheidung des Gases auf dem Substrat, und das Tempern des abgeschiedenen Films. Um die möglichen Clustermodifikationen von MgF2, die in der Gasphase existieren können, zu verstehen, führen wir als ersten Schritt globale Optimierungen an neutralen und ionischen Clustern unter Verwendung von Simulated Annealing durch und finden viele mögliche Strukturen. Darüber hinaus erkunden wir die Energielandschaft von (MgF2)3 und (MgF2)4 mit dem Thresholdalgorithmus, um die Stabilität und Dynamik dieser Cluster abzuschätzen. Diese Methode erlaubt uns nicht nur die Bestimmung der stabilen und metastabilen Isomere sondern auch der Barrieren, die die Isomere trennen, sowie der Wahrscheinlichkeitsströme zwischen ihnen, welche Abschätzungen der Stabilität aller Isomere liefern. Wir finden eine qualitative Übereinstimmung zwischen der auf ab initio Energien und der auf empirischem Potential basierenden Landschaft, und wichtige Aspekte wie die Unterbassins und die Energiebarrieren folgen ähnlichen Trends. Wir finden allerdings, dass diese Energien sich bei den weniger kompakten Clustern systematisch unterscheiden. Daneben haben wir dasselbe Verfahren angewandt, um zusätzlich die Energielandschaft des Tetramers zu untersuchen. In diesem Fall haben wir uns wegen des Rechenaufwandes auf das empirische Potential beschränkt. Der nächste Schritt bestand in der Berechnung der Raman- und Infrarotspektren, einschliesslich der Phononmoden und Intensitäten, für alle Cluster, die in der obigen Untersuchung gefunden worden waren. Zusätzlich berechneten wir die IR-Intensitäten und Phononmoden für alle Bulkpolymorphe von MgF2. Hierdurch stellen wir dem Synthesechemiker eine Methode zur Verfügung, mögliche (meta)stabile Phasen des Systems sowohl in der Gasphase als auch in dem abgeschiedenen Film während eines Abscheidungsexperiments zu beobachten. Die berechneten Daten werden mit den in-situ Messungen in der LT-ABD-Apparatur verglichen. Das MgF2-Gas und der MgF2-Film werden mit Hilfe von Ramanspektroskopie an der in einer Argonmatrix ausgefrorenen Gasphase bzw. an dem auf einem gekühlten Substrat abgeschiedenen Film untersucht. In der Gasphase finden wir vor allem Monomere und Dimere der neutralen und geladenen Spezies. Die Messungen deuten weiter darauf hin, dass in der amorphen Bulkphase bereits rutilartige Domänen vorhanden sind. Schliesslich zeigen Peaks bei etwa 800 cm-1, die in demselben Bereich wie die Ag-Moden der Cluster mit isolierten F-Mg-Bindungen an dreifach koordinierte Magnesiumatome liegen, dass solche einfach gebundenen isolierten Fluoratome auch im amorphen MgF2 vorliegen und genutzt werden können, um den Übergang von der amorphen zur kristallinen Phase in diesem System zu verfolgen. Im letzten Schritt modellieren wir das Wachstum des festen MgF2 von der Gasphase auf einem Al2O3-Substrat, wie es im tatsächlichen Experiment verwendet wird, sowie auf einem MgF2-Anatassubstrat und einem MgF2-Rutilsubstrat. Der Prozess wird in all seinen Teilschritten untersucht, von der Dynamik der MgF2-Cluster in der Gasphase, über ihr Auftreffen auf der Oberfläche der kalten und heissen Substrate, und ihre Diffusion auf dem Substrat, bis zu der Bildung von Kristalliten. Der Wachstumsprozess wurde als Funktion der Syntheseparameter einschliesslich der Substrattemperatur, der Abscheiderate, und der Art der abgeschiedenen Cluster analysiert. Sowohl hohe als auch niedrige Abscheideraten führten zur Bildung von amorphen MgF2-Filmen. Beim Tempern entdeckten wir einen möglichen Mechanismus für die Stabilisierung der CaCl2-Struktur. Wir finden zwei im Wettbewerb stehende Strukturen in den ersten Nanosekunden der Abscheidung, die mit der CaCl2- und der CdI2-Struktur verwandt sind, und schliessen, dass dieser Wettbewerb die CaCl2-artige Struktur lange genug stabilisiert, um experimentelle Beobachtungen vornehmen zu können. Darüber hinaus sind die in unseren Simulationen beobachteten Atomanordnungen in guter Übereinstimmung mit den vorliegenden auf TEM und XRD-basierenden Messdaten, und zwar sowohl für die amorphe also auch für die teilweise geordnete metastabile Phase. Der nächste Schritt bestand in der Berechnung der Raman- und Infrarotspektren, einschliesslich der Phononmoden und Intensitäten, für alle Cluster, die in der obigen Untersuchung gefunden worden waren. Zusätzlich berechneten wir die IR-Intensitäten und Phononmoden für alle Bulkpolymorphe von MgF2. Hierdurch stellen wir dem Synthesechemiker eine Methode zur Verfügung, mögliche (meta)stabile Phasen des Systems sowohl in der Gasphase als auch in dem abgeschiedenen Film während eines Abscheidungsexperiments zu beobachten. Die berechneten Daten werden mit den in-situ Messungen in der LT-ABD-Apparatur verglichen. Das MgF2-Gas und der MgF2-Film werden mit Hilfe von Ramanspektroskopie an der in einer Argonmatrix ausgefrorenen Gasphase bzw. an dem auf einem gekühlten Substrat abgeschiedenen Film untersucht. In der Gasphase finden wir vor allem Monomere und Dimere der neutralen und geladenen Spezies. Die Messungen deuten weiter darauf hin, dass in der amorphen Bulkphase bereits rutilartige Domänen vorhanden sind. Schliesslich zeigen Peaks bei etwa 800 cm-1, die in demselben Bereich wie die Ag-Moden der Cluster mit isolierten F-Mg-Bindungen an dreifach koordinierte Magnesiumatome liegen, dass solche einfach gebundenen isolierten Fluoratome auch im amorphen MgF2 vorliegen und genutzt werden können, um den Übergang von der amorphen zur kristallinen Phase in diesem System zu verfolgen. Im letzten Schritt modellieren wir das Wachstum des festen MgF2 von der Gasphase auf einem Al2O3-Substrat, wie es im tatsächlichen Experiment verwendet wird, sowie auf einem MgF2-Anatassubstrat und einem MgF2-Rutilsubstrat. Der Prozess wird in all seinen Teilschritten untersucht, von der Dynamik der MgF2-Cluster in der Gasphase, über ihr Auftreffen auf der Oberfläche der kalten und heissen Substrate, und ihre Diffusion auf dem Substrat, bis zu der Bildung von Kristalliten. Der Wachstumsprozess wurde als Funktion der Syntheseparameter einschliesslich der Substrattemperatur, der Abscheiderate, und der Art der abgeschiedenen Cluster analysiert. Sowohl hohe als auch niedrige Abscheideraten führten zur Bildung von amorphen MgF2-Filmen. Beim Tempern entdeckten wir einen möglichen Mechanismus für die Stabilisierung der CaCl2-Struktur. Wir finden zwei im Wettbewerb stehende Strukturen in den ersten Nanosekunden der Abscheidung, die mit der CaCl2- und der CdI2-Struktur verwandt sind, und schliessen, dass dieser Wettbewerb die CaCl2-artige Struktur lange genug stabilisiert, um experimentelle Beobachtungen vornehmen zu können. Darüber hinaus sind die in unseren Simulationen beobachteten Atomanordnungen in guter Übereinstimmung mit den vorliegenden auf TEM und XRD-basierenden Messdaten, und zwar sowohl für die amorphe also auch für die teilweise geordnete metastabile Phase. A given chemical system, in general, will realize many (meta)stable structures, some of which might be observable on an experimentally viable timescale. Some of these polymorphs could have novel properties waiting to be exploited. However, addressing the problem of directing solid state synthesis towards such unknown polymorphs remains a major challenge. The prediction of new compounds using various theoretical methods is not usually followed up by an actual synthesis and planning the synthesis of novel inorganic solids often requires recourse to theoretical methods that can not only predict the thermodynamic stability of possible structure candidates but also model the kinetic behavior of atoms during the experimental synthesis. Here, we strive to fill this gap between knowledge derived from structure prediction methods and performing the actual synthesis of new structures experimentally by using tools available to the theoretical chemist that include energy landscape search algorithms, ab initio spectroscopy calculations and molecular dynamics simulations with the synthesis of MgF2 via the low-temperature atom beam deposition (LT-ABD) method as the model system. Hence, in a first step, in order to understand the possible cluster modifications of MgF2 that can exist in the vapor phase, we perform global optimizations on neutral and charged clusters using Monte-Carlo simulated annealing and find many possible structures. We also explore the energy landscape of (MgF2)3 and (MgF2)4 using the threshold algorithm in order to be able to estimate the stability and dynamics of these clusters. This method allows us to determine not only the stable and metastable isomers but also the barriers separating these isomers and the probability flows among them, yielding estimates of the stability of all the isomers found. We find that there is reasonable qualitative agreement between the ab initio and empirical potential energy landscapes, and important features such as sub-basins and energetic barriers follow similar trends. However, we observe that the energies are systematically different for the less compact clusters, when comparing empirical and ab initio energies. Furthermore, we employ the same procedure to additionally investigate the energy landscape of the tetramer. For this case, however, we use only the empirical potential due to computational limitations. This is followed by the calculation of Raman and IR spectra including the phonon modes and their intensities, for all the clusters found from the above study. We also calculate IR intensities and phonon modes for all bulk polymorphs of MgF2. This way, we provide the synthetic chemist with a means to observe possible (meta)stable phases of this system in both the vapor phase and the deposit while performing a deposition experiment on MgF2. The calculated data are compared with in-situ measurements in the LT-ABD apparatus. The MgF2 vapor and film are characterized via Raman spectroscopy of the MgF2 gas phase species embedded in an Ar-matrix and of the MgF2-films deposited onto a cooled substrate, respectively. We find that, in the vapor phase, there are mostly monomers and dimers of the neutral and charged species present in our experimental setup. Furthermore, the results suggest that in the amorphous bulk MgF2, rutile-like domains are present and MgF2 clusters similar to those in the matrix. Finally, peaks at about 800 cm-1, which are in the same range as the Ag modes of clusters with dangling fluorine atoms connected to three-coordinated Mg atoms, indicate that such dangling bonds are also present in amorphous MgF2 and can be used to track the amorphous to crystalline transition in this system. Finally, we model the growth of solid MgF2 from the gas-phase on an Al2O3 substrate as it occurs in a real LT-ABD experiment, a hypothetical MgF2-anatase substrate and a MgF2-rutile substrate. The process is studied in all its stages, from the dynamics of MgF2 clusters in the gas phase, over their impact on the surface of the cold and hot substrates, and their diffusion on the substrate, to the formation of crystallites. The growth process was analyzed as a function of synthesis parameters including the substrate temperature, deposition rate and types of clusters deposited. Both high and low rates resulted in the formation of amorphous MgF2 deposits. On annealing, we discovered a possible mechanism for the stabilization of the CaCl2-type structure. We find two competing structures in the first few nanoseconds of the deposition related to the CaCl2 and CdI2 structure types and argue that this competition stabilizes the CaCl2-type structure long enough for experimental observations to take place. Furthermore, the atom arrangements found in our simulations are in good agreement with existing experimental observations based on TEM and XRD measurements, for both the amorphous and the partly ordered metastable phase.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis , Thesis 2011Embargo end date: 10 Mar 2011 GermanyPublisher:Universität Stuttgart Authors: Zerpa Unda; Jesus Enrique;doi: 10.18419/opus-1323
Ein neues Konzept zur Energiespeicherung basierend auf Wasserstoff wurde untersucht, welches bei Standardbedingungen reversibel und ohne bedeutenden Energieverlust funktioniert. Es beinhaltet die Hybridisierung einer Brennstoffzelle und eines Superkondensators. Die Grundidee besteht in der elektrochemischen Spaltung von Wasserstoff in Protonen und Elektronen an einer PEM-Brennstoffzellen-Elektrode sowie in der separaten Speicherung beider Spezies in einer elektrolytischen Doppelschicht einer Superkondensator-Elektrode, die aus elektrisch leitfähigen Kohlenstoffmaterialien mit großer Oberfläche hergestellt ist. Die Untersuchung dieses Konzepts wurde zuerst an einem Hybrid aus zwei Elektroden - einer Brennstoffzelle und einem Superkondensator - durchgeführt. Mit einer Drei-Elektroden-Hybridzelle wurden die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des Konzepts als Wasserstoffpuffer integriert in einer PEM-Brennstoffzelle untersucht. Dieser Puffer kann im Falle eines Spitzenleistungsbedarfs eingesetzt werden. A new concept of energy storage based on hydrogen which operates reversibly near ambient conditions and without important energy losses is investigated. This concept involves the hybridization between a proton exchange membrane fuel cell and a supercapacitor. The main idea consists in the electrochemical splitting of hydrogen at a PEM fuel cell-type electrode into protons and electrons and then in the storage of these two species separately in the electrical double layer of a supercapacitor-type electrode which is made of electrically conductive large-surface area carbon materials. The investigation of this concept was performed first using a two-electrode fuel cell-supercapacitor hybrid device. A three-electrode hybrid cell was used to explore the application of this concept as a hydrogen buffer integrated inside a PEM fuel cell to be used in case of peak power demand.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2008 GermanyAuthors: Abd-Elaal , Mohammad Refaat Mohammad;The main objective of this research is to make a connection between the hot arid regions urban development and renewable energy e.g. photovoltaics (PV), to delineate urban integrated renewable energy e.g. Urban Integrated Photovoltaics (UIPV) as a new approach for building new sustainable settlements in hot arid regions. The study assumes that applying this approach can play a major role in developing communities of the hot arid regions. Furthermore, the study claimed that developing arid regions' communities within the concept "urban development integrated renewable energy" will offer suitable solutions for their current major urban problems, and this can be a new urban development approach for the Egyptian arid regions communities. In this realm, the research introduces a model for the Urban Integrated Photovoltaics (UIPV) and it has been used as a tool to analyze the Egyptian case study of New Toshka city, as an Egyptian trial for developing an UIPV community, with reference to another two UIPV cases; case of the OECD countries, and MASDAR city - the UAE. This is in order to set up the main guidelines for establishing an UIPV development in the Egyptian arid regions. ; Die Dissertation stellt eine Verbindung zwischen der urbanen Entwicklung in heißtrockenen Gebieten und den erneuerbaren Energien (z. B. Photovoltaik PV) her. Im Zentrum der Arbeit steht der Ansatz, die urban integrierte Photovoltaik (UIPV) als neuen Ansatz für den Bau zukunftsweisender Siedlungen zu bestimmen. Dabei geht die Studie davon aus, dass dieser Ansatz die Entwicklung der Gemeinden in heißtrockenen Gebieten beflügeln könnte. Weiterhin besagt die Studie, dass die Entwicklung von Gemeinden in ariden Zonen innerhalb eines Konzepts "Urbane Entwicklung mit integrierter erneuerbarer Energie" passende Lösungen für die jetzigen urbanen Hauptprobleme anbietet.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 2018 GermanyPublisher:IBM Research Division Neuefeind, Claes; Harzenetter, Lukas; Schildkamp, Philip; Breitenbücher, Uwe; Mathiak, Brigitte; Barzen, Johanna; Leymann, Frank;In the arts and humanities, research applications play a central role in securing and presenting digital results. However, due to their steadily increasing number and their heterogeneity, it is difficult to ensure the sustainability and durability of this kind of living systems from an organizational point of view. This paper describes a project for the preservation of specialized web-based research applications in the humanities. The SustainLife project investigates to what extent methods and technologies of professional cloud deployment and provisioning strategies can be applied to problems of long-term availability of research software as they are omnipresent in humanities data centers such as the Data Center for the Humanities (DCH) at the University of Cologne. Technological basis of the project is the OASIS standard TOSCA and the Open Source implementation OpenTOSCA, respectively, which was developed at the Institute for Architecture of Application Systems (IAAS) at the University of Stuttgart. In the course of the project selected use cases from the field of Digital Humanities (DH) will be modeled in TOSCA to be able to automatically deploy them upon request at any time. The TOSCA standard enables a portable description of the modeled systems independent of specific providers to facilitate their long-term availability. The aim is to provide system components described in the use cases in a component library, as well as in the form of TOSCAcompliant application templates to make them available for reuse in other DH projects.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu0 citations 0 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis , Thesis 2012Embargo end date: 23 Jan 2013 GermanyPublisher:Universität Stuttgart Authors: Hasche, Bernhard;doi: 10.18419/opus-2026
A strong increase of onshore and offshore wind power capacities is an official political target in Germany and other countries. The wind energy shares therefore rise in many power systems. Wind power generation has other characteristics than the power generation by conventional power plants. The wind is a natural resource that is fluctuating. The meteorological dependency leads to a limited predictability of the available power. A third aspect is the concentration of wind farms at locations with high wind yields as in the North of Germany. From a methodological point of view, the thesis focuses on the analysis of the three aspects with regard to the power system operation and the development of related modelling approaches. This especially refers to the application of a stochastic optimization model for the system analysis and to the simulation of wind power generation and wind power forecasts. The application orientated focus is on a scenario analysis of the German power system in 2020. The analysis aims at the identification of promising system adaptations that lead to an improved wind power integration and a more efficient power system operation. Before the model presentation, the importance of the three aspects above is discussed giving the basics for the latter modelling. It is shown that the residual load fluctuations are increased by the wind power generation, especially if they are related to the residual load levels. The flexibility of thermal power plants is also regarded here. An analysis of operational uncertainties shows the importance of wind power forecast errors in relation to load forecast errors. The DC load flow model and characteristics of the transmission grid are explained. A stochastic market model is presented that allows an integrative analysis of the wind power integration. One characteristic of the optimization model is the application of a rolling planning so that forecast errors can be specifically considered. A main modification of the model compared to earlier model versions is given by the representation of grid constraints. A grid reduction approach is developed that reduces the transmission grid to a simplified structure that is applied in the market model. The grid reduction approach is based on a comparison of DC load flow solutions in the reduced and unreduced grid. Additionally, an approach for the calculation of tertiary reserves is given. The approach considers the wind forecast quality and combines probabilistic elements with an optimization. The simulation of wind power generation and forecasts combines different analyses and methods. General quantitative relations between the variability of wind power generation and the geographical region size are derived. The equations are applied in the simulation of wind power generation that is based on adapted wind power curves. The adapted power curves consider regional smoothing effects in the transformation of wind speed to wind power. The simulation results reflect the high variability of the concentrated offshore wind power. For the simulation of the wind power forecasts, a scenario generation method based on moment matching is presented that allows simulating non Gaussian distributed forecast errors and their correlations. The results of a statistical analysis of measured forecast errors are used in the simulation. An empirical relation between error correlation and geographical distance is for example given. The German forecast quality that is simulated for 2020 assuming an improvement of forecasting by 20% is, related to the installed capacity, similar to the one of today due to the high spatial concentration of the offshore capacities. For the scenario analysis of the power system in 2020, the power plant portfolios of twelve German regions and other parameters are derived based on different sources. This includes reserve requirement values and reduced grid parameters that are calculated by the methods mentioned above. The results show that, in the regarded scenario, 3% of the yearly wind energy cannot be integrated into the system. They are curtailed nearly exclusively due to transmission constraints. The network congestions also lead to high differences between the regional electricity prices. The yearly costs of wind forecast errors amount to circa 180 million Euros or 1% of the operational system costs. The model results thereby indicate a large cost saving potential by risk management methods. Based on scenario modifications, integration measures related to CAES capacities, demand side management and more flexible power plants as well as infrastructural changes by grid expansions and an adapted geographical allocation of power plants are analysed. The importance of a stochastic modelling approach for the evaluation of flexibility related scenarios is shown. The comparison of the integration measures identifies infrastructural changes as most efficient system improvements whereas the benefits of CAES capacities are small. Assuming a grid without any transmission constraints, the yearly system costs are reduced by one billion Euros. A limited grid upgrade leads to 10% of this cost reduction. Similar cost savings are achieved by adapting the geographical locations of the power plants. Adjusting the generation to the grid is therefore a promising alternative to grid expansions especially considering the long processes that are involved with new transmission lines. A market design with regional electricity prices would give related incentives. Ein starker Ausbau der Windenergie, onshore und offshore, ist ein erklärtes politisches Ziel in Deutschland und anderen Ländern. Der Windenergieanteil nimmt folglich in immer mehr Stromsystemen zu. Die Stromerzeugung durch Windenergie weist andere Eigenschaften auf als sie beim Betrieb konventioneller Kraftwerke gegeben sind. Die Erzeugung beruht auf der natürlichen Ressource Wind und ist daher fluktuierend. Die meteorologische Abhängigkeit führt auch zu einer begrenzten Prognostizierbarkeit des verfügbaren Stromes. Ein dritter Aspekt ist die Konzentration der Windenergieanlagen an windreichen Standorten wie im Norden Deutschlands. Die Arbeit verfolgt zunächst das methodische Ziel, diese drei Aspekte bei der Analyse des Strombetriebs greifbar zu machen und geeignete Ansätze für die Strommarktmodellierung zu entwickeln. Dies betrifft insbesondere die Simulation der Windstromerzeugung und Windstromprognosen und die Anwendung eines stochastischen Optimierungsmodells zur Systemanalyse. Außerdem wird das anwendungsorientierte Ziel verfolgt, verschiedene Szenarien des deutschen Stromsystems für das Jahr 2020 zu untersuchen. Vielversprechende Systemanpassungen für eine verbesserte Integration der Windenergie und einen effizienteren Strombetrieb sind dabei zu identifizieren. Vor der Methodenentwicklung und Anwendung des Strommarktmodells wird zunächst die Bedeutung der drei obengenannten Aspekte erörtert und die Grundlage für dianpassungen hinsichtlich des Einsatzes von CAES Speicherkraftwerken, Demand Side Mangagement und flexiblerer Kraftwerke sowie Änderungen der Infrastruktur durch Netzausbauten und einer angepassten geographischen Allokation von Kraftwerken untersucht. Die Ergebnisse belegen die Vorteile eines stochastischen Marktmodellierungsansatzes für die Evaluierung flexibilitätsbezogener Integrationsmaßnahmen. Der Vergleich der Integrationsmaßnahmen identifiziert infrastrukturelle Maßnahmen als wirksamste Systemverbesserung, während der Nutzen zusätzlicher CAES Speicherkapazitäten gering ist. Unter der Annahme eines Netzes ohne Übertragungsengpässe reduzieren sich die jährlichen Systembetriebskosten um eine Milliarde Euro. In einem moderateren Netzausbauszenario lassen sich nur 10% dieser Einsparung realisieren. Eine Kostenreduktion in ähnlicher Höhe wird durch eine angepasste Standortwahl neuer Kraftwerke erreicht. Eine Anpassung der Stromerzeugung an die Netzsituation ist demnach eine vielversprechende Alternative zu Netzausbauten, die vor allem auch wegen der langwierigen Prozesse beim Bau neuer Netzleitungen interessant ist. Ein regionales Preismodell würde dafür Anreize schaffen.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis , Thesis 2007Embargo end date: 04 Oct 2007 GermanyPublisher:Universität Stuttgart Authors: Schiele, Gregor;doi: 10.18419/opus-2616
Mit der zunehmenden Verbreitung immer leistungsstärkerer und kompakterer mobiler Rechnersysteme durchdringen diese unsere alltägliche Umgebung immer mehr. Mittelfristig ist davon auszugehen, dass Anwender immer und überall von einer Vielzahl elektronischer Geräte umgeben sein werden, die mittels drahtloser Kommunikation miteinander kooperieren. Geräte können hierbei für den Anwender unsichtbar in Gegenstände des täglichen Bedarfs eingebettet oder in die Umgebung integriert sein. Ein solches System wird als ubiquitäres Rechnersystem bezeichnet. Bei der Entwicklung ubiquitärer Rechnersysteme wurde in der Vergangenheit stark auf sogenannte intelligente Umgebungen, d.h. elektronisch erweiterte Umgebungen, fokussiert. Hierbei wird in einem eingegrenzten räumlichen Gebiet, z.B. einem Zimmer oder einem Haus, eine geeignete Infrastruktur installiert, die es den im Gebiet vorhandenen Geräten erlaubt, miteinander zu kooperieren. Dieses Architekturmodell erfordert es, vor dem Betrieb des Systems eine geeignete Systeminfrastruktur in Form von Hardware und Software im antizipierten Betriebsumfeld zu installieren. Dies ist mit hohen Investitionskosten verbunden und schränkt die Verwendbarkeit ubiquitärer Systeme auf vorgegebene räumliche Gebiete ein. In dieser Arbeit wird ein alternatives Architekturmodell für ubiquitäre Rechnersysteme entwickelt, das keine externe Infrastruktur benötigt und auf dem Konzept der sogenannten spontanen Funktionsverbünde beruht. Nach einer Analyse der Herausforderungen, die bei der Entwicklung spontaner Funktionsverbünde auftreten, werden im weiteren Verlauf der Arbeit Verfahren, Konzepte und Algorithmen vorgestellt mit denen diese Herausforderungen überwunden werden können und eine effiziente und flexible Koordination der Geräte eines spontanen Funktionsverbundes ermöglicht wird. Hierzu wird zum einen ein Konzept entwickelt, mit dem eine Flexibilisierung der Gerätekommunikation ermöglicht wird, indem das Kommunikationsmodell einer Anwendung vom Synchronisationsmodell der verwendeten Interoperabilitätsprotokolle entkoppelt wird. Zudem wird eine strategiebasierte dynamische Auswahl der verwendeten Kommunikationsprotokolle vorgeschlagen, mittels derer eine fortlaufende Anpassung des Kommunikationssystems an Wechsel in der Ausführungsumgebung ermöglicht wird. Diese Konzepte werden in eine mikrokernbasierte Verteilungsinfrastruktur integriert, die für ressourcenbeschränkte Geräte entwickelt wurde. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit werden Verfahren zur dynamischen Erkennung der aktuellen Anwendungsumgebung untersucht und ein Verfahren zur energieeffizienten Erkennung entfernter Dienste und Geräte auf Basis eines Gruppierungsalgorithmus vorgeschlagen. Mobile networked devices become more and more pervasive. By embedding such devices into everyday items, pervasive computing systems will emerge in the near future. Current approaches for such systems are based on the model of Smart Environments. In such environments, a preinstalled hardware infrastructure enhances a spatial area, e.g., a room or house, and enables it to coordinate multiple mobile devices present in the environment to cooperatively provide services to the users. However, such systems rely on the presence of such an expensive infrastructure and do not work in areas without it. This restricts the deployment of pervasive computing systems severely. Therefore, in this work we propose another model for pervasive computing systems, the so-called Smart Peer Group model. A Smart Peer Group consists of a number of interconnected mobile devices that discover each other dynamically and form a spontaneous composition of devices. Coordination is provided by the participating devices themselves and no external infrastructure is needed. This results in a highly flexible system that can be used at any time and anywhere. The development of such systems is a non trivial task, due to the high level of dynamism, the potentially high resource constraintness, and the unpredictable nature of Smart Peer Groups. In this dissertation, we present the Smart Peer Group model and analyze the specific characteristics of this system class. In addition, we propose a number of concepts and algorithms to develop Smart Peer Group-based Pervasive Computing systems. A communication middleware for Smart Peer Groups is presented, which offers means to cope with resource-poor specialized devices and shields application developers from fluctuating network connectivities. Furthermore, a service discovery system for such systems is developed, which allows unused devices to temporarily deactivate themselves in order to save energy without loosing the ability to discover new services or to be discovered by others. The presented concepts and algorithms are evaluated in different scenarios using an analytical and an experimental evaluation.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2009 GermanyAuthors: Pentin, Ilya;From the point of view of thermodynamic, materials are found as thermodynamically stable (equilibrium) or metastable phases. These can be characterized via functions of state that depend uniquely on the given state variables such as temperature, pressure and composition. The graphical representations of all thermodynamically stable phases that exist or co-exist at equilibrium is called the phase diagram of the chemical system as function of the thermodynamic variables. The knowledge of equilibrium phases of chemical compounds as function of thermodynamic parameters and their thermodynamic stability lies at the foundation of our understanding of the properties and processes of modern materials. From the point of view of experimental methods, the determination of the thermodynamic functions and the equilibria between phases is an enormous task, especially at low temperature. For that reason it has become common practice to support the experimental research by a variety of theoretical calculations. Thus, in the seventies the project CALPHAD was started where different phenomenological models and general rules for the analysis and calculation of the phase diagrams were implemented. Over the past few years, calculations of phase diagrams and thermodynamic properties of materials have appeared in the literature, where typically information from experiment, such as the known existence of various ordered crystalline or solid solution-like phases, was combined with quantum mechanical computations. Clearly, such ab initio calculations can be very useful for the validation of existing phase diagrams. However, the reliance on experimental data is often a serious limitation, especially if one attempts to predict a phase diagram or is interested in competing metastable phases that might occur during the synthesis of new materials. Thus, it is necessary to develop a method to compute phase diagrams without experimental information. The general approach to the analysis of the low-temperature part of a (equilibrium) phase ...
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2014 GermanyAuthors: Luca de Tena, Diego;The use of electricity from renewable energy sources (RES) in the transport sector has many advantages compared to the internal combustion engine (ICE). A transition from a fossil fuel based mobility to one based on electricity from renewable sources can allow for significant greenhouse gas reductions (GHG) as well as of air pollutants and noise in urban areas. In addition, greater independence from imported oil in the transport sector can be achieved. The aim of this work is to study the feasibility and system impact of electric mobility in the German power system with a high share of fluctuating renewable energy. One major advantage of electric vehicles (EV) is the high flexibility in charging times, which can be used to integrate renewable power generation and to make the operation of the system more efficient. This work will focus on the period comprised between 2030 and 2050, since at that time it can be assumed that electric vehicles under favourable conditions can reach a significant magnitude for the power system. The REMix model developed at the DLR couples the in the energy economics well established approach of linear optimisation with a geographic information system (GIS) that provides spatial and temporal information of the renewable energy potentials. The GIS-based dataset is a key element of the model and is calculated based on satellite measurements, weather service and land cover data for the whole of Europe with a high spatial (10 x 10 km) and temporal (hourly) resolution. In contrast to other planning models, in which only typical load situations are represented, REMix considers real weather conditions and thus allows representing the particularities of fluctuating renewable energy sources in an optimization model. The results prove the feasibility of a power system with a RES share of over 85% assuming an ambitious network expansion based on underground HVDC lines. The analysis points out that controlling the charging times of plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) and with a flexible hydrogen ...
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Report , Other literature type 2011Embargo end date: 06 Aug 2013 GermanyPublisher:Universität Stuttgart Schlipf, David; Bossanyi, Ervin; Carcangiu, Carlo Enrico; Fischer, Tim; Maul, Timo; Rossetti, Michele;doi: 10.18419/opus-3913
Nacelle based pulsed LIDAR (Light detection and ranging) systems provide preview information of wind disturbances at various distances in front of wind turbines. In previous work it has been shown that this information can be used to improve the speed regulation of wind turbines by a look-ahead update to the collective pitch control, which indicates load reduction of tower and blades. In the scope of the UpWind project a first fatigue and extreme load analysis has been done to concretize the improvement of look-ahead collective pitch control using LIDAR.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen 7 citations 7 popularity Average influence Top 10% impulse Average Powered by BIP!
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description Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Part of book or chapter of book 2022Publisher:Hannover : publish-Ing. Authors: Stellmach, Dieter; Weiß, Michael; Seibold, Jürgen; Tilebein, Meike;doi: 10.15488/12155
Sustainability aspects and their verification are becoming indispensable for companies in the textile industry from both an economic and a legal perspective. The reason for this is that there is a large number of different certificates, specifications, and labels, such as Global Organic Textile Standard, Fairtrade, or OekoTex, as well as legislation, such as the German Act on Corporate Due Diligence Obligations in Supply Chains issued in 2021. Hence, the requirements for keeping the proof, e.g. for the batch-accurate world-wide tracing of organic cotton for clothing, or for the necessary transparency to determine the carbon footprint or the recycling percentage, are becoming more and more associated with considerable effort, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Depending on the certificate or specification, SMEs need not only to determine their own sustainability information (gate-to-gate), but also that of the upstream stages of the value chain (cradle-to-gate). The multi-stage value chains of the SME-dominated textile industry, together with the vast and fast-changing variety of materials and products, lead to high complexity in processes and communication. In addition, when confronted with batch-related sustainability criteria and a variety of sustainability and labelling requests from different customers, SMEs have to spend an increasing amount of time and effort on the reliable provision and communication of the respective information. The paper describes the challenges and existing approaches, e.g. the use of blockchain technology, associated with the provision of cradle-to-gate sustainability information in textile SMEs and proposes a holistic framework enabling SMEs along the value chain to configure and implement an infrastructure for efficient, fully digital cloud-ready workflow, based on process models and textile product master trees, in order to address these challenges.
https://dx.doi.org/1... arrow_drop_down https://dx.doi.org/10.15488/12...Part of book or chapter of book . 2022License: CC BYData sources: Dataciteadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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more_vert https://dx.doi.org/1... arrow_drop_down https://dx.doi.org/10.15488/12...Part of book or chapter of book . 2022License: CC BYData sources: Dataciteadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis , Thesis 2013Embargo end date: 22 May 2013 GermanyPublisher:Universität Stuttgart Authors: Neelamraju, Sridhar;doi: 10.18419/opus-6818
In einem gegebenen chemischen System können im allgemeinen viele (meta)-stabile Strukturen existieren, von denen einige auf einer experimentell zugänglichen Zeitskala beobachtet werden können. Einige diese Polymorphe könnten neuartige Eigenschaften haben, die der zukünftigen Nutzung harren. Die Lösung des Problems, wie die Festkörpersynthese gezielt auf eine solche Verbindung hingelenkt werden kann, bleibt jedoch eine grosse Herausforderung. Denn auf die Vorhersage neuer Verbindungen durch theoretische Methoden erfolgt normalerweise keine wirkliche Synthese, und die Planung der Synthese von anorganischen Festkörpern benötigt oft den Einsatz von theoretischen Verfahren, die nicht nur die thermodynamische Stabilität von möglichen Strukturkandidaten vorhersagen sondern auch das kinetische Verhalten der Atome während der experimentellen Synthese modellieren. In dieser Arbeit wollen wir den Graben zwischen den Kenntnissen aus der Strukturvorhersage und der tatsächlichen Synthese neuer Strukturen durch den Einsatz von Verfahren überbrücken, die dem theoretischen Chemiker zur Verfügung stehen wie Algorithmen zur Erkundung von Energielandschaften, zur Berechnung von Spektren und für molekulardynamiksimulationen, wobei die Synthese von MgF2 durch die Tieftemperaturabscheidungsmethode (LT-ABD) als Modellsystem dient. Vom Standpunkt des Modellierers kann man die LT-ABD-Synthese in drei Teile aufspalten: the Erzeugung der Gasphase, die Abscheidung des Gases auf dem Substrat, und das Tempern des abgeschiedenen Films. Um die möglichen Clustermodifikationen von MgF2, die in der Gasphase existieren können, zu verstehen, führen wir als ersten Schritt globale Optimierungen an neutralen und ionischen Clustern unter Verwendung von Simulated Annealing durch und finden viele mögliche Strukturen. Darüber hinaus erkunden wir die Energielandschaft von (MgF2)3 und (MgF2)4 mit dem Thresholdalgorithmus, um die Stabilität und Dynamik dieser Cluster abzuschätzen. Diese Methode erlaubt uns nicht nur die Bestimmung der stabilen und metastabilen Isomere sondern auch der Barrieren, die die Isomere trennen, sowie der Wahrscheinlichkeitsströme zwischen ihnen, welche Abschätzungen der Stabilität aller Isomere liefern. Wir finden eine qualitative Übereinstimmung zwischen der auf ab initio Energien und der auf empirischem Potential basierenden Landschaft, und wichtige Aspekte wie die Unterbassins und die Energiebarrieren folgen ähnlichen Trends. Wir finden allerdings, dass diese Energien sich bei den weniger kompakten Clustern systematisch unterscheiden. Daneben haben wir dasselbe Verfahren angewandt, um zusätzlich die Energielandschaft des Tetramers zu untersuchen. In diesem Fall haben wir uns wegen des Rechenaufwandes auf das empirische Potential beschränkt. In einem gegebenen chemischen System können im allgemeinen viele (meta)-stabile Strukturen existieren, von denen einige auf einer experimentell zugänglichen Zeitskala beobachtet werden können. Einige diese Polymorphe könnten neuartige Eigenschaften haben, die der zukünftigen Nutzung harren. Die Lösung des Problems, wie die Festkörpersynthese gezielt auf eine solche Verbindung hingelenkt werden kann, bleibt jedoch eine grosse Herausforderung. Denn auf die Vorhersage neuer Verbindungen durch theoretische Methoden erfolgt normalerweise keine wirkliche Synthese, und die Planung der Synthese von anorganischen Festkörpern benötigt oft den Einsatz von theoretischen Verfahren, die nicht nur die thermodynamische Stabilität von möglichen Strukturkandidaten vorhersagen sondern auch das kinetische Verhalten der Atome während der experimentellen Synthese modellieren. In dieser Arbeit wollen wir den Graben zwischen den Kenntnissen aus der Strukturvorhersage und der tatsächlichen Synthese neuer Strukturen durch den Einsatz von Verfahren überbrücken, die dem theoretischen Chemiker zur Verfügung stehen wie Algorithmen zur Erkundung von Energielandschaften, zur Berechnung von Spektren und für molekulardynamiksimulationen, wobei die Synthese von MgF2 durch die Tieftemperaturabscheidungsmethode (LT-ABD) als Modellsystem dient. Vom Standpunkt des Modellierers kann man die LT-ABD-Synthese in drei Teile aufspalten: the Erzeugung der Gasphase, die Abscheidung des Gases auf dem Substrat, und das Tempern des abgeschiedenen Films. Um die möglichen Clustermodifikationen von MgF2, die in der Gasphase existieren können, zu verstehen, führen wir als ersten Schritt globale Optimierungen an neutralen und ionischen Clustern unter Verwendung von Simulated Annealing durch und finden viele mögliche Strukturen. Darüber hinaus erkunden wir die Energielandschaft von (MgF2)3 und (MgF2)4 mit dem Thresholdalgorithmus, um die Stabilität und Dynamik dieser Cluster abzuschätzen. Diese Methode erlaubt uns nicht nur die Bestimmung der stabilen und metastabilen Isomere sondern auch der Barrieren, die die Isomere trennen, sowie der Wahrscheinlichkeitsströme zwischen ihnen, welche Abschätzungen der Stabilität aller Isomere liefern. Wir finden eine qualitative Übereinstimmung zwischen der auf ab initio Energien und der auf empirischem Potential basierenden Landschaft, und wichtige Aspekte wie die Unterbassins und die Energiebarrieren folgen ähnlichen Trends. Wir finden allerdings, dass diese Energien sich bei den weniger kompakten Clustern systematisch unterscheiden. Daneben haben wir dasselbe Verfahren angewandt, um zusätzlich die Energielandschaft des Tetramers zu untersuchen. In diesem Fall haben wir uns wegen des Rechenaufwandes auf das empirische Potential beschränkt. Der nächste Schritt bestand in der Berechnung der Raman- und Infrarotspektren, einschliesslich der Phononmoden und Intensitäten, für alle Cluster, die in der obigen Untersuchung gefunden worden waren. Zusätzlich berechneten wir die IR-Intensitäten und Phononmoden für alle Bulkpolymorphe von MgF2. Hierdurch stellen wir dem Synthesechemiker eine Methode zur Verfügung, mögliche (meta)stabile Phasen des Systems sowohl in der Gasphase als auch in dem abgeschiedenen Film während eines Abscheidungsexperiments zu beobachten. Die berechneten Daten werden mit den in-situ Messungen in der LT-ABD-Apparatur verglichen. Das MgF2-Gas und der MgF2-Film werden mit Hilfe von Ramanspektroskopie an der in einer Argonmatrix ausgefrorenen Gasphase bzw. an dem auf einem gekühlten Substrat abgeschiedenen Film untersucht. In der Gasphase finden wir vor allem Monomere und Dimere der neutralen und geladenen Spezies. Die Messungen deuten weiter darauf hin, dass in der amorphen Bulkphase bereits rutilartige Domänen vorhanden sind. Schliesslich zeigen Peaks bei etwa 800 cm-1, die in demselben Bereich wie die Ag-Moden der Cluster mit isolierten F-Mg-Bindungen an dreifach koordinierte Magnesiumatome liegen, dass solche einfach gebundenen isolierten Fluoratome auch im amorphen MgF2 vorliegen und genutzt werden können, um den Übergang von der amorphen zur kristallinen Phase in diesem System zu verfolgen. Im letzten Schritt modellieren wir das Wachstum des festen MgF2 von der Gasphase auf einem Al2O3-Substrat, wie es im tatsächlichen Experiment verwendet wird, sowie auf einem MgF2-Anatassubstrat und einem MgF2-Rutilsubstrat. Der Prozess wird in all seinen Teilschritten untersucht, von der Dynamik der MgF2-Cluster in der Gasphase, über ihr Auftreffen auf der Oberfläche der kalten und heissen Substrate, und ihre Diffusion auf dem Substrat, bis zu der Bildung von Kristalliten. Der Wachstumsprozess wurde als Funktion der Syntheseparameter einschliesslich der Substrattemperatur, der Abscheiderate, und der Art der abgeschiedenen Cluster analysiert. Sowohl hohe als auch niedrige Abscheideraten führten zur Bildung von amorphen MgF2-Filmen. Beim Tempern entdeckten wir einen möglichen Mechanismus für die Stabilisierung der CaCl2-Struktur. Wir finden zwei im Wettbewerb stehende Strukturen in den ersten Nanosekunden der Abscheidung, die mit der CaCl2- und der CdI2-Struktur verwandt sind, und schliessen, dass dieser Wettbewerb die CaCl2-artige Struktur lange genug stabilisiert, um experimentelle Beobachtungen vornehmen zu können. Darüber hinaus sind die in unseren Simulationen beobachteten Atomanordnungen in guter Übereinstimmung mit den vorliegenden auf TEM und XRD-basierenden Messdaten, und zwar sowohl für die amorphe also auch für die teilweise geordnete metastabile Phase. Der nächste Schritt bestand in der Berechnung der Raman- und Infrarotspektren, einschliesslich der Phononmoden und Intensitäten, für alle Cluster, die in der obigen Untersuchung gefunden worden waren. Zusätzlich berechneten wir die IR-Intensitäten und Phononmoden für alle Bulkpolymorphe von MgF2. Hierdurch stellen wir dem Synthesechemiker eine Methode zur Verfügung, mögliche (meta)stabile Phasen des Systems sowohl in der Gasphase als auch in dem abgeschiedenen Film während eines Abscheidungsexperiments zu beobachten. Die berechneten Daten werden mit den in-situ Messungen in der LT-ABD-Apparatur verglichen. Das MgF2-Gas und der MgF2-Film werden mit Hilfe von Ramanspektroskopie an der in einer Argonmatrix ausgefrorenen Gasphase bzw. an dem auf einem gekühlten Substrat abgeschiedenen Film untersucht. In der Gasphase finden wir vor allem Monomere und Dimere der neutralen und geladenen Spezies. Die Messungen deuten weiter darauf hin, dass in der amorphen Bulkphase bereits rutilartige Domänen vorhanden sind. Schliesslich zeigen Peaks bei etwa 800 cm-1, die in demselben Bereich wie die Ag-Moden der Cluster mit isolierten F-Mg-Bindungen an dreifach koordinierte Magnesiumatome liegen, dass solche einfach gebundenen isolierten Fluoratome auch im amorphen MgF2 vorliegen und genutzt werden können, um den Übergang von der amorphen zur kristallinen Phase in diesem System zu verfolgen. Im letzten Schritt modellieren wir das Wachstum des festen MgF2 von der Gasphase auf einem Al2O3-Substrat, wie es im tatsächlichen Experiment verwendet wird, sowie auf einem MgF2-Anatassubstrat und einem MgF2-Rutilsubstrat. Der Prozess wird in all seinen Teilschritten untersucht, von der Dynamik der MgF2-Cluster in der Gasphase, über ihr Auftreffen auf der Oberfläche der kalten und heissen Substrate, und ihre Diffusion auf dem Substrat, bis zu der Bildung von Kristalliten. Der Wachstumsprozess wurde als Funktion der Syntheseparameter einschliesslich der Substrattemperatur, der Abscheiderate, und der Art der abgeschiedenen Cluster analysiert. Sowohl hohe als auch niedrige Abscheideraten führten zur Bildung von amorphen MgF2-Filmen. Beim Tempern entdeckten wir einen möglichen Mechanismus für die Stabilisierung der CaCl2-Struktur. Wir finden zwei im Wettbewerb stehende Strukturen in den ersten Nanosekunden der Abscheidung, die mit der CaCl2- und der CdI2-Struktur verwandt sind, und schliessen, dass dieser Wettbewerb die CaCl2-artige Struktur lange genug stabilisiert, um experimentelle Beobachtungen vornehmen zu können. Darüber hinaus sind die in unseren Simulationen beobachteten Atomanordnungen in guter Übereinstimmung mit den vorliegenden auf TEM und XRD-basierenden Messdaten, und zwar sowohl für die amorphe also auch für die teilweise geordnete metastabile Phase. A given chemical system, in general, will realize many (meta)stable structures, some of which might be observable on an experimentally viable timescale. Some of these polymorphs could have novel properties waiting to be exploited. However, addressing the problem of directing solid state synthesis towards such unknown polymorphs remains a major challenge. The prediction of new compounds using various theoretical methods is not usually followed up by an actual synthesis and planning the synthesis of novel inorganic solids often requires recourse to theoretical methods that can not only predict the thermodynamic stability of possible structure candidates but also model the kinetic behavior of atoms during the experimental synthesis. Here, we strive to fill this gap between knowledge derived from structure prediction methods and performing the actual synthesis of new structures experimentally by using tools available to the theoretical chemist that include energy landscape search algorithms, ab initio spectroscopy calculations and molecular dynamics simulations with the synthesis of MgF2 via the low-temperature atom beam deposition (LT-ABD) method as the model system. Hence, in a first step, in order to understand the possible cluster modifications of MgF2 that can exist in the vapor phase, we perform global optimizations on neutral and charged clusters using Monte-Carlo simulated annealing and find many possible structures. We also explore the energy landscape of (MgF2)3 and (MgF2)4 using the threshold algorithm in order to be able to estimate the stability and dynamics of these clusters. This method allows us to determine not only the stable and metastable isomers but also the barriers separating these isomers and the probability flows among them, yielding estimates of the stability of all the isomers found. We find that there is reasonable qualitative agreement between the ab initio and empirical potential energy landscapes, and important features such as sub-basins and energetic barriers follow similar trends. However, we observe that the energies are systematically different for the less compact clusters, when comparing empirical and ab initio energies. Furthermore, we employ the same procedure to additionally investigate the energy landscape of the tetramer. For this case, however, we use only the empirical potential due to computational limitations. This is followed by the calculation of Raman and IR spectra including the phonon modes and their intensities, for all the clusters found from the above study. We also calculate IR intensities and phonon modes for all bulk polymorphs of MgF2. This way, we provide the synthetic chemist with a means to observe possible (meta)stable phases of this system in both the vapor phase and the deposit while performing a deposition experiment on MgF2. The calculated data are compared with in-situ measurements in the LT-ABD apparatus. The MgF2 vapor and film are characterized via Raman spectroscopy of the MgF2 gas phase species embedded in an Ar-matrix and of the MgF2-films deposited onto a cooled substrate, respectively. We find that, in the vapor phase, there are mostly monomers and dimers of the neutral and charged species present in our experimental setup. Furthermore, the results suggest that in the amorphous bulk MgF2, rutile-like domains are present and MgF2 clusters similar to those in the matrix. Finally, peaks at about 800 cm-1, which are in the same range as the Ag modes of clusters with dangling fluorine atoms connected to three-coordinated Mg atoms, indicate that such dangling bonds are also present in amorphous MgF2 and can be used to track the amorphous to crystalline transition in this system. Finally, we model the growth of solid MgF2 from the gas-phase on an Al2O3 substrate as it occurs in a real LT-ABD experiment, a hypothetical MgF2-anatase substrate and a MgF2-rutile substrate. The process is studied in all its stages, from the dynamics of MgF2 clusters in the gas phase, over their impact on the surface of the cold and hot substrates, and their diffusion on the substrate, to the formation of crystallites. The growth process was analyzed as a function of synthesis parameters including the substrate temperature, deposition rate and types of clusters deposited. Both high and low rates resulted in the formation of amorphous MgF2 deposits. On annealing, we discovered a possible mechanism for the stabilization of the CaCl2-type structure. We find two competing structures in the first few nanoseconds of the deposition related to the CaCl2 and CdI2 structure types and argue that this competition stabilizes the CaCl2-type structure long enough for experimental observations to take place. Furthermore, the atom arrangements found in our simulations are in good agreement with existing experimental observations based on TEM and XRD measurements, for both the amorphous and the partly ordered metastable phase.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis , Thesis 2011Embargo end date: 10 Mar 2011 GermanyPublisher:Universität Stuttgart Authors: Zerpa Unda; Jesus Enrique;doi: 10.18419/opus-1323
Ein neues Konzept zur Energiespeicherung basierend auf Wasserstoff wurde untersucht, welches bei Standardbedingungen reversibel und ohne bedeutenden Energieverlust funktioniert. Es beinhaltet die Hybridisierung einer Brennstoffzelle und eines Superkondensators. Die Grundidee besteht in der elektrochemischen Spaltung von Wasserstoff in Protonen und Elektronen an einer PEM-Brennstoffzellen-Elektrode sowie in der separaten Speicherung beider Spezies in einer elektrolytischen Doppelschicht einer Superkondensator-Elektrode, die aus elektrisch leitfähigen Kohlenstoffmaterialien mit großer Oberfläche hergestellt ist. Die Untersuchung dieses Konzepts wurde zuerst an einem Hybrid aus zwei Elektroden - einer Brennstoffzelle und einem Superkondensator - durchgeführt. Mit einer Drei-Elektroden-Hybridzelle wurden die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des Konzepts als Wasserstoffpuffer integriert in einer PEM-Brennstoffzelle untersucht. Dieser Puffer kann im Falle eines Spitzenleistungsbedarfs eingesetzt werden. A new concept of energy storage based on hydrogen which operates reversibly near ambient conditions and without important energy losses is investigated. This concept involves the hybridization between a proton exchange membrane fuel cell and a supercapacitor. The main idea consists in the electrochemical splitting of hydrogen at a PEM fuel cell-type electrode into protons and electrons and then in the storage of these two species separately in the electrical double layer of a supercapacitor-type electrode which is made of electrically conductive large-surface area carbon materials. The investigation of this concept was performed first using a two-electrode fuel cell-supercapacitor hybrid device. A three-electrode hybrid cell was used to explore the application of this concept as a hydrogen buffer integrated inside a PEM fuel cell to be used in case of peak power demand.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2008 GermanyAuthors: Abd-Elaal , Mohammad Refaat Mohammad;The main objective of this research is to make a connection between the hot arid regions urban development and renewable energy e.g. photovoltaics (PV), to delineate urban integrated renewable energy e.g. Urban Integrated Photovoltaics (UIPV) as a new approach for building new sustainable settlements in hot arid regions. The study assumes that applying this approach can play a major role in developing communities of the hot arid regions. Furthermore, the study claimed that developing arid regions' communities within the concept "urban development integrated renewable energy" will offer suitable solutions for their current major urban problems, and this can be a new urban development approach for the Egyptian arid regions communities. In this realm, the research introduces a model for the Urban Integrated Photovoltaics (UIPV) and it has been used as a tool to analyze the Egyptian case study of New Toshka city, as an Egyptian trial for developing an UIPV community, with reference to another two UIPV cases; case of the OECD countries, and MASDAR city - the UAE. This is in order to set up the main guidelines for establishing an UIPV development in the Egyptian arid regions. ; Die Dissertation stellt eine Verbindung zwischen der urbanen Entwicklung in heißtrockenen Gebieten und den erneuerbaren Energien (z. B. Photovoltaik PV) her. Im Zentrum der Arbeit steht der Ansatz, die urban integrierte Photovoltaik (UIPV) als neuen Ansatz für den Bau zukunftsweisender Siedlungen zu bestimmen. Dabei geht die Studie davon aus, dass dieser Ansatz die Entwicklung der Gemeinden in heißtrockenen Gebieten beflügeln könnte. Weiterhin besagt die Studie, dass die Entwicklung von Gemeinden in ariden Zonen innerhalb eines Konzepts "Urbane Entwicklung mit integrierter erneuerbarer Energie" passende Lösungen für die jetzigen urbanen Hauptprobleme anbietet.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 2018 GermanyPublisher:IBM Research Division Neuefeind, Claes; Harzenetter, Lukas; Schildkamp, Philip; Breitenbücher, Uwe; Mathiak, Brigitte; Barzen, Johanna; Leymann, Frank;In the arts and humanities, research applications play a central role in securing and presenting digital results. However, due to their steadily increasing number and their heterogeneity, it is difficult to ensure the sustainability and durability of this kind of living systems from an organizational point of view. This paper describes a project for the preservation of specialized web-based research applications in the humanities. The SustainLife project investigates to what extent methods and technologies of professional cloud deployment and provisioning strategies can be applied to problems of long-term availability of research software as they are omnipresent in humanities data centers such as the Data Center for the Humanities (DCH) at the University of Cologne. Technological basis of the project is the OASIS standard TOSCA and the Open Source implementation OpenTOSCA, respectively, which was developed at the Institute for Architecture of Application Systems (IAAS) at the University of Stuttgart. In the course of the project selected use cases from the field of Digital Humanities (DH) will be modeled in TOSCA to be able to automatically deploy them upon request at any time. The TOSCA standard enables a portable description of the modeled systems independent of specific providers to facilitate their long-term availability. The aim is to provide system components described in the use cases in a component library, as well as in the form of TOSCAcompliant application templates to make them available for reuse in other DH projects.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis , Thesis 2012Embargo end date: 23 Jan 2013 GermanyPublisher:Universität Stuttgart Authors: Hasche, Bernhard;doi: 10.18419/opus-2026
A strong increase of onshore and offshore wind power capacities is an official political target in Germany and other countries. The wind energy shares therefore rise in many power systems. Wind power generation has other characteristics than the power generation by conventional power plants. The wind is a natural resource that is fluctuating. The meteorological dependency leads to a limited predictability of the available power. A third aspect is the concentration of wind farms at locations with high wind yields as in the North of Germany. From a methodological point of view, the thesis focuses on the analysis of the three aspects with regard to the power system operation and the development of related modelling approaches. This especially refers to the application of a stochastic optimization model for the system analysis and to the simulation of wind power generation and wind power forecasts. The application orientated focus is on a scenario analysis of the German power system in 2020. The analysis aims at the identification of promising system adaptations that lead to an improved wind power integration and a more efficient power system operation. Before the model presentation, the importance of the three aspects above is discussed giving the basics for the latter modelling. It is shown that the residual load fluctuations are increased by the wind power generation, especially if they are related to the residual load levels. The flexibility of thermal power plants is also regarded here. An analysis of operational uncertainties shows the importance of wind power forecast errors in relation to load forecast errors. The DC load flow model and characteristics of the transmission grid are explained. A stochastic market model is presented that allows an integrative analysis of the wind power integration. One characteristic of the optimization model is the application of a rolling planning so that forecast errors can be specifically considered. A main modification of the model compared to earlier model versions is given by the representation of grid constraints. A grid reduction approach is developed that reduces the transmission grid to a simplified structure that is applied in the market model. The grid reduction approach is based on a comparison of DC load flow solutions in the reduced and unreduced grid. Additionally, an approach for the calculation of tertiary reserves is given. The approach considers the wind forecast quality and combines probabilistic elements with an optimization. The simulation of wind power generation and forecasts combines different analyses and methods. General quantitative relations between the variability of wind power generation and the geographical region size are derived. The equations are applied in the simulation of wind power generation that is based on adapted wind power curves. The adapted power curves consider regional smoothing effects in the transformation of wind speed to wind power. The simulation results reflect the high variability of the concentrated offshore wind power. For the simulation of the wind power forecasts, a scenario generation method based on moment matching is presented that allows simulating non Gaussian distributed forecast errors and their correlations. The results of a statistical analysis of measured forecast errors are used in the simulation. An empirical relation between error correlation and geographical distance is for example given. The German forecast quality that is simulated for 2020 assuming an improvement of forecasting by 20% is, related to the installed capacity, similar to the one of today due to the high spatial concentration of the offshore capacities. For the scenario analysis of the power system in 2020, the power plant portfolios of twelve German regions and other parameters are derived based on different sources. This includes reserve requirement values and reduced grid parameters that are calculated by the methods mentioned above. The results show that, in the regarded scenario, 3% of the yearly wind energy cannot be integrated into the system. They are curtailed nearly exclusively due to transmission constraints. The network congestions also lead to high differences between the regional electricity prices. The yearly costs of wind forecast errors amount to circa 180 million Euros or 1% of the operational system costs. The model results thereby indicate a large cost saving potential by risk management methods. Based on scenario modifications, integration measures related to CAES capacities, demand side management and more flexible power plants as well as infrastructural changes by grid expansions and an adapted geographical allocation of power plants are analysed. The importance of a stochastic modelling approach for the evaluation of flexibility related scenarios is shown. The comparison of the integration measures identifies infrastructural changes as most efficient system improvements whereas the benefits of CAES capacities are small. Assuming a grid without any transmission constraints, the yearly system costs are reduced by one billion Euros. A limited grid upgrade leads to 10% of this cost reduction. Similar cost savings are achieved by adapting the geographical locations of the power plants. Adjusting the generation to the grid is therefore a promising alternative to grid expansions especially considering the long processes that are involved with new transmission lines. A market design with regional electricity prices would give related incentives. Ein starker Ausbau der Windenergie, onshore und offshore, ist ein erklärtes politisches Ziel in Deutschland und anderen Ländern. Der Windenergieanteil nimmt folglich in immer mehr Stromsystemen zu. Die Stromerzeugung durch Windenergie weist andere Eigenschaften auf als sie beim Betrieb konventioneller Kraftwerke gegeben sind. Die Erzeugung beruht auf der natürlichen Ressource Wind und ist daher fluktuierend. Die meteorologische Abhängigkeit führt auch zu einer begrenzten Prognostizierbarkeit des verfügbaren Stromes. Ein dritter Aspekt ist die Konzentration der Windenergieanlagen an windreichen Standorten wie im Norden Deutschlands. Die Arbeit verfolgt zunächst das methodische Ziel, diese drei Aspekte bei der Analyse des Strombetriebs greifbar zu machen und geeignete Ansätze für die Strommarktmodellierung zu entwickeln. Dies betrifft insbesondere die Simulation der Windstromerzeugung und Windstromprognosen und die Anwendung eines stochastischen Optimierungsmodells zur Systemanalyse. Außerdem wird das anwendungsorientierte Ziel verfolgt, verschiedene Szenarien des deutschen Stromsystems für das Jahr 2020 zu untersuchen. Vielversprechende Systemanpassungen für eine verbesserte Integration der Windenergie und einen effizienteren Strombetrieb sind dabei zu identifizieren. Vor der Methodenentwicklung und Anwendung des Strommarktmodells wird zunächst die Bedeutung der drei obengenannten Aspekte erörtert und die Grundlage für dianpassungen hinsichtlich des Einsatzes von CAES Speicherkraftwerken, Demand Side Mangagement und flexiblerer Kraftwerke sowie Änderungen der Infrastruktur durch Netzausbauten und einer angepassten geographischen Allokation von Kraftwerken untersucht. Die Ergebnisse belegen die Vorteile eines stochastischen Marktmodellierungsansatzes für die Evaluierung flexibilitätsbezogener Integrationsmaßnahmen. Der Vergleich der Integrationsmaßnahmen identifiziert infrastrukturelle Maßnahmen als wirksamste Systemverbesserung, während der Nutzen zusätzlicher CAES Speicherkapazitäten gering ist. Unter der Annahme eines Netzes ohne Übertragungsengpässe reduzieren sich die jährlichen Systembetriebskosten um eine Milliarde Euro. In einem moderateren Netzausbauszenario lassen sich nur 10% dieser Einsparung realisieren. Eine Kostenreduktion in ähnlicher Höhe wird durch eine angepasste Standortwahl neuer Kraftwerke erreicht. Eine Anpassung der Stromerzeugung an die Netzsituation ist demnach eine vielversprechende Alternative zu Netzausbauten, die vor allem auch wegen der langwierigen Prozesse beim Bau neuer Netzleitungen interessant ist. Ein regionales Preismodell würde dafür Anreize schaffen.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis , Thesis 2007Embargo end date: 04 Oct 2007 GermanyPublisher:Universität Stuttgart Authors: Schiele, Gregor;doi: 10.18419/opus-2616
Mit der zunehmenden Verbreitung immer leistungsstärkerer und kompakterer mobiler Rechnersysteme durchdringen diese unsere alltägliche Umgebung immer mehr. Mittelfristig ist davon auszugehen, dass Anwender immer und überall von einer Vielzahl elektronischer Geräte umgeben sein werden, die mittels drahtloser Kommunikation miteinander kooperieren. Geräte können hierbei für den Anwender unsichtbar in Gegenstände des täglichen Bedarfs eingebettet oder in die Umgebung integriert sein. Ein solches System wird als ubiquitäres Rechnersystem bezeichnet. Bei der Entwicklung ubiquitärer Rechnersysteme wurde in der Vergangenheit stark auf sogenannte intelligente Umgebungen, d.h. elektronisch erweiterte Umgebungen, fokussiert. Hierbei wird in einem eingegrenzten räumlichen Gebiet, z.B. einem Zimmer oder einem Haus, eine geeignete Infrastruktur installiert, die es den im Gebiet vorhandenen Geräten erlaubt, miteinander zu kooperieren. Dieses Architekturmodell erfordert es, vor dem Betrieb des Systems eine geeignete Systeminfrastruktur in Form von Hardware und Software im antizipierten Betriebsumfeld zu installieren. Dies ist mit hohen Investitionskosten verbunden und schränkt die Verwendbarkeit ubiquitärer Systeme auf vorgegebene räumliche Gebiete ein. In dieser Arbeit wird ein alternatives Architekturmodell für ubiquitäre Rechnersysteme entwickelt, das keine externe Infrastruktur benötigt und auf dem Konzept der sogenannten spontanen Funktionsverbünde beruht. Nach einer Analyse der Herausforderungen, die bei der Entwicklung spontaner Funktionsverbünde auftreten, werden im weiteren Verlauf der Arbeit Verfahren, Konzepte und Algorithmen vorgestellt mit denen diese Herausforderungen überwunden werden können und eine effiziente und flexible Koordination der Geräte eines spontanen Funktionsverbundes ermöglicht wird. Hierzu wird zum einen ein Konzept entwickelt, mit dem eine Flexibilisierung der Gerätekommunikation ermöglicht wird, indem das Kommunikationsmodell einer Anwendung vom Synchronisationsmodell der verwendeten Interoperabilitätsprotokolle entkoppelt wird. Zudem wird eine strategiebasierte dynamische Auswahl der verwendeten Kommunikationsprotokolle vorgeschlagen, mittels derer eine fortlaufende Anpassung des Kommunikationssystems an Wechsel in der Ausführungsumgebung ermöglicht wird. Diese Konzepte werden in eine mikrokernbasierte Verteilungsinfrastruktur integriert, die für ressourcenbeschränkte Geräte entwickelt wurde. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit werden Verfahren zur dynamischen Erkennung der aktuellen Anwendungsumgebung untersucht und ein Verfahren zur energieeffizienten Erkennung entfernter Dienste und Geräte auf Basis eines Gruppierungsalgorithmus vorgeschlagen. Mobile networked devices become more and more pervasive. By embedding such devices into everyday items, pervasive computing systems will emerge in the near future. Current approaches for such systems are based on the model of Smart Environments. In such environments, a preinstalled hardware infrastructure enhances a spatial area, e.g., a room or house, and enables it to coordinate multiple mobile devices present in the environment to cooperatively provide services to the users. However, such systems rely on the presence of such an expensive infrastructure and do not work in areas without it. This restricts the deployment of pervasive computing systems severely. Therefore, in this work we propose another model for pervasive computing systems, the so-called Smart Peer Group model. A Smart Peer Group consists of a number of interconnected mobile devices that discover each other dynamically and form a spontaneous composition of devices. Coordination is provided by the participating devices themselves and no external infrastructure is needed. This results in a highly flexible system that can be used at any time and anywhere. The development of such systems is a non trivial task, due to the high level of dynamism, the potentially high resource constraintness, and the unpredictable nature of Smart Peer Groups. In this dissertation, we present the Smart Peer Group model and analyze the specific characteristics of this system class. In addition, we propose a number of concepts and algorithms to develop Smart Peer Group-based Pervasive Computing systems. A communication middleware for Smart Peer Groups is presented, which offers means to cope with resource-poor specialized devices and shields application developers from fluctuating network connectivities. Furthermore, a service discovery system for such systems is developed, which allows unused devices to temporarily deactivate themselves in order to save energy without loosing the ability to discover new services or to be discovered by others. The presented concepts and algorithms are evaluated in different scenarios using an analytical and an experimental evaluation.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2009 GermanyAuthors: Pentin, Ilya;From the point of view of thermodynamic, materials are found as thermodynamically stable (equilibrium) or metastable phases. These can be characterized via functions of state that depend uniquely on the given state variables such as temperature, pressure and composition. The graphical representations of all thermodynamically stable phases that exist or co-exist at equilibrium is called the phase diagram of the chemical system as function of the thermodynamic variables. The knowledge of equilibrium phases of chemical compounds as function of thermodynamic parameters and their thermodynamic stability lies at the foundation of our understanding of the properties and processes of modern materials. From the point of view of experimental methods, the determination of the thermodynamic functions and the equilibria between phases is an enormous task, especially at low temperature. For that reason it has become common practice to support the experimental research by a variety of theoretical calculations. Thus, in the seventies the project CALPHAD was started where different phenomenological models and general rules for the analysis and calculation of the phase diagrams were implemented. Over the past few years, calculations of phase diagrams and thermodynamic properties of materials have appeared in the literature, where typically information from experiment, such as the known existence of various ordered crystalline or solid solution-like phases, was combined with quantum mechanical computations. Clearly, such ab initio calculations can be very useful for the validation of existing phase diagrams. However, the reliance on experimental data is often a serious limitation, especially if one attempts to predict a phase diagram or is interested in competing metastable phases that might occur during the synthesis of new materials. Thus, it is necessary to develop a method to compute phase diagrams without experimental information. The general approach to the analysis of the low-temperature part of a (equilibrium) phase ...
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu0 citations 0 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2014 GermanyAuthors: Luca de Tena, Diego;The use of electricity from renewable energy sources (RES) in the transport sector has many advantages compared to the internal combustion engine (ICE). A transition from a fossil fuel based mobility to one based on electricity from renewable sources can allow for significant greenhouse gas reductions (GHG) as well as of air pollutants and noise in urban areas. In addition, greater independence from imported oil in the transport sector can be achieved. The aim of this work is to study the feasibility and system impact of electric mobility in the German power system with a high share of fluctuating renewable energy. One major advantage of electric vehicles (EV) is the high flexibility in charging times, which can be used to integrate renewable power generation and to make the operation of the system more efficient. This work will focus on the period comprised between 2030 and 2050, since at that time it can be assumed that electric vehicles under favourable conditions can reach a significant magnitude for the power system. The REMix model developed at the DLR couples the in the energy economics well established approach of linear optimisation with a geographic information system (GIS) that provides spatial and temporal information of the renewable energy potentials. The GIS-based dataset is a key element of the model and is calculated based on satellite measurements, weather service and land cover data for the whole of Europe with a high spatial (10 x 10 km) and temporal (hourly) resolution. In contrast to other planning models, in which only typical load situations are represented, REMix considers real weather conditions and thus allows representing the particularities of fluctuating renewable energy sources in an optimization model. The results prove the feasibility of a power system with a RES share of over 85% assuming an ambitious network expansion based on underground HVDC lines. The analysis points out that controlling the charging times of plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) and with a flexible hydrogen ...
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Report , Other literature type 2011Embargo end date: 06 Aug 2013 GermanyPublisher:Universität Stuttgart Schlipf, David; Bossanyi, Ervin; Carcangiu, Carlo Enrico; Fischer, Tim; Maul, Timo; Rossetti, Michele;doi: 10.18419/opus-3913
Nacelle based pulsed LIDAR (Light detection and ranging) systems provide preview information of wind disturbances at various distances in front of wind turbines. In previous work it has been shown that this information can be used to improve the speed regulation of wind turbines by a look-ahead update to the collective pitch control, which indicates load reduction of tower and blades. In the scope of the UpWind project a first fatigue and extreme load analysis has been done to concretize the improvement of look-ahead collective pitch control using LIDAR.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen 7 citations 7 popularity Average influence Top 10% impulse Average Powered by BIP!
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