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  • Publikationer från KTH

  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Andersson, Kjell; Hagnestål, Anders; Sellgren, Ulf;

    Ocean wave power is a promising renewable energy source. It has, however, been difficult to find a cost-effective solution to convert wave energy into electricity. The harsh marine environment and the fact that wave power is delivered with large forces at low speed make design of durable mechanical structures and efficient energy conversion challenging. The dimensioning forces strongly depend on the wave power concept, the wave energy converter (WEC) implementation, and the actual power take-off (PTO) system. A WEC with a winch as a power take-off system, i.e., a winch-based point absorber (WBPA), could potentially enable a low levelized cost of energy (LCOE) if a low-cost, durable and efficient winch that can deal with peak loads can be developed. A key challenge for realizing such a winch is to find a force transmitting solution that can deal with these peak loads and that can handle up to 80 million cycles during its life. In this article, we propose a design solution for a force transmitting chain with elastomer bearings connecting the links of the chain. With this solution no sliding is present, and the angular motion is realized as elastic shear deformations in the elastomer bearings when the chain is wound onto the winch drum. The elastomer bearings were designed for low shear stiffness and high compression stiffness, and the links were designed primarily to minimize the number of joints in the chain. Thereby, the maximum allowed relative angle between the links when rolled up over the drum should be as large as possible within practical limits. Finite element-based topological optimization was performed with the aim to increase the link strength to weight ratio. A test rig for a first proof of concept testing has been developed, and preliminary test results indicate that this chain concept with elastomer bearings can be a potential solution for a durable chain and should be analyzed and tested further for fatigue and sea operations.

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Conference object . 2018
    Journal of Mechanical Design
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://doi.org/10.1115/detc20...
    Conference object . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
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      Publikationer från KTH
      Conference object . 2018
      Journal of Mechanical Design
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: Crossref
      https://doi.org/10.1115/detc20...
      Conference object . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Karamanov, Anton;

    The master's thesis contains 97 pages, 29 tables, 33 figures and 43 sources of literature. The paper presents a study on increasing the efficiency of the power supply of remote offshore oil and gas facilities through the use of horizontal-axial tidal stream turbines. A general theoretical description of floating semi-submersible drilling rigs and a more detailed description of semi-submersible drilling unit 6000/200 type "Shelf" are presented. A theoretical description of various devices that transform the kinetic energy of water into electric power is also presented, and horizontal-axial tidal stream turbines are considered in more detail. The technical calculation for determining the parameters of turbines is carried out. The calculation was used for the case where one or several turbines are used. Economic analysis was carried out with different indicators, namely: the price of diesel fuel, the price of equipment, the load factor of hydro generators, the discount rate and the productivity of the drilling unit. An analysis of the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions was also carried out. Conclusions were presented on the effectiveness of the introduction of this method of energy supply. Magisteruppsatsen innehåller 97 sidor, 29 tabeller, 33 figurer och 43 litteraturkällor. I papperet presenteras en studie om att effektiviteten i kraftförsörjningen av avlägsna offshore olje- och gasanläggningar ökar genom användning av horisontella axiella tidvattenströmsturbiner. En generell teoretisk beskrivning av flytande halvdämpbara borriggar och en mer detaljerad beskrivning av semi-submersible borrningsenhet 6000/200 typ "Hylla" presenteras. En teoretisk beskrivning av olika anordningar som omvandlar den kinetiska energin hos vatten till elkraft presenteras också, och horisontella axiella tidvattenströmsturbiner behandlas mer detaljerat. Den tekniska beräkningen för att bestämma parametrarna för turbiner utförs. Beräkningen användes för det fall där en eller flera turbiner används. Ekonomisk analys utfördes med olika indikatorer, nämligen: priset på dieselbränsle, priset på utrustning, belastningsfaktorn för hydrageneratorer, diskonteringsräntan och borrningens produktivitet. En analys av minskningen av koldioxidutsläpp gjordes också. Slutsatser presenterades om effektiviteten av införandet av denna metod för energiförsörjning.

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Bachelor thesis . 2018
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      Publikationer från KTH
      Bachelor thesis . 2018
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    Authors: Boulkaid, Youssef;

    Energy poverty is defined as the lack of access of households in developing countries to modern energy sources, and their consequent reliance on solid biomass fuels for cooking. So-called “Improved stoves” have been promoted by various public and private actors since the 1970s to tackle various environmental and health challenges associated with biomass use. Impact studies of such projects are usually based on on-site surveys about the stoves’ use, and thus are extremely site-specific, and difficultly generalizable. This thesis project aims to introduce a novel approach to impact assessment of improved cooking stoves on both local energy needs and deforestation in the area. This approach will base most of its figures and assumptions on calculated energy needs rather than survey reports. This will result in a highly flexible energy model, which can be used and adapted to help decision and policy makers in their function. The area of Nyeri County, Kenya, where the author completed a one-month field study, is used throughout the thesis as a case study in order to validate the model.

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Bachelor thesis . 2015
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Publikationer från K...arrow_drop_down
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      Publikationer från KTH
      Bachelor thesis . 2015
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Pulat, Arpat; Zaierding, Tayierjiang;

    Detta examensarbete går ut på att utföra en analys i form av en jämförelsestudie av två fritidsbåtar med funktions, ekonomisk samt hållbarhetsaspekter i fokus. Projektet utgår samt är inriktad på en eldrivenbärplansbåt The Candela Seven från elmotorbåtsproducent Candela Speed Boat AB där båten jämförs med motorbåten AMT 230 GP från Advanced Marine Tech Premium Boats och utvärderas dels med hjälp av Havsmiljöinstitutets samarbete mellan olika institutioner i Sverige som referensram. Projektmålen är att genom analys och utvärderingar av jämförelsearbete utse båten som ska prioriteras mellan Candela Seven och AMT 230 GP samt komma med eventuella rekommendationer ur funktions-, ekonomiska samt hållbarhetsperspektiv. Arbetet startade med en nulägesanalys för att skapa insikt i produktfunktionalitet av båtarna, vilka ekonomisk och hållbarhetsfördelar produkten har samt hur marknaden ser ut för elbåtar med kundbehov i fokus. För vidareanalys av insamlade data och fakta för jämförelsearbete genomfördes SWOT- och kvantitativa analysmetoder samt genom matematiska resonemang och analyser identifiera båtens egenskaper och fördelar jämfört med konkurrenten. I jämförelseanalys används jämförelsematris för värdering och sammanställning av olika parametrar mot varandra samt utse båten som ska prioriteras. I jämförelseanalysen med olika parametrar visades Candela Seven är en gynnsammare båt att välja eller köpa och som prioriteras i jämförelse med AMT 230 GP. Fokus kan bli att hitta flera kunder som är intressanta, eller produktanpassa för att uppfylla kunders önskemål. Nulägesanalys genomfördes som visar att en huvudkonkurrent med bensindriven båt identifierades samt är ett substitut som utmanar produkten. Utmärkta egenskaper från SWOT och Kvantitativa-analysen är att Candela Seven är energisparande samt lönsammare att driva med mindre underhåll jämfört med AMT 230 GP. Dessutom är produkten miljövänligare i körning med hållbarhetstänkande egenskaper och design. This thesis is based on performing an analysis in the form of a comparative study of two leisure boats with functional, economic and sustainability aspects in focus. The project is based and focuses on an electric hydrofoil boat The Candela Seven from electric motorboat manufacturer Candela Speed Boat AB where the boat is compared with the motorboat AMT 230 GP from Advanced Marine Tech Premium Boats and evaluatedpartly with the help of the Institute of Marine Environment's cooperation betweendifferent institutions in Sweden as a reference framework. The project goals are to, through analysis and evaluations of comparative work,designate the boat that will be prioritized between Candela Seven and AMT 230 GP andgive eventual recommendations from a functional, financial and sustainabilityperspective. The work started with a current situation analysis to create insight into the productfunctionality of the boats, what economic and sustainability benefits the product hasand what the market looks like for electric boats with customer needs in focus. Forfurther analysis of collected data and facts for comparative work, SWOT andquantitative analysis methods were performed and through mathematical reasoning andanalyzes to identify the boat's properties and advantages compared to the competitor. In comparison analysis, a comparison matrix is used for valuation and compilation ofdifferent parameters against each other and to designate the boat to be prioritized.In the comparison analysis with various parameters, Candela Seven was shown to be amore favorable boat to choose or buy and which is prioritized in comparison with theAMT 230 GP. The focus can be on finding more customers that are interesting, orproduct adaptation to fulfill customer needs. The current situation analysis was carried out which shows that a main competitor witha petrol-powered boat was identified and is a substitute that challenges the product.Excellent features from the SWOT and Quantitative analysis are that Candela Seven isenergy-saving and more profitable to operate with less maintenance cost compared to the AMT 230 GP. In addition, the product is more environmentally proficient whendriving with sustainability-thinking properties and design.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Publikationer från K...arrow_drop_down
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    Publikationer från KTH
    Bachelor thesis . 2021
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      Publikationer från KTH
      Bachelor thesis . 2021
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    Authors: Tara Larsson; Senthil Krishnan Mahendar; Anders Christiansen-Erlandsson; Ulf Olofsson;

    The negative impact of transport on climate has led to incentives to increase the amount of renewable fuels used in internal combustion engines (ICEs). Oxygenated, liquid biofuels are promising alternatives, as they exhibit similar combustion behaviour to gasoline. In this article, the effect of the different biofuels on engine efficiency, combustion propagation and emissions of a gasoline-optimised direct injected spark ignited (DISI) engine were evaluated through engine experiments. The experiments were performed without any engine hardware modifications. The investigated fuels are gasoline, four alcohols (methanol, ethanol, n-butanol and iso-butanol) and one ether (MTBE). All fuels were tested at two speed sweeps at low and mid load conditions, and a spark timing sweep at low load conditions. The oxygenated biofuels exhibit increased efficiencies, even at non-knock-limited conditions. At lower loads, the oxygenated fuels decrease CO, HC and NOx emissions. However, at mid load conditions, decreased volatility of the alcohols leads to increased emissions due to fuel impingement effects. Methanol exhibited the highest efficiencies and significantly increased burn rates compared to the other fuels. Gasoline exhibited the lowest level of PN and PM emissions. N-butanol and iso-butanol show significantly increased levels of particle emissions compared to the other fuels.

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    Energies
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2021
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      Energies
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energies
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      Energies
      Article . 2021
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    Authors: Nilsson, Hampus; Lindqvist, David;

    In Sub-Saharan Africa, 76 % of the population lack access to electricity. This situation prohibits economic growth, causes major health issues, and impedes the education of its populace. Considerable work and effort are being made to increase the populace’s access to electricity. Even small amounts of electricity can make a difference and increase the quality of life. There have been several studies conducted that investigate possible solutions for small scale power generation in Mozambique, but the proposed solutions have not been implemented. Other studies have been carried out that investigate practical solutions for small scale power generation and implementing them, albeit not in Mozambique. This thesis therefore tries to cover the entire spectra, from possible solution to practical implementation, in Mozambique. This thesis is conducted as a case study, with a rural clinic in the village of Linga Linga, Mozambique, as case. The thesis analyses the clinic’s energy demand, the most suitable renewable energy resource for the clinic as well as local materials and components to construct a small scale power generation solution. The main research question that is answered is "What renewable and sustainable small scale power generation solution can be built, using local resources, to deliver electricity to a rural medical clinic?". To answer the main research question, necessary information was gathered, where Mozambique’s energy situation, renewable energy technologies in general and previous small scale energy projects in particular were studied. Thereafter, the energy demand as well as the daily variation of demand were investigated. An evaluation of which renewable energy resources that were locally available and most suitable was also conducted. Finally, a small scale power generation solution, using local material and components, was constructed and evaluated. The energy demand of the clinic was estimated to be 2 795 Wh per day, with a maximum power demand of 150 W. The energy demand consisted of five lamps and one refrigerator. Solar energy was evaluated as the renewable energy resource most suitable for the particular area. Moreover, a solar power system was constructed, with a maximum power of 880 W and a total battery energy capacity of 5 760 Wh, of which 50 % can be utilised without risking the health and lifetime of the batteries. The total cost for the solar power system amounted to 141 482 MZN, corresponding to circa 20 447 SEK. The purpose with the thesis was to evaluate a viable way to produce electricity and to implement a practical solution for a medical clinic. With a solar power system in place, the life quality of the inhabitants in Linga Linga has been improved. Looking forward, this thesis provides a piece of the puzzle for how electrification of rural Sub-Saharan Africa can be conducted, from energy demand to installation, and contributes to the Agenda 2030 goal of clean energy for everyone. I Subsahariska Afrika saknar 76 % av invånarna tillgång till elektricitet. Detta leder till försämrad ekonomisk tillväxt, betydande hälsoproblem och undermåliga utbildningsresultat. Omfattande arbete och åtgärder genomförs för att förbättra situationen och öka tillgången till elektricitet. Även den minsta mängd elektricitet kan göra skillnad och höja livskvaliteten. Flera studier har gjorts där möjliga lösningar för småskalig kraftproduktion i Moçambique utreds, men inga föreslagna lösningar har implementerats. Det har också gjorts studier som har undersökt praktiska lösningar för småskalig kraftproduktion och därefter implementerat dessa, om än inte i Moçambique. Denna studie försöker därför täcka hela spektrat, från möjlig lösning till implementering, i Moçambique. Denna studie genomförs som en fältstudie där en klinik i byn Linga Linga på den moçambikanska landsbygden står i fokus. Studien analyserar klinikens energibehov, den mest lämpliga förnybara energikällan samt de mest lämpliga lokala materialen och komponenterna nödvändiga för att bygga en småskalig kraftproduktionslösning. Huvudfrågan som utreds och besvaras är: "Vilken förnyelsebar och hållbar småskalig kraftproduktionslösning kan byggas med lokala resurser för att förse en medicinsk klinik på landsbyggden med elektricitet?". För att besvara huvudfrågan har nödvändig information inhämtats, där energisituationen i Moçambique, förnybara energiteknologier och tidigare projekt rörande småskalig kraftproduktion studerats. Därefter undersöktes energibehovet och den dagliga variationen av energiförbrukningen i kliniken. Vidare utvärderades vilka förnybara energikällor som var lokalt tillgängliga och mest lämpliga. Slutligen konstruerades en småskalig kraftproduktionslösning av lokalt tillgängliga material och komponenter. Energibehovet för kliniken uppskattades till 2 795 Wh per dag, med ett maximalt effektbehov om 150 W. Energibehovet består av fem lampor och ett kylskåp. Solenergi utvärderades som den lämpligaste energikällan för applikationen. Ett solkraftssystem konstruerades också, med en maximal effekt om 880 W och en total batterikapacitet om 5 760 Wh, av vilken 50 % kan användas. Den totala kostnaden för systemet uppgick till 141 482 MZN, motsvarande cirka 20 447 SEK. Avsikten med denna studie var att utvärdera både en teoretisk möjlig lösning såväl som en praktisk implementering av en kraftproduktionslösning till en klinik. Med ett system på plats, har nu livskvaliteten för invånarna förbättrats. För den framtida forskningen bidrar denna studie till att lägga kunskapspusslet om hur elektrifiering av subsahariska Afrika kan genomföras, från energibehov till installation, och bidrar därmed till Agenda 2030 och det globala målet om hållbar energi för alla. Na África subsaariana, 76 % da população não tem acesso a electricidade. Este problema inibe o crescimento económico, causa enormes problemas de saúde e conduz a precários resultados em matéria de educação. Trabalhos e esforços consideráveis têm sido envidados no sentido de aumentar o acesso à rede eléctrica. Por menor que seja o sinal de energia, pode fazer a diferença e melhorar a qualidade de vida. Diversos estudos têm sido realizados com vista a encontrar possíveis soluções para geração de energia de pequena escala em Moçambique contudo, as soluções propostas não chegaram a ser implementadas. Outros estudos foram levados a cabo de forma a encontrar soluções práticas de geração de energia em pequena escala e a sua implementação mas não em Moçambique. Esta tese, por sua vez, procura cobrir o espectro completo, partindo de uma possível solução para uma implementação prática em Mocambique. Esta tese é realizada como um estudo de caso, baseado em uma clínica localizada na vila de Linga Linga, Moçambique. A tese analisa a demanda de energia da clínica, os recursos de energia renováveis mais apropriados assim como os materiais locais e componentes necessários para a construção de um gerador de energia de pequena escala. A principal questão da pesquisa a qual se responde é " Que geradores de energia de pequena escala renováveis e sustentáveis se podem construir com o uso de recursos locais por forma a fornecer energia a uma clínica médica?". Para responder a principal questão da pesquisa, foi levada a cabo uma revisão literária, onde se estudadou a situação de acesso a energia em Moçambique, as tecnologias de energias renováveis no geral e os projectos anteriores voltados para a energia de pequena escala. Em seguida, a procura pela energia foi de igual modo investigada como variação diária. Foi feita uma avaliação sobre os recursos de energias renováveis disponíveis localmente e os mais apropriados. Por fim, uma solução para geração de energia de pequena escala com recurso a materiais e componentes locais foi construída e avaliada. A demanda da clínica foi estimada em 2 795 Wh por dia, com uma demanda máxima de 150 W de energia. As exigências de energia consistiam em cinco lâmpadas e um refrigerador. A energia solar foi avaliada como sendo a energia renovável mais apropriada para a área em particular. Adicionalmente, foi construído um sistema de energia solar com potência máxima de 880 W e uma capacidade total da bateria de 5 760 Wh, dos quais se pode usar 50 %. O custo total do sistema de energia solar totalizou 141 482 MZN, correspondendo a cerca de 20 447 SEK. A tese tenciona avaliar uma forma viável de produzir electricidade e implementar uma solução prática para uma clínica médica. Com o sistema de energia solar estabelecido, a qualidade de vida dos habitantes de Linga Linga foi melhorada. Olhando para frente, esta tese oferece uma solução sobre como se pode processar a electrificação da África subsaariana, desde a demanda pela energia até a sua instalação e seu contributo para a meta energia limpa para todos da Agenda 2030.

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    Authors: Ruthberg, Richard; Wogenius, Sebastian;

    Introducing more intermittent renewable energy sources in the energy system makes the role of balancing power more important. Furthermore, an increased infeed from intermittent renewable energy sources also has the effect of creating lower and more volatile electricity prices. Hence, investing in balancing power is prone to high risks with respect to expected profits, which is why a good representation of electricity prices is vital in order to motivate future investments. We propose a stochastic multi-factor model to be used for simulating the long-run dynamics of electricity prices as input to investment valuation of power generation assets. In particular, the proposed model is used to assess the impact of electricity price dynamics on investment decisions with respect to balancing power generation, where a combined heat and power plant is studied in detail. Since the main goal of the framework is to create a long-term representation of electricity prices so that the distributional characteristics of electricity prices are maintained, commonly cited as seasonality, mean reversion and spikes, the model is evaluated in terms of yearly duration which describes the distribution of electricity prices over time. The core aspects of the framework are derived from the mean-reverting Pilipovic model of commodity prices, but where we extend the assumptions in a multi-factor framework by adding a functional link to the supply- and demand for power as well as outdoor temperature. On average, using the proposed model as a way to represent future prices yields a maximum 9 percent overand underprediction of duration respectively, a result far better than those obtained by simpler models such as a seasonal profile or mean estimates which do not incorporate the full characteristics of electricity prices. Using the different aspects of the model, we show that variations of electricity prices have a large impact on the investment decision with respect to balancing power. The realized value of the flexibility to produce electricity in a combined heat and power plant is calculated, which yields a valuation close to historical realized values. Compared with simpler models, this is a significant improvement. Finally, we show that by including characteristics such as non-constant volatility and spiky behavior in investment decisions, the expected value of balancing power generators, such as combined heat and power plants, increases. I takt med att fler intermittenta förnyelsebara energikällor tillför el i dagens energisystem, blir också balanskraftens roll i dessa system allt viktigare. Vidare så har en ökning av andelen intermittenta förnyelsebara energikällor även effekten att de bidrar till lägre men också mer volatila elpriser. Därmed är även investeringar i balanskraft kopplade till stora risker med avseende på förväntade vinster, vilket gör att en god representation av elpriser är central vid investeringsbeslut. Vi föreslår en stokastisk flerfaktormodell för att simulera den långsiktiga dynamiken i elpriser som bas för värdering av generatortillgångar. Mer specifikt används modellen till att utvärdera effekten av elprisers dynamik på investeringsbeslut med avseende på balanskraft, där ett kraftvärmeverk studeras i detalj. Eftersom huvudmålet med ramverket är att skapa en långsiktig representation av elpriser så att deras fördelningsmässiga karakteristika bevaras, vilket i litteraturen citeras som regression mot medelvärde, säsongsvariationer, hög volatilitet och spikar, så utvärderas modellen i termer av årlig prisvaraktighet som beskriver fördelningen av elpriser över tid. Kärnan i ramverket utgår från Pilipovic-modellen av råvarupriser, men där vi utvecklar antaganden i ett flerfaktorramverk genom att lägga till en länkfunktion till tillgång- och efterfrågan på el samt utomhustemperatur. Vid användande av modellen som ett sätt att representera framtida priser, fås en maximal över- och underprediktion av prisvaraktighet om 9 procent, ett resultat som är bättre än det som ges av enklare modellering såsom säsongsprofiler eller enkla medelvärdesestimat som inte tar hänsyn till elprisernas fulla karakteristika. Till sist visar vi med modellens olika komponenter att variationer i elpriser, och därmed antaganden som används i långsiktig modellering, har stor betydelse med avseende på investeringsbeslut i balanskraft. Det realiserade värdet av flexibiliteten att producera el för ett kraftvärmeverk beräknas, vilket ger en värdering nära faktiska realiserade värden baserade på historiska priser och som enklare modeller inte kan konkurrera med. Slutligen visar detta också att inkluderandet av icke-konstant volatilitet och spikkarakteristika i investeringsbeslut ger ett högre förväntat värde av tillgångar som kan producera balanskraft, såsom kraftvärmeverk.

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    Authors: Sadik, Bala; Elias, Sanar;

    Detta examensarbete avhandlar hållbarhetsprojekten och målsättningar av Sveriges 10 största byggföretag samt deras ställningstaganden gentemot Agenda 2030. Faktum att begreppet hållbarhet kan uppfattas och definieras på olika sätt har skapat en viss otydlighet i världen kring begreppet. De största byggföretagen i Sverige presenterar en hållbarhetsredovisning som redogör för de framgångsrika hållbarhetsprojekten inom verksamheten samt företagets framtida planer. Byggföretagens tillvägagångssätt i deras arbete för att uppnå målen i Agenda 2030 är i stort sätt densamma, med undantag för vissa bolag som har unik taktik. Flera av de utvalda byggföretagen har även antalet mål uppsatta som sträcker sig längre fram än år 2030; vilket delvis beror på regeringens klimatlag för att uppnå ett klimatneutralt Sverige år 2045. I denna studie har fyra mål från Agenda 2030 blivit utvalda för granskning; sedan har byggföretagens hållbarhetsredovisningar undersökts i syfte att utläsa företagens ställningstaganden i förhållande till målen. Teorin om svag och stark hållbarhet tillämpad i en organisation har applicerats på respektive byggföretags hållbarhet vilket resulterade i ett tydligt mönster. Resultaten pekar mot att styrkan av hållbarhet i ett företag beror på dess omsättning, vilket var relativt klart eftersom hållbarhetsredovisningarna hos de företag som hade större omsättning var mer omfattande samtidigt som målsättningen var mer preciserad och antalet hållbarhetsprojekt högre. Härvid bör nämnas att signaleringsteorin till viss del motsäger antagandet om att hållbarhetsstyrkan av ett företag är beroende på dess omsättning. Signaleringsteorin menar att företag kan öka sitt värde och popularitet via frivillig redovisning samt betoning och upplyftning av de ’finare’ delarna ur verksamheten. Framtida studier kan finna denna studie som hjälpsam för bedrivandet av forskning inom samma fält. Ytterligare fördjupande rapporter inom samma område kan framtas med denna studie som grund, vilket möjligtvis kan ljusna förutsättningarna av djupdykande hållbarhetsresearch av alla typer av företag, bygg- eller inte. Hållbarhetsarbete är ett relevant ämne i världen just nu, varför ytterligare studier av denna karaktär fordras i syfte att uppnå en bättre förståelse för hållbarhetskonceptet och utvecklingen av effektiva strategier för en ännu mer hållbar värld This thesis deals with the sustainability programmes and goals of Sweden's 10 largest constructioncompanies as well as their position on Agenda 2030. The fact that the concept of sustainability canbe perceived and defined in different ways around the world has created a certain ambiguity aroundthe notion. The largest construction companies in Sweden present sustainability reports that accountfor successful sustainability projects as well as future planning. The work of construction companiesin achieving the goals of Agenda 2030 is much the same, with the difference of some companieshaving unique approaches to achieving them. Several of the selected construction companies in thisthesis also have a number of goals set up that extend beyond the scope of 2030, partly because of theSwedish government's climate legislation for creating a climate-neutral Sweden by 2045.In this study, four goals from Agenda 2030 have been selected for analysis within the frame of thechosen construction companies' sustainability reports. The reports have been analyzed in order todecipher the companies’ different positions in regard to the chosen goals. The theory of weak andstrong sustainability applied in an organization has been applied to the sustainability of eachconstruction company, which produced a clear pattern as a result. The degree of strength within thesustainability efforts depends on the individual company’s turnover. This was relatively clear sincethe sustainability reports of the companies with a higher turnover were more comprehensive,contained more clearly presented progress, all while the number of Agenda 2030-goals was greater.Herein must be noted that the Signal Theory contradicts, to some extent, the assumption that thestrength of a company's sustainability is dependent on turnover, since companies can increase theirvalue and popularity through voluntary accounting and emphasize and highlight the ‘finer’ parts ofthe business.Future studies can find this study helpful in carrying out research within the same field. Even morein-depth investigational reports can be done using this study as a foundation, which could possiblybrighten prospects for deep-digging sustainability research into any type of company, constructionor non-construction. Sustainable work is a relevant topic in the world right now, which is whyfurther studies of this character will be needed in order to achieve a better understanding of thesustainability concept and development of effective strategies to make the world even moresustainable.

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    Authors: Larsson, Henrik; Noher, Hugo;

    Under det senaste decenniet har miljöfrågan blivit ett ständigt växande problem. Fristående organisationer som IPCC, som är FN:s friståendeorgan för att sammanfatta och bedöma vetenskapen relaterad till den globala uppvärmningen, bedömer att den globala uppvärmningen till följd av mänsklig inverkan kommer att överstiga 1,5 grader år 2100 och att våra ekosystem kommer att påverkas negativt till icke återhämtningsbara nivåer. För att förbättra det kritiska läget har efterfrågan på förnybar energi ökat kraftigt. Till följd av detta så har vindkraftsindustrin utvecklatsi hög grad och utvecklas fortfarande. I detta kandidatexamensarbete undersöks en konceptidé om ett hopfällbart vindkraftverk för att öka årlig energiproduktion samt reducera de aerodynamiskalasterna. Hypotesen för detta arbete är att ett hopfällbart vindkraftverk kan ökaden årliga energiproduktionen med 100% genom en fördubbling av sveparean med samma mängd insatsmaterial. Konstruktionslösningen för hopfällbarhet antas vara löst av andra och tidigare konstruktionslösningar för hopfällbarhet har undersökts och presenterats. För att analysera en potentiell ökning av årlig energiproduktion användes NREL:s mjukvara WISDEM samt deras 3,4-MW landbaserade referensvindkraftverk. Resultatet tydde på att med dubbel sveparea kan man få en ökning med 79% av den årliga energiproduktionen, en ökning med 48% av lyftkraften och en ökning med 84%av motståndskraften. During the last decade the environmental impact has become an increasingly growing problem. The IPCC have reported the ever increasingly environmental impact from fossil fuels and emissions of greenhouse gases. Their assessment from 2021 notes that the environmental impact because of humans will lead to at least an increase of 1.5 degrees increase in temperature by the year 2100 and that our ecosystems will be irreversibly damaged. To combat these changes the demand for renewable energy sources has increased. This increase in demand has led to the wind energy sector growing rapidly with a lot of recent developments in the field. In this bachelor thesis a concept idea of a foldable wind turbine has been proposed. The goal is to determine if an increase in annual energy production of 100% is possible with a doubling of the rotor swept area and a constant mass. The mechanism for foldability is assumed to be invented and research on previous works looking into foldability in wind turbines has been performed. To analyze the potential increase in annual energy production the software WISDEM, developed by NREL, was used together with their 3.4-MW reference wind turbine. The results showed that with a doubled rotor swept area an increase in annual energy production of 79% was achieved together with an increase of 48% of the lift force and an increase of 84% of the drag force. 

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Bachelor thesis . 2022
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      Publikationer från KTH
      Bachelor thesis . 2022
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    Authors: Chamorro, Harold; Ghandhari, Mehrdad; Eriksson, Robert;

    The use of high power electronics in the large scale integration of wind power in the transmission and distribution systems can affect the system inertia response and the ability to recover frequency stability after large disturbances. Different approaches have been presented to show the system dynamic behaviour, and to quantify the wind power impact on the system inertial and frequency response. This paper gives a short overview of studies performed regarding the system inertia issues under high penetrations of wind power. Also, it presents the results of a case study to show how the system inertia can be affected by high penetrations of wind power.

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Conference object . 2013
    https://doi.org/10.1109/naps.2...
    Conference object . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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      Publikationer från KTH
      Conference object . 2013
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Andersson, Kjell; Hagnestål, Anders; Sellgren, Ulf;

    Ocean wave power is a promising renewable energy source. It has, however, been difficult to find a cost-effective solution to convert wave energy into electricity. The harsh marine environment and the fact that wave power is delivered with large forces at low speed make design of durable mechanical structures and efficient energy conversion challenging. The dimensioning forces strongly depend on the wave power concept, the wave energy converter (WEC) implementation, and the actual power take-off (PTO) system. A WEC with a winch as a power take-off system, i.e., a winch-based point absorber (WBPA), could potentially enable a low levelized cost of energy (LCOE) if a low-cost, durable and efficient winch that can deal with peak loads can be developed. A key challenge for realizing such a winch is to find a force transmitting solution that can deal with these peak loads and that can handle up to 80 million cycles during its life. In this article, we propose a design solution for a force transmitting chain with elastomer bearings connecting the links of the chain. With this solution no sliding is present, and the angular motion is realized as elastic shear deformations in the elastomer bearings when the chain is wound onto the winch drum. The elastomer bearings were designed for low shear stiffness and high compression stiffness, and the links were designed primarily to minimize the number of joints in the chain. Thereby, the maximum allowed relative angle between the links when rolled up over the drum should be as large as possible within practical limits. Finite element-based topological optimization was performed with the aim to increase the link strength to weight ratio. A test rig for a first proof of concept testing has been developed, and preliminary test results indicate that this chain concept with elastomer bearings can be a potential solution for a durable chain and should be analyzed and tested further for fatigue and sea operations.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of Mechanica...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Publikationer från KTH
    Conference object . 2018
    Journal of Mechanical Design
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://doi.org/10.1115/detc20...
    Conference object . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Publikationer från KTH
      Conference object . 2018
      Journal of Mechanical Design
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.1115/detc20...
      Conference object . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Karamanov, Anton;

    The master's thesis contains 97 pages, 29 tables, 33 figures and 43 sources of literature. The paper presents a study on increasing the efficiency of the power supply of remote offshore oil and gas facilities through the use of horizontal-axial tidal stream turbines. A general theoretical description of floating semi-submersible drilling rigs and a more detailed description of semi-submersible drilling unit 6000/200 type "Shelf" are presented. A theoretical description of various devices that transform the kinetic energy of water into electric power is also presented, and horizontal-axial tidal stream turbines are considered in more detail. The technical calculation for determining the parameters of turbines is carried out. The calculation was used for the case where one or several turbines are used. Economic analysis was carried out with different indicators, namely: the price of diesel fuel, the price of equipment, the load factor of hydro generators, the discount rate and the productivity of the drilling unit. An analysis of the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions was also carried out. Conclusions were presented on the effectiveness of the introduction of this method of energy supply. Magisteruppsatsen innehåller 97 sidor, 29 tabeller, 33 figurer och 43 litteraturkällor. I papperet presenteras en studie om att effektiviteten i kraftförsörjningen av avlägsna offshore olje- och gasanläggningar ökar genom användning av horisontella axiella tidvattenströmsturbiner. En generell teoretisk beskrivning av flytande halvdämpbara borriggar och en mer detaljerad beskrivning av semi-submersible borrningsenhet 6000/200 typ "Hylla" presenteras. En teoretisk beskrivning av olika anordningar som omvandlar den kinetiska energin hos vatten till elkraft presenteras också, och horisontella axiella tidvattenströmsturbiner behandlas mer detaljerat. Den tekniska beräkningen för att bestämma parametrarna för turbiner utförs. Beräkningen användes för det fall där en eller flera turbiner används. Ekonomisk analys utfördes med olika indikatorer, nämligen: priset på dieselbränsle, priset på utrustning, belastningsfaktorn för hydrageneratorer, diskonteringsräntan och borrningens produktivitet. En analys av minskningen av koldioxidutsläpp gjordes också. Slutsatser presenterades om effektiviteten av införandet av denna metod för energiförsörjning.

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Bachelor thesis . 2018
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      Publikationer från KTH
      Bachelor thesis . 2018
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    Authors: Boulkaid, Youssef;

    Energy poverty is defined as the lack of access of households in developing countries to modern energy sources, and their consequent reliance on solid biomass fuels for cooking. So-called “Improved stoves” have been promoted by various public and private actors since the 1970s to tackle various environmental and health challenges associated with biomass use. Impact studies of such projects are usually based on on-site surveys about the stoves’ use, and thus are extremely site-specific, and difficultly generalizable. This thesis project aims to introduce a novel approach to impact assessment of improved cooking stoves on both local energy needs and deforestation in the area. This approach will base most of its figures and assumptions on calculated energy needs rather than survey reports. This will result in a highly flexible energy model, which can be used and adapted to help decision and policy makers in their function. The area of Nyeri County, Kenya, where the author completed a one-month field study, is used throughout the thesis as a case study in order to validate the model.

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Bachelor thesis . 2015
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      Publikationer från KTH
      Bachelor thesis . 2015
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    Authors: Pulat, Arpat; Zaierding, Tayierjiang;

    Detta examensarbete går ut på att utföra en analys i form av en jämförelsestudie av två fritidsbåtar med funktions, ekonomisk samt hållbarhetsaspekter i fokus. Projektet utgår samt är inriktad på en eldrivenbärplansbåt The Candela Seven från elmotorbåtsproducent Candela Speed Boat AB där båten jämförs med motorbåten AMT 230 GP från Advanced Marine Tech Premium Boats och utvärderas dels med hjälp av Havsmiljöinstitutets samarbete mellan olika institutioner i Sverige som referensram. Projektmålen är att genom analys och utvärderingar av jämförelsearbete utse båten som ska prioriteras mellan Candela Seven och AMT 230 GP samt komma med eventuella rekommendationer ur funktions-, ekonomiska samt hållbarhetsperspektiv. Arbetet startade med en nulägesanalys för att skapa insikt i produktfunktionalitet av båtarna, vilka ekonomisk och hållbarhetsfördelar produkten har samt hur marknaden ser ut för elbåtar med kundbehov i fokus. För vidareanalys av insamlade data och fakta för jämförelsearbete genomfördes SWOT- och kvantitativa analysmetoder samt genom matematiska resonemang och analyser identifiera båtens egenskaper och fördelar jämfört med konkurrenten. I jämförelseanalys används jämförelsematris för värdering och sammanställning av olika parametrar mot varandra samt utse båten som ska prioriteras. I jämförelseanalysen med olika parametrar visades Candela Seven är en gynnsammare båt att välja eller köpa och som prioriteras i jämförelse med AMT 230 GP. Fokus kan bli att hitta flera kunder som är intressanta, eller produktanpassa för att uppfylla kunders önskemål. Nulägesanalys genomfördes som visar att en huvudkonkurrent med bensindriven båt identifierades samt är ett substitut som utmanar produkten. Utmärkta egenskaper från SWOT och Kvantitativa-analysen är att Candela Seven är energisparande samt lönsammare att driva med mindre underhåll jämfört med AMT 230 GP. Dessutom är produkten miljövänligare i körning med hållbarhetstänkande egenskaper och design. This thesis is based on performing an analysis in the form of a comparative study of two leisure boats with functional, economic and sustainability aspects in focus. The project is based and focuses on an electric hydrofoil boat The Candela Seven from electric motorboat manufacturer Candela Speed Boat AB where the boat is compared with the motorboat AMT 230 GP from Advanced Marine Tech Premium Boats and evaluatedpartly with the help of the Institute of Marine Environment's cooperation betweendifferent institutions in Sweden as a reference framework. The project goals are to, through analysis and evaluations of comparative work,designate the boat that will be prioritized between Candela Seven and AMT 230 GP andgive eventual recommendations from a functional, financial and sustainabilityperspective. The work started with a current situation analysis to create insight into the productfunctionality of the boats, what economic and sustainability benefits the product hasand what the market looks like for electric boats with customer needs in focus. Forfurther analysis of collected data and facts for comparative work, SWOT andquantitative analysis methods were performed and through mathematical reasoning andanalyzes to identify the boat's properties and advantages compared to the competitor. In comparison analysis, a comparison matrix is used for valuation and compilation ofdifferent parameters against each other and to designate the boat to be prioritized.In the comparison analysis with various parameters, Candela Seven was shown to be amore favorable boat to choose or buy and which is prioritized in comparison with theAMT 230 GP. The focus can be on finding more customers that are interesting, orproduct adaptation to fulfill customer needs. The current situation analysis was carried out which shows that a main competitor witha petrol-powered boat was identified and is a substitute that challenges the product.Excellent features from the SWOT and Quantitative analysis are that Candela Seven isenergy-saving and more profitable to operate with less maintenance cost compared to the AMT 230 GP. In addition, the product is more environmentally proficient whendriving with sustainability-thinking properties and design.

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    Publikationer från KTH
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    Authors: Tara Larsson; Senthil Krishnan Mahendar; Anders Christiansen-Erlandsson; Ulf Olofsson;

    The negative impact of transport on climate has led to incentives to increase the amount of renewable fuels used in internal combustion engines (ICEs). Oxygenated, liquid biofuels are promising alternatives, as they exhibit similar combustion behaviour to gasoline. In this article, the effect of the different biofuels on engine efficiency, combustion propagation and emissions of a gasoline-optimised direct injected spark ignited (DISI) engine were evaluated through engine experiments. The experiments were performed without any engine hardware modifications. The investigated fuels are gasoline, four alcohols (methanol, ethanol, n-butanol and iso-butanol) and one ether (MTBE). All fuels were tested at two speed sweeps at low and mid load conditions, and a spark timing sweep at low load conditions. The oxygenated biofuels exhibit increased efficiencies, even at non-knock-limited conditions. At lower loads, the oxygenated fuels decrease CO, HC and NOx emissions. However, at mid load conditions, decreased volatility of the alcohols leads to increased emissions due to fuel impingement effects. Methanol exhibited the highest efficiencies and significantly increased burn rates compared to the other fuels. Gasoline exhibited the lowest level of PN and PM emissions. N-butanol and iso-butanol show significantly increased levels of particle emissions compared to the other fuels.

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    Energies
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      Energies
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    Authors: Nilsson, Hampus; Lindqvist, David;

    In Sub-Saharan Africa, 76 % of the population lack access to electricity. This situation prohibits economic growth, causes major health issues, and impedes the education of its populace. Considerable work and effort are being made to increase the populace’s access to electricity. Even small amounts of electricity can make a difference and increase the quality of life. There have been several studies conducted that investigate possible solutions for small scale power generation in Mozambique, but the proposed solutions have not been implemented. Other studies have been carried out that investigate practical solutions for small scale power generation and implementing them, albeit not in Mozambique. This thesis therefore tries to cover the entire spectra, from possible solution to practical implementation, in Mozambique. This thesis is conducted as a case study, with a rural clinic in the village of Linga Linga, Mozambique, as case. The thesis analyses the clinic’s energy demand, the most suitable renewable energy resource for the clinic as well as local materials and components to construct a small scale power generation solution. The main research question that is answered is "What renewable and sustainable small scale power generation solution can be built, using local resources, to deliver electricity to a rural medical clinic?". To answer the main research question, necessary information was gathered, where Mozambique’s energy situation, renewable energy technologies in general and previous small scale energy projects in particular were studied. Thereafter, the energy demand as well as the daily variation of demand were investigated. An evaluation of which renewable energy resources that were locally available and most suitable was also conducted. Finally, a small scale power generation solution, using local material and components, was constructed and evaluated. The energy demand of the clinic was estimated to be 2 795 Wh per day, with a maximum power demand of 150 W. The energy demand consisted of five lamps and one refrigerator. Solar energy was evaluated as the renewable energy resource most suitable for the particular area. Moreover, a solar power system was constructed, with a maximum power of 880 W and a total battery energy capacity of 5 760 Wh, of which 50 % can be utilised without risking the health and lifetime of the batteries. The total cost for the solar power system amounted to 141 482 MZN, corresponding to circa 20 447 SEK. The purpose with the thesis was to evaluate a viable way to produce electricity and to implement a practical solution for a medical clinic. With a solar power system in place, the life quality of the inhabitants in Linga Linga has been improved. Looking forward, this thesis provides a piece of the puzzle for how electrification of rural Sub-Saharan Africa can be conducted, from energy demand to installation, and contributes to the Agenda 2030 goal of clean energy for everyone. I Subsahariska Afrika saknar 76 % av invånarna tillgång till elektricitet. Detta leder till försämrad ekonomisk tillväxt, betydande hälsoproblem och undermåliga utbildningsresultat. Omfattande arbete och åtgärder genomförs för att förbättra situationen och öka tillgången till elektricitet. Även den minsta mängd elektricitet kan göra skillnad och höja livskvaliteten. Flera studier har gjorts där möjliga lösningar för småskalig kraftproduktion i Moçambique utreds, men inga föreslagna lösningar har implementerats. Det har också gjorts studier som har undersökt praktiska lösningar för småskalig kraftproduktion och därefter implementerat dessa, om än inte i Moçambique. Denna studie försöker därför täcka hela spektrat, från möjlig lösning till implementering, i Moçambique. Denna studie genomförs som en fältstudie där en klinik i byn Linga Linga på den moçambikanska landsbygden står i fokus. Studien analyserar klinikens energibehov, den mest lämpliga förnybara energikällan samt de mest lämpliga lokala materialen och komponenterna nödvändiga för att bygga en småskalig kraftproduktionslösning. Huvudfrågan som utreds och besvaras är: "Vilken förnyelsebar och hållbar småskalig kraftproduktionslösning kan byggas med lokala resurser för att förse en medicinsk klinik på landsbyggden med elektricitet?". För att besvara huvudfrågan har nödvändig information inhämtats, där energisituationen i Moçambique, förnybara energiteknologier och tidigare projekt rörande småskalig kraftproduktion studerats. Därefter undersöktes energibehovet och den dagliga variationen av energiförbrukningen i kliniken. Vidare utvärderades vilka förnybara energikällor som var lokalt tillgängliga och mest lämpliga. Slutligen konstruerades en småskalig kraftproduktionslösning av lokalt tillgängliga material och komponenter. Energibehovet för kliniken uppskattades till 2 795 Wh per dag, med ett maximalt effektbehov om 150 W. Energibehovet består av fem lampor och ett kylskåp. Solenergi utvärderades som den lämpligaste energikällan för applikationen. Ett solkraftssystem konstruerades också, med en maximal effekt om 880 W och en total batterikapacitet om 5 760 Wh, av vilken 50 % kan användas. Den totala kostnaden för systemet uppgick till 141 482 MZN, motsvarande cirka 20 447 SEK. Avsikten med denna studie var att utvärdera både en teoretisk möjlig lösning såväl som en praktisk implementering av en kraftproduktionslösning till en klinik. Med ett system på plats, har nu livskvaliteten för invånarna förbättrats. För den framtida forskningen bidrar denna studie till att lägga kunskapspusslet om hur elektrifiering av subsahariska Afrika kan genomföras, från energibehov till installation, och bidrar därmed till Agenda 2030 och det globala målet om hållbar energi för alla. Na África subsaariana, 76 % da população não tem acesso a electricidade. Este problema inibe o crescimento económico, causa enormes problemas de saúde e conduz a precários resultados em matéria de educação. Trabalhos e esforços consideráveis têm sido envidados no sentido de aumentar o acesso à rede eléctrica. Por menor que seja o sinal de energia, pode fazer a diferença e melhorar a qualidade de vida. Diversos estudos têm sido realizados com vista a encontrar possíveis soluções para geração de energia de pequena escala em Moçambique contudo, as soluções propostas não chegaram a ser implementadas. Outros estudos foram levados a cabo de forma a encontrar soluções práticas de geração de energia em pequena escala e a sua implementação mas não em Moçambique. Esta tese, por sua vez, procura cobrir o espectro completo, partindo de uma possível solução para uma implementação prática em Mocambique. Esta tese é realizada como um estudo de caso, baseado em uma clínica localizada na vila de Linga Linga, Moçambique. A tese analisa a demanda de energia da clínica, os recursos de energia renováveis mais apropriados assim como os materiais locais e componentes necessários para a construção de um gerador de energia de pequena escala. A principal questão da pesquisa a qual se responde é " Que geradores de energia de pequena escala renováveis e sustentáveis se podem construir com o uso de recursos locais por forma a fornecer energia a uma clínica médica?". Para responder a principal questão da pesquisa, foi levada a cabo uma revisão literária, onde se estudadou a situação de acesso a energia em Moçambique, as tecnologias de energias renováveis no geral e os projectos anteriores voltados para a energia de pequena escala. Em seguida, a procura pela energia foi de igual modo investigada como variação diária. Foi feita uma avaliação sobre os recursos de energias renováveis disponíveis localmente e os mais apropriados. Por fim, uma solução para geração de energia de pequena escala com recurso a materiais e componentes locais foi construída e avaliada. A demanda da clínica foi estimada em 2 795 Wh por dia, com uma demanda máxima de 150 W de energia. As exigências de energia consistiam em cinco lâmpadas e um refrigerador. A energia solar foi avaliada como sendo a energia renovável mais apropriada para a área em particular. Adicionalmente, foi construído um sistema de energia solar com potência máxima de 880 W e uma capacidade total da bateria de 5 760 Wh, dos quais se pode usar 50 %. O custo total do sistema de energia solar totalizou 141 482 MZN, correspondendo a cerca de 20 447 SEK. A tese tenciona avaliar uma forma viável de produzir electricidade e implementar uma solução prática para uma clínica médica. Com o sistema de energia solar estabelecido, a qualidade de vida dos habitantes de Linga Linga foi melhorada. Olhando para frente, esta tese oferece uma solução sobre como se pode processar a electrificação da África subsaariana, desde a demanda pela energia até a sua instalação e seu contributo para a meta energia limpa para todos da Agenda 2030.

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    Authors: Ruthberg, Richard; Wogenius, Sebastian;

    Introducing more intermittent renewable energy sources in the energy system makes the role of balancing power more important. Furthermore, an increased infeed from intermittent renewable energy sources also has the effect of creating lower and more volatile electricity prices. Hence, investing in balancing power is prone to high risks with respect to expected profits, which is why a good representation of electricity prices is vital in order to motivate future investments. We propose a stochastic multi-factor model to be used for simulating the long-run dynamics of electricity prices as input to investment valuation of power generation assets. In particular, the proposed model is used to assess the impact of electricity price dynamics on investment decisions with respect to balancing power generation, where a combined heat and power plant is studied in detail. Since the main goal of the framework is to create a long-term representation of electricity prices so that the distributional characteristics of electricity prices are maintained, commonly cited as seasonality, mean reversion and spikes, the model is evaluated in terms of yearly duration which describes the distribution of electricity prices over time. The core aspects of the framework are derived from the mean-reverting Pilipovic model of commodity prices, but where we extend the assumptions in a multi-factor framework by adding a functional link to the supply- and demand for power as well as outdoor temperature. On average, using the proposed model as a way to represent future prices yields a maximum 9 percent overand underprediction of duration respectively, a result far better than those obtained by simpler models such as a seasonal profile or mean estimates which do not incorporate the full characteristics of electricity prices. Using the different aspects of the model, we show that variations of electricity prices have a large impact on the investment decision with respect to balancing power. The realized value of the flexibility to produce electricity in a combined heat and power plant is calculated, which yields a valuation close to historical realized values. Compared with simpler models, this is a significant improvement. Finally, we show that by including characteristics such as non-constant volatility and spiky behavior in investment decisions, the expected value of balancing power generators, such as combined heat and power plants, increases. I takt med att fler intermittenta förnyelsebara energikällor tillför el i dagens energisystem, blir också balanskraftens roll i dessa system allt viktigare. Vidare så har en ökning av andelen intermittenta förnyelsebara energikällor även effekten att de bidrar till lägre men också mer volatila elpriser. Därmed är även investeringar i balanskraft kopplade till stora risker med avseende på förväntade vinster, vilket gör att en god representation av elpriser är central vid investeringsbeslut. Vi föreslår en stokastisk flerfaktormodell för att simulera den långsiktiga dynamiken i elpriser som bas för värdering av generatortillgångar. Mer specifikt används modellen till att utvärdera effekten av elprisers dynamik på investeringsbeslut med avseende på balanskraft, där ett kraftvärmeverk studeras i detalj. Eftersom huvudmålet med ramverket är att skapa en långsiktig representation av elpriser så att deras fördelningsmässiga karakteristika bevaras, vilket i litteraturen citeras som regression mot medelvärde, säsongsvariationer, hög volatilitet och spikar, så utvärderas modellen i termer av årlig prisvaraktighet som beskriver fördelningen av elpriser över tid. Kärnan i ramverket utgår från Pilipovic-modellen av råvarupriser, men där vi utvecklar antaganden i ett flerfaktorramverk genom att lägga till en länkfunktion till tillgång- och efterfrågan på el samt utomhustemperatur. Vid användande av modellen som ett sätt att representera framtida priser, fås en maximal över- och underprediktion av prisvaraktighet om 9 procent, ett resultat som är bättre än det som ges av enklare modellering såsom säsongsprofiler eller enkla medelvärdesestimat som inte tar hänsyn till elprisernas fulla karakteristika. Till sist visar vi med modellens olika komponenter att variationer i elpriser, och därmed antaganden som används i långsiktig modellering, har stor betydelse med avseende på investeringsbeslut i balanskraft. Det realiserade värdet av flexibiliteten att producera el för ett kraftvärmeverk beräknas, vilket ger en värdering nära faktiska realiserade värden baserade på historiska priser och som enklare modeller inte kan konkurrera med. Slutligen visar detta också att inkluderandet av icke-konstant volatilitet och spikkarakteristika i investeringsbeslut ger ett högre förväntat värde av tillgångar som kan producera balanskraft, såsom kraftvärmeverk.

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Bachelor thesis . 2016
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      Publikationer från KTH
      Bachelor thesis . 2016
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    Authors: Sadik, Bala; Elias, Sanar;

    Detta examensarbete avhandlar hållbarhetsprojekten och målsättningar av Sveriges 10 största byggföretag samt deras ställningstaganden gentemot Agenda 2030. Faktum att begreppet hållbarhet kan uppfattas och definieras på olika sätt har skapat en viss otydlighet i världen kring begreppet. De största byggföretagen i Sverige presenterar en hållbarhetsredovisning som redogör för de framgångsrika hållbarhetsprojekten inom verksamheten samt företagets framtida planer. Byggföretagens tillvägagångssätt i deras arbete för att uppnå målen i Agenda 2030 är i stort sätt densamma, med undantag för vissa bolag som har unik taktik. Flera av de utvalda byggföretagen har även antalet mål uppsatta som sträcker sig längre fram än år 2030; vilket delvis beror på regeringens klimatlag för att uppnå ett klimatneutralt Sverige år 2045. I denna studie har fyra mål från Agenda 2030 blivit utvalda för granskning; sedan har byggföretagens hållbarhetsredovisningar undersökts i syfte att utläsa företagens ställningstaganden i förhållande till målen. Teorin om svag och stark hållbarhet tillämpad i en organisation har applicerats på respektive byggföretags hållbarhet vilket resulterade i ett tydligt mönster. Resultaten pekar mot att styrkan av hållbarhet i ett företag beror på dess omsättning, vilket var relativt klart eftersom hållbarhetsredovisningarna hos de företag som hade större omsättning var mer omfattande samtidigt som målsättningen var mer preciserad och antalet hållbarhetsprojekt högre. Härvid bör nämnas att signaleringsteorin till viss del motsäger antagandet om att hållbarhetsstyrkan av ett företag är beroende på dess omsättning. Signaleringsteorin menar att företag kan öka sitt värde och popularitet via frivillig redovisning samt betoning och upplyftning av de ’finare’ delarna ur verksamheten. Framtida studier kan finna denna studie som hjälpsam för bedrivandet av forskning inom samma fält. Ytterligare fördjupande rapporter inom samma område kan framtas med denna studie som grund, vilket möjligtvis kan ljusna förutsättningarna av djupdykande hållbarhetsresearch av alla typer av företag, bygg- eller inte. Hållbarhetsarbete är ett relevant ämne i världen just nu, varför ytterligare studier av denna karaktär fordras i syfte att uppnå en bättre förståelse för hållbarhetskonceptet och utvecklingen av effektiva strategier för en ännu mer hållbar värld This thesis deals with the sustainability programmes and goals of Sweden's 10 largest constructioncompanies as well as their position on Agenda 2030. The fact that the concept of sustainability canbe perceived and defined in different ways around the world has created a certain ambiguity aroundthe notion. The largest construction companies in Sweden present sustainability reports that accountfor successful sustainability projects as well as future planning. The work of construction companiesin achieving the goals of Agenda 2030 is much the same, with the difference of some companieshaving unique approaches to achieving them. Several of the selected construction companies in thisthesis also have a number of goals set up that extend beyond the scope of 2030, partly because of theSwedish government's climate legislation for creating a climate-neutral Sweden by 2045.In this study, four goals from Agenda 2030 have been selected for analysis within the frame of thechosen construction companies' sustainability reports. The reports have been analyzed in order todecipher the companies’ different positions in regard to the chosen goals. The theory of weak andstrong sustainability applied in an organization has been applied to the sustainability of eachconstruction company, which produced a clear pattern as a result. The degree of strength within thesustainability efforts depends on the individual company’s turnover. This was relatively clear sincethe sustainability reports of the companies with a higher turnover were more comprehensive,contained more clearly presented progress, all while the number of Agenda 2030-goals was greater.Herein must be noted that the Signal Theory contradicts, to some extent, the assumption that thestrength of a company's sustainability is dependent on turnover, since companies can increase theirvalue and popularity through voluntary accounting and emphasize and highlight the ‘finer’ parts ofthe business.Future studies can find this study helpful in carrying out research within the same field. Even morein-depth investigational reports can be done using this study as a foundation, which could possiblybrighten prospects for deep-digging sustainability research into any type of company, constructionor non-construction. Sustainable work is a relevant topic in the world right now, which is whyfurther studies of this character will be needed in order to achieve a better understanding of thesustainability concept and development of effective strategies to make the world even moresustainable.

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Bachelor thesis . 2019
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      Publikationer från KTH
      Bachelor thesis . 2019
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    Authors: Larsson, Henrik; Noher, Hugo;

    Under det senaste decenniet har miljöfrågan blivit ett ständigt växande problem. Fristående organisationer som IPCC, som är FN:s friståendeorgan för att sammanfatta och bedöma vetenskapen relaterad till den globala uppvärmningen, bedömer att den globala uppvärmningen till följd av mänsklig inverkan kommer att överstiga 1,5 grader år 2100 och att våra ekosystem kommer att påverkas negativt till icke återhämtningsbara nivåer. För att förbättra det kritiska läget har efterfrågan på förnybar energi ökat kraftigt. Till följd av detta så har vindkraftsindustrin utvecklatsi hög grad och utvecklas fortfarande. I detta kandidatexamensarbete undersöks en konceptidé om ett hopfällbart vindkraftverk för att öka årlig energiproduktion samt reducera de aerodynamiskalasterna. Hypotesen för detta arbete är att ett hopfällbart vindkraftverk kan ökaden årliga energiproduktionen med 100% genom en fördubbling av sveparean med samma mängd insatsmaterial. Konstruktionslösningen för hopfällbarhet antas vara löst av andra och tidigare konstruktionslösningar för hopfällbarhet har undersökts och presenterats. För att analysera en potentiell ökning av årlig energiproduktion användes NREL:s mjukvara WISDEM samt deras 3,4-MW landbaserade referensvindkraftverk. Resultatet tydde på att med dubbel sveparea kan man få en ökning med 79% av den årliga energiproduktionen, en ökning med 48% av lyftkraften och en ökning med 84%av motståndskraften. During the last decade the environmental impact has become an increasingly growing problem. The IPCC have reported the ever increasingly environmental impact from fossil fuels and emissions of greenhouse gases. Their assessment from 2021 notes that the environmental impact because of humans will lead to at least an increase of 1.5 degrees increase in temperature by the year 2100 and that our ecosystems will be irreversibly damaged. To combat these changes the demand for renewable energy sources has increased. This increase in demand has led to the wind energy sector growing rapidly with a lot of recent developments in the field. In this bachelor thesis a concept idea of a foldable wind turbine has been proposed. The goal is to determine if an increase in annual energy production of 100% is possible with a doubling of the rotor swept area and a constant mass. The mechanism for foldability is assumed to be invented and research on previous works looking into foldability in wind turbines has been performed. To analyze the potential increase in annual energy production the software WISDEM, developed by NREL, was used together with their 3.4-MW reference wind turbine. The results showed that with a doubled rotor swept area an increase in annual energy production of 79% was achieved together with an increase of 48% of the lift force and an increase of 84% of the drag force. 

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Bachelor thesis . 2022
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      Publikationer från KTH
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    Authors: Chamorro, Harold; Ghandhari, Mehrdad; Eriksson, Robert;

    The use of high power electronics in the large scale integration of wind power in the transmission and distribution systems can affect the system inertia response and the ability to recover frequency stability after large disturbances. Different approaches have been presented to show the system dynamic behaviour, and to quantify the wind power impact on the system inertial and frequency response. This paper gives a short overview of studies performed regarding the system inertia issues under high penetrations of wind power. Also, it presents the results of a case study to show how the system inertia can be affected by high penetrations of wind power.

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    Conference object . 2013
    https://doi.org/10.1109/naps.2...
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      Conference object . 2013
      https://doi.org/10.1109/naps.2...
      Conference object . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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