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In this paper, we have studied the solar radiation data available at two meteorological stations located in the south of Tunisia. Measurements of global solar radiation on horizontal surface are compared to predictions made by different methods. The first method is based on Angström-Prescott formula which correlates relative global solar radiation H/H0 to corresponding relative duration of bright sunshine SS/SS0. The second method, a model due to Mechlouch et al., uses cloud cover N, the hours of the day t and the quantum of the year q. The third method, an empirical relation due to Sivkov, uses the monthly sunshine duration nm and the noon altitude of the sun h. The models are compared and tested on the basis of statistical error tests (MBE, RMSE, MPE and R2) and the results are presented.

In this paper, we have studied the solar radiation data available at two meteorological stations located in the south of Tunisia. Measurements of global solar radiation on horizontal surface are compared to predictions made by different methods. The first method is based on Angström-Prescott formula which correlates relative global solar radiation H/H0 to corresponding relative duration of bright sunshine SS/SS0. The second method, a model due to Mechlouch et al., uses cloud cover N, the hours of the day t and the quantum of the year q. The third method, an empirical relation due to Sivkov, uses the monthly sunshine duration nm and the noon altitude of the sun h. The models are compared and tested on the basis of statistical error tests (MBE, RMSE, MPE and R2) and the results are presented.

Le Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine se concentre sur le traitement et la prévention du VIH/sida et sur des sujets connexes pertinents pour la pratique clinique et la santé publique. Le but de la revue est de diffuser des résultats de recherche originaux et de soutenir un apprentissage de haut niveau lié à la médecine du VIH. Il publie des articles de recherche originaux, des éditoriaux, des rapports de cas/séries de cas, des revues de la pratique clinique de pointe et de la correspondance. El Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine se centra en el tratamiento del VIH/SIDA, la prevención y temas relacionados relevantes para la práctica clínica y de salud pública. El propósito de la revista es difundir los resultados originales de la investigación y apoyar el aprendizaje de alto nivel relacionado con la medicina del VIH. Publica artículos de investigación originales, editoriales, informes de casos/series de casos, revisiones de la práctica clínica de vanguardia y correspondencia. The Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine is focused on HIV/AIDS treatment, prevention and related topics relevant to clinical and public health practice. The purpose of the journal is to disseminate original research results and support high-level learning related to HIV Medicine. It publishes original research articles, editorials, case reports/case series, reviews of state-of-the-art clinical practice and correspondence. تركز مجلة الجنوب الأفريقي لطب فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية على علاج فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية/الإيدز والوقاية منه والموضوعات ذات الصلة بالممارسة السريرية وممارسة الصحة العامة. الغرض من المجلة هو نشر نتائج البحوث الأصلية ودعم التعلم رفيع المستوى المتعلق بطب فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية. وتنشر مقالات بحثية أصلية، ومقالات افتتاحية، وتقارير حالة/سلسلة حالات، ومراجعات لأحدث الممارسات السريرية والمراسلات.

Le Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine se concentre sur le traitement et la prévention du VIH/sida et sur des sujets connexes pertinents pour la pratique clinique et la santé publique. Le but de la revue est de diffuser des résultats de recherche originaux et de soutenir un apprentissage de haut niveau lié à la médecine du VIH. Il publie des articles de recherche originaux, des éditoriaux, des rapports de cas/séries de cas, des revues de la pratique clinique de pointe et de la correspondance. El Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine se centra en el tratamiento del VIH/SIDA, la prevención y temas relacionados relevantes para la práctica clínica y de salud pública. El propósito de la revista es difundir los resultados originales de la investigación y apoyar el aprendizaje de alto nivel relacionado con la medicina del VIH. Publica artículos de investigación originales, editoriales, informes de casos/series de casos, revisiones de la práctica clínica de vanguardia y correspondencia. The Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine is focused on HIV/AIDS treatment, prevention and related topics relevant to clinical and public health practice. The purpose of the journal is to disseminate original research results and support high-level learning related to HIV Medicine. It publishes original research articles, editorials, case reports/case series, reviews of state-of-the-art clinical practice and correspondence. تركز مجلة الجنوب الأفريقي لطب فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية على علاج فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية/الإيدز والوقاية منه والموضوعات ذات الصلة بالممارسة السريرية وممارسة الصحة العامة. الغرض من المجلة هو نشر نتائج البحوث الأصلية ودعم التعلم رفيع المستوى المتعلق بطب فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية. وتنشر مقالات بحثية أصلية، ومقالات افتتاحية، وتقارير حالة/سلسلة حالات، ومراجعات لأحدث الممارسات السريرية والمراسلات.

Cluster head selection and energy utilization are efficiently managed using a conventional routing mechanism employing Wireless Sensor Nodes (WSNs). The paper propose a method to enhance network lifetime with an average greater energy utilization. The SVM is used to tackle routing problems in the mobile base station connected with the infrastructure network. The protocol is intended to avoid the control by a centralised router or mobile base station of the complete mobile sensor nodes. In comparison to traditional energy efficient algorithms, the validation of SVM methodology shows an effective routing efficacy. The results against typical routing techniques over WSNs have been found successful.

Cluster head selection and energy utilization are efficiently managed using a conventional routing mechanism employing Wireless Sensor Nodes (WSNs). The paper propose a method to enhance network lifetime with an average greater energy utilization. The SVM is used to tackle routing problems in the mobile base station connected with the infrastructure network. The protocol is intended to avoid the control by a centralised router or mobile base station of the complete mobile sensor nodes. In comparison to traditional energy efficient algorithms, the validation of SVM methodology shows an effective routing efficacy. The results against typical routing techniques over WSNs have been found successful.

{"references": ["Ljungberg, Lennart Y. \"Materials selection and design for development of sustainable products.\" Materials & Design 28, no. 2, 2007, pp 466-479.", "Bakhoum, Emad S., and David C. Brown. \"Developed sustainable scoring system for structural materials evaluation.\" Journal of construction engineering and management 138, no. 1, 2011, pp 110-119.", "IPCC. \"IPCC WG1 Fourth Assessment Report.\" Cambridge University Press: New York, 2007, Retrieved from http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-spm.pdf.", "Hoffman, Andrew J., and Rebecca Henn. \"Overcoming the social and psychological barriers to green building.\" Organization & Environment 21, no. 4, 2008, pp. 390-419.", "Rogers, John Peter. \"The strategic adoption of building information modelling by Malaysian engineering consulting services firms.\" 2013.", "AGC. \"The Contractors' Guide to BIM.Ed. 1.\" The Associated General Contractors of America, 2006, retrieved from http://www.agc.org/and workflows, Wiley, Indianapolis, IN.", "Azhar, Salman, Malik Khalfan, and Tayyab Maqsood. \"Building information modelling (BIM): now and beyond.\" Construction Economics and Building 12, no. 4, 2015, pp.15-28.", "Edwards, Brian. Rough guide to sustainability. London: RIBA Enterprises Ltd., 2010.", "Vincent, Peter. Saudi Arabia: an environmental overview. CRC Press, 2008.\n[10]\tGasson, Christopher. \"Tariff policy: a global perspective.\" In Saudi water and power forum, Jeddah. 2008.\n[11]\tTaleb, Hanan M. \"Towards Sustainable Residential Buildings in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.\" PhD diss., University of Sheffield, School of Architecture, 2012.\n[12]\tAlnatheer, Othman. \"Environmental benefits of energy efficiency and renewable energy in Saudi Arabia's electric sector.\" Energy Policy 34, no. 1, 2006, pp. 2-10.\n[13]\tAlrashed, Farajallah, and Muhammad Asif. \"Saudi building industry's views on sustainability in buildings: questionnaire survey.\" Energy Procedia 62, 2014, pp. 382-390.\n[14]\tBanani, R., Maria Vahdati, and A. Elmualim. \"Demonstrating the importance of criteria and sub-criteria in building assessment methods.\" PhD diss., WIT Press, 2013.\n[15]\tReed, R., Bilos, A., Wilkinson, S., & Schulte, K. W. \"International comparison of sustainable rating tools.\" Journal of sustainable real estate, 1(1), 2009, pp. 1-22.\n[16]\tLarsson, N. User Guide to the SBTool assessment framework. iiSBE, 2012,October 24.\n[17]\tShaawat, M. Essam, and Rehan Jamil. \"A Guide to Environmental Building Rating System for Construction of New Buildings in Saudi Arabia.\" Emirates Journal for Engineering Research 19, no. 2, 2014, pp. 47-56.\n[18]\tTaleb, Hanan M., and Steve Sharples. \"Developing sustainable residential buildings in Saudi Arabia: A case study.\" Applied Energy 88, no. 1, 2011, pp. 383-391.\n[19]\tAlyami, Saleh H., Yacine Rezgui, and Alan Kwan. \"Developing sustainable building assessment scheme for Saudi Arabia: Delphi consultation approach.\" Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 27, 2013, pp.43-54.\n[20]\tAbdallah, Moatassem, Khaled El-Rayes, and Liang Liu. \"Operational performance of sustainable measures in public buildings.\" Journal of construction engineering and management 139, no. 12, 2013, A4013008.\n[21]\tSimos, J., \"evaluation environmental: Un processus cognitif negocie. These de doctorat, DGF-EPFL, Lausanne, 1990a.\n[22]\tSimos J. \"Evaluer l'impact sur l'environnement: Une approche originale par l'analyse multicrit\u00e8re et la n\u00e9gociation,\" Presses Polytechniques et Universitaires Romandes, Lausanne, 1990b \n[23]\tRoy, B., Bouyssou, D. \"Aide multicrit_ere _a la d_ecision: M_ethodes et case, Economica.\" Collection Gestion, Paris, 1993.\n[24]\tRoy, B., Mousseau, V. \"A theoretical framework for analysing the notion of the relative importance of criteria.\" Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis 5, 1996, pp.145\u2013149.\n[25]\tShanian, A., Abbas S. Milani, Natasha Vermaak, Katia Bertoldi, Tom Scarinci, and Miklos Gerendas. \"A combined finite element-multiple criteria optimization approach for materials selection of gas turbine components.\" Journal of Applied Mechanics 79, no. 6, 2012, 061019.\n[26]\tAutodesk. \"Revit 2010 API: Developer's Guide, Version 1.0.\" Autodesk,2009,http://usa.autodesk.com/adsk/servlet/index?siteID=123112andid=2484975.\n[27]\tWu, Wei. Integrating building information modeling and green building certification: The BIM-LEED application model development. University of Florida, 2010."]} Achieving environmental sustainability is one of the important issues considered in many countries’ vision. Green/Sustainable building is widely used terminology for describing a friendly environmental construction. Applying sustainable practices has a significant importance in various fields, including construction field that consumes an enormous amount of resource and causes a considerable amount of waste. The need for sustainability is increased in the regions that suffering from the limitation of natural resource and extreme weather conditions such as Saudi Arabia. Since buildings designs are getting sophisticated, the need for tools, which support decision-making for sustainability issues, is increasing, especially in the design and preconstruction stages. In this context, Building Information Modeling (BIM) can aid in performing complex building performance analyses to ensure an optimized sustainable building design. Accordingly, this paper introduces a roadmap towards developing a systematic approach for presenting the sustainability of buildings using BIM. The approach includes set of main processes including; identifying the sustainability parameters that can be used for sustainability assessment in Saudi Arabia, developing sustainability assessment method that fits the special circumstances in the Kingdom, identifying the sustainability requirements and BIM functions that can be used for satisfying these requirements, and integrating these requirements with identified functions. As a result, the sustainability-BIM approach can be developed which helps designers in assessing the sustainability and exploring different design alternatives at the early stage of the construction project.

{"references": ["Ljungberg, Lennart Y. \"Materials selection and design for development of sustainable products.\" Materials & Design 28, no. 2, 2007, pp 466-479.", "Bakhoum, Emad S., and David C. Brown. \"Developed sustainable scoring system for structural materials evaluation.\" Journal of construction engineering and management 138, no. 1, 2011, pp 110-119.", "IPCC. \"IPCC WG1 Fourth Assessment Report.\" Cambridge University Press: New York, 2007, Retrieved from http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-spm.pdf.", "Hoffman, Andrew J., and Rebecca Henn. \"Overcoming the social and psychological barriers to green building.\" Organization & Environment 21, no. 4, 2008, pp. 390-419.", "Rogers, John Peter. \"The strategic adoption of building information modelling by Malaysian engineering consulting services firms.\" 2013.", "AGC. \"The Contractors' Guide to BIM.Ed. 1.\" The Associated General Contractors of America, 2006, retrieved from http://www.agc.org/and workflows, Wiley, Indianapolis, IN.", "Azhar, Salman, Malik Khalfan, and Tayyab Maqsood. \"Building information modelling (BIM): now and beyond.\" Construction Economics and Building 12, no. 4, 2015, pp.15-28.", "Edwards, Brian. Rough guide to sustainability. London: RIBA Enterprises Ltd., 2010.", "Vincent, Peter. Saudi Arabia: an environmental overview. CRC Press, 2008.\n[10]\tGasson, Christopher. \"Tariff policy: a global perspective.\" In Saudi water and power forum, Jeddah. 2008.\n[11]\tTaleb, Hanan M. \"Towards Sustainable Residential Buildings in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.\" PhD diss., University of Sheffield, School of Architecture, 2012.\n[12]\tAlnatheer, Othman. \"Environmental benefits of energy efficiency and renewable energy in Saudi Arabia's electric sector.\" Energy Policy 34, no. 1, 2006, pp. 2-10.\n[13]\tAlrashed, Farajallah, and Muhammad Asif. \"Saudi building industry's views on sustainability in buildings: questionnaire survey.\" Energy Procedia 62, 2014, pp. 382-390.\n[14]\tBanani, R., Maria Vahdati, and A. Elmualim. \"Demonstrating the importance of criteria and sub-criteria in building assessment methods.\" PhD diss., WIT Press, 2013.\n[15]\tReed, R., Bilos, A., Wilkinson, S., & Schulte, K. W. \"International comparison of sustainable rating tools.\" Journal of sustainable real estate, 1(1), 2009, pp. 1-22.\n[16]\tLarsson, N. User Guide to the SBTool assessment framework. iiSBE, 2012,October 24.\n[17]\tShaawat, M. Essam, and Rehan Jamil. \"A Guide to Environmental Building Rating System for Construction of New Buildings in Saudi Arabia.\" Emirates Journal for Engineering Research 19, no. 2, 2014, pp. 47-56.\n[18]\tTaleb, Hanan M., and Steve Sharples. \"Developing sustainable residential buildings in Saudi Arabia: A case study.\" Applied Energy 88, no. 1, 2011, pp. 383-391.\n[19]\tAlyami, Saleh H., Yacine Rezgui, and Alan Kwan. \"Developing sustainable building assessment scheme for Saudi Arabia: Delphi consultation approach.\" Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 27, 2013, pp.43-54.\n[20]\tAbdallah, Moatassem, Khaled El-Rayes, and Liang Liu. \"Operational performance of sustainable measures in public buildings.\" Journal of construction engineering and management 139, no. 12, 2013, A4013008.\n[21]\tSimos, J., \"evaluation environmental: Un processus cognitif negocie. These de doctorat, DGF-EPFL, Lausanne, 1990a.\n[22]\tSimos J. \"Evaluer l'impact sur l'environnement: Une approche originale par l'analyse multicrit\u00e8re et la n\u00e9gociation,\" Presses Polytechniques et Universitaires Romandes, Lausanne, 1990b \n[23]\tRoy, B., Bouyssou, D. \"Aide multicrit_ere _a la d_ecision: M_ethodes et case, Economica.\" Collection Gestion, Paris, 1993.\n[24]\tRoy, B., Mousseau, V. \"A theoretical framework for analysing the notion of the relative importance of criteria.\" Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis 5, 1996, pp.145\u2013149.\n[25]\tShanian, A., Abbas S. Milani, Natasha Vermaak, Katia Bertoldi, Tom Scarinci, and Miklos Gerendas. \"A combined finite element-multiple criteria optimization approach for materials selection of gas turbine components.\" Journal of Applied Mechanics 79, no. 6, 2012, 061019.\n[26]\tAutodesk. \"Revit 2010 API: Developer's Guide, Version 1.0.\" Autodesk,2009,http://usa.autodesk.com/adsk/servlet/index?siteID=123112andid=2484975.\n[27]\tWu, Wei. Integrating building information modeling and green building certification: The BIM-LEED application model development. University of Florida, 2010."]} Achieving environmental sustainability is one of the important issues considered in many countries’ vision. Green/Sustainable building is widely used terminology for describing a friendly environmental construction. Applying sustainable practices has a significant importance in various fields, including construction field that consumes an enormous amount of resource and causes a considerable amount of waste. The need for sustainability is increased in the regions that suffering from the limitation of natural resource and extreme weather conditions such as Saudi Arabia. Since buildings designs are getting sophisticated, the need for tools, which support decision-making for sustainability issues, is increasing, especially in the design and preconstruction stages. In this context, Building Information Modeling (BIM) can aid in performing complex building performance analyses to ensure an optimized sustainable building design. Accordingly, this paper introduces a roadmap towards developing a systematic approach for presenting the sustainability of buildings using BIM. The approach includes set of main processes including; identifying the sustainability parameters that can be used for sustainability assessment in Saudi Arabia, developing sustainability assessment method that fits the special circumstances in the Kingdom, identifying the sustainability requirements and BIM functions that can be used for satisfying these requirements, and integrating these requirements with identified functions. As a result, the sustainability-BIM approach can be developed which helps designers in assessing the sustainability and exploring different design alternatives at the early stage of the construction project.

The reduction of SO2 by ammonia gas addition during staged combustion of bituminous coal has been studied in a 2 m high fluidized bed combustor of 30 cm static bed height and a freeboard height of 100 cm. The coal was introduced to the combustor at 42 cm above the distributor and the ammonia gas was injected at 52 cm above the distributor by an uncooled stainless steel injector. Experiments were carried out to investigate effects of ammonia gas injection on SO2 emissions of (i) air staged levels, (ii) excess air levels, (iii) primary air factor