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  • Publikationer från KTH

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    Authors: Nithin Jose, Madassery;

    Wave energy has the potential to provide an energy resource in this challenging energyenvironment. Wave energy converters are devices used to extract this energy and convertit into electricity. Wave Carpet is an example of such a novel wave energy converters andin its final form, it consists of a submerged membrane which covers an arbitrarily largearea above the sea floor. Incident waves create a pressure difference between the upper andlower surfaces, which triggers an up-and-down movement. The power take-off attached tothe surfaces serve to restrict this movement and thereby extract hydraulic power which isconverted to electricity.The Wave Carpet, is a type of wave energy converter that is beingdeveloped at University of California Berkeley′s Theoretical and Applied Fluid DynamicsLaboratory (TAFLab).The thesis aims at modeling and designing the different power conversion chainof the entire wave energy converter device. The process of energy conversion that yieldsthe required electrical energy for connecting a wave energy converter to an electricalnetwork is termed as the power conversion chain. A detailed electro-mechanical modelof the wave energy converter system connected to power grid is developed in theMatlab/SIMULINK environment and its corresponding generator and hydraulic controlstructure is implemented. The simulation response of the wave energy converter alongwith the power conversion chain is investigated. Vågenergi har potential att bli en energiresurs i en utmanande energimiljö. Vågkraftverkär maskiner som används till att utvinna denna energi och omvandla den till elektricitet.Wave Carpet är ett exempel på ett vågkraftverk som i sitt slutglitiga stadie bestårav ett nedsänkt membran som täcker ett godtyckligt stort område ovanför sjöbotten.Inkommande vågor skapar en tryckskillnad mellan den övre och nedre ytan som gerupphov till en lodrätt rörelse. De mekaniska armarna kopplade till membranet bromsardenna rörelse och kan genom hydraulik omvandla bromsenergin till elektricitet. The WaveCarpet är en typ av vågkraftverk som utvecklas vid University of California Berkeley′sTheoretical and Applied Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (TAFLab).Uppsatsen syftar till att modellera och designa effektomvandlingskedjan i ett sådantvågkraftverk. Energiomvandlings processen som ger upphov till elektriciteten via ettvågkraftverk är benämnt som effektomvandlingskedjan. En detaljerad elektro-mekaniskmodell över ett vågkraftverksystem kopplat till ett elnät med motsvarande generator ochhydraliska regulatorer är utvecklad i Matlab/Simulink miljön. Simuleringsresultaten fråndet modellerade vågkraftverket undersöks tillsammans med effektomvandlingskedjan.

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Bachelor thesis . 2017
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      Publikationer från KTH
      Bachelor thesis . 2017
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    Authors: Nimander, Fredrik;

    The natural catastrophe at Fukushima Dai-ichi 2011 enlightened the nuclear community. This master thesis reveals the non-negligible risks regarding the short term storage of spent nuclear fuel. The thesis has also investigated the possibility of using natural circulation of air in a passive safety system to cool the spent nuclear fuel pools. The results where conclusive: The temperature difference between the heated air and ambient air is far too low for natural circulation of air to remove any significant amount of heat from the spent nuclear fuel pool in a worst case scenario. Air, as with any gas, has too low density and a specific heat too low to be able to remove the heat generated by spent nuclear fuel shortly after it has been removed from the reactor core. The author does not deny the possibility of slightly prolonging the boiling with other designs. The author does however suggest other possibilities to prolong cooling with the conclusion that large enough spent fuel pools would constitute the simplest solution.

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Bachelor thesis . 2011
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      Publikationer från KTH
      Bachelor thesis . 2011
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    Authors: Shafiq, Muhammad;

    This doctoral thesis reports analytical and numerical results for the electrostatic response of a dusty plasma to a moving test charge. Two important physical aspects of dusty plasmas, namely grain size distribution and grain charging dynamics were taken into account. In the first case, a dusty plasma in thermal equilibrium and with a distribution of grain sizes is considered. A size distribution is assumed which decreases exponentially with the grain mass for large sizes and gives a simple smooth reduction for small sizes. The electrostatic response to a slowly moving test charge, using a second order approximation is found and the effects of collisions are also investigated. It turns out that for this particular size distribution, there is a remarkably simple result that the resulting effective distribution for the electrostatic response is a kappa (generalized Lorentzian) distribution. In the second case, we present an analytical model for the shielding of a slowly moving test charge in a dusty plasma with dynamical grain charging for cases both with and without the collision effects. The response potential is treated as a power series in test charge velocity. Analytical expressions for the response potential are found up to second order in test charge velocity. The first-order dynamical charging term is shown to be the consequence of the delay in the shielding due to the dynamics of the charging process. It is concluded that the dynamical charging of the grains in a dusty plasma enhances the shielding of a test charge. To clarify the physics, a separate study is made where the charging is approximated by using a time delay. The resulting potential shows the delayed shielding effect explicitly. The terms in the potential that depend on the charging dynamics involve a spatial shift given by the test charge velocity and the charging time. The wake potential of a fast moving test charge in the case of grain charging dynamics was also found. It was observed that the grain charging dynamics leads to a spatial damping and a phase shift in the potential response. Finally, combining these two physical aspects, generalized results for the electrostatic potential were found incorporating the terms from both grain size distribution and grain charging dynamics. The generalized results contain the previous work where these two effects were studied separately and which can now be found as special limiting cases. This kind of work has relevance both in space and astrophysical plasmas. QC 20100920

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Doctoral thesis . 2006
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      Publikationer från KTH
      Doctoral thesis . 2006
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    Authors: Laurenti, Rafael;

    Many of the sustainability challenges our society currently face have arisen as unanticipated side effects of our own modern developments. This thesis investigates if unintended consequences and perspectives are fully addressed by traditional methods for providing decision-making support within the sustainability domain. For that purpose, Systems Thinking is utilised in three cases: in the first, Systems Thinking is used to analyse sustainability issues relating to the current product design paradigm. In the second case, Systems Thinking is applied to two product systems – household washing machines and conventional passenger vehicles. The third case discusses different stakeholder perspectives in environmental decision-making and proposes a way to combine the ESA tools LCA, LCC and CBA in order to consider the different stakeholder perspectives. Results of the first case point out that the practices within the current design paradigm are focused on innovations and improvements in material and energy efficiency. These practices have led to the following unintended consequences: consumption rebound effects, increased waste, pollution, negative externalities, economic inequalities and other environmental and social negative impacts. These unintended consequences are represented in a Causal Loop Diagram (CLD). The diagram graphically illustrates how these unintended consequences influence one another and interact by means of cause-effect linkages and reinforcing feedback loops. A novel conceptual framework named Sustainability-Driven Systems-Oriented Design is proposed to work within broader system boundaries in order to address possible negative side effects that micro-level gains could have on macro-level losses. In the case of the two product systems, a CLD for household washing machines and conventional passenger vehicles is developed. The CLDs represent how selected variables interact by means of cause-effect associations to affect environmental impacts of the products. The CLD technique appears to be a useful way to connect quantitative assessment (from Life Cycle Assessment) with qualitative analysis (from Systems Thinking). In the third case it is argued that stakeholders tend to adopt different system boundaries and make assumptions according to their perspective when they use ESA tools in environmental decision-making. A way to combine ESA tools is suggested to facilitate the observation of the environmental decision from different viewpoints. It concludes, to some extent, that traditional methods for providing decision-making support can handle certain parameters that may result in unintended consequences. Systems Thinking may assist in the process of performing qualitative analyses of what is important to consider in order to strengthen the robustness of, and improve on the recommended actions from, quantitative detailed analyses. QC 201305330

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Master thesis . 2013
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      Publikationer från KTH
      Master thesis . 2013
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    Authors: HAMILTON, PHILIP; SJÖGREN, ANDREAS;

    Wave energy is a promising renewable resource with a higher energy density than both wind and solar. Waves can travel thousands of kilometers with minimal energy loss, making them more reliable than the previously mentioned alternatives. A device that utilizes wave energy to generate electricity is calleda Wave Energy Converter. The converter studied in this thesis is a non-resonant point absorber, a floating device that absorbs energy through its displacement in the water. An incident wave approaching the converter combined with a latching strategy transforms the wave into a water jet, which emerges as a pulse wave and varies from zero to maximum velocity. The kinetic energy of the water jet gets converted to electricity through a Pelton turbine and a permanent magnet synchronous motor that acts as a generator. The thesis investigates three generator velocity control strategies and two deadtime strategies and aims to answer which strategy yields the best efficiency for the selected wave fields. The strategies strive to maximize the efficiency of the Pelton turbine while minimizing the frictional and electrical losses. The first velocity control approach relies on historical data and computes the average based on the previous wavefield. The second approach maintains a predetermined turbine velocity based on the average jet velocity of each incident wave. Lastly, the third strategy continuously adapts the speed during each jet pulse to maximize the Pelton turbine efficiency. The dead-time strategies refer to the approaches employed between waves. The first approach maintainsa constant generator velocity, reducing the necessary acceleration to match the next incident wave. The second approach freewheels the generator, allowing it to decelerate due to friction losses. During the deceleration, the generator draws no current, but as the next wave arrives it must instead accelerate. Consequently, drawing more current but during a shorter period. The results reveal that there is no significant difference between the two deadtime strategies, but there is a significant difference between the velocity control strategies. Furthermore, the results illustrate the effectiveness of the local averaging method and the adaptive control method, which result in the highest system efficiency. Vågenergi är en lovande energiresurs som har högre energidensitet än både vind- och solkraft. Vågor kan färdas tusentals kilometer med minimal energiförlust,vilket gör dem mer tillförlitliga än de tidigare nämnda alternativen. En anordning som kan nyttja vågors energi för att generera elektricitet kallas för vågenergiomvandlare. Omvandlaren som studerats i detta arbete är en icke-resonant punktabsorbent,vilket är en flytande anordning som absorberar energi genom dess förflyttning i vattnet. När en kommande våg närmar sig omvandlaren transformeras vågen till en vattenstråle, som framträder som en pulsvåg och varierar mellan noll och maxhastighet, via en styrstrategi vid namn ”latching”. Den kinetiska energin från vattenstrålen omvandlas till elektrisk energi via en Peltonturbin och en synkronmotor som agerar som generator. Det här arbetet undersöker tre hastighetsstyrstrategier samt två mellantidsstrategier för generatorn, och ämnar besvara vilken som är den mest effektiva strategin för en uppsättning vågor. Målet med dessa strategier är att maximera effektiviteten hos Peltonturbinen medan friktions- samt elektriska förluster minimeras. Den första hastighetsstyrstrategin håller en konstant hastighetbaserad på ett medelvärde från ett tidigare vågfält. Den andra strategin hålleren konstant hastighet, vilken anpassas till varje inkommande våg. Den tredje strategin anpassar hastigheten kontinuerligt under pulsvågen för att maximera turbineffektiviteten. Med mellantidsstrategierna menas de styrstrategier som nyttjas mellan vattenpulserna. I den första mellantidsstrategin körs generatorn som motor och håller konstant hastighet, vilket minskar de nödvändiga accelerationerna för att möta kommande vågs referenshastighet. Den andra strategin låter generatorn frihjula, vilket gör att hastigheten faller på grund av friktionsförluster. Under hastighetsminskningen drar generatorn ingen ström, men den måste då istället accelerera när kommande våg anländer. Detta innebär att generatorn kommer att dra mer ström, men under en kortare period. Resultaten avslöjade att det inte var någon signifikant skillnad mellan de två mellantidsstrategierna och att det var en signifikant skillnad mellan hastighetsstyrstrategierna. Resultatet visade att de två metoderna med variabel hastighet gav högre systemeffektivitet än metoden med konstant hastighet.

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Bachelor thesis . 2021
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      Publikationer från KTH
      Bachelor thesis . 2021
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    Authors: Frisk, Johan;

    Denna studie undersöker vilka drivkrafter som kan motivera hushåll att införskaffa solcellsanläggningar på hustaken för att producera egen el. Solcellspaneler ihopkopplade till ett system benämns ofta som PV-system(Photovoltaic system) och ger hushåll en möjlighet att minska elräkningen och möjligtvis få en ersättning för den el som inte konsumeras. Hur ersättningen för överskottselen ska utformas är inte beslutat i Sverige, frågan har debatterats under arbetets gång och har förmodligen stor påverkan till vilken drivkraft som kan bli dominerande. I andra länder med en mer mogen solcellsutbyggnad så har ekonomiska stöd i form av ersättningar identifierats som en drivande faktor, frågan är om svenska hushåll förväntar sig liknande styrmedel eller om alternativa motiv för tekniken finns. Sett till hur priserna för PV-system har utvecklats i Sverige men även Europa så kan en skillnad ses. Många Europeiska länder har uppnått en mer mogen marknad där installationskostnaden och priset för systemen är lägre än för Sverige. Priserna verkar stagnera mer men det finns fortfarande utrymme för att de svenska systemen kan minska i kostnad då marknaden fortfarande är relativt liten. Därmed finns en möjlighet att grundinvesteringen kan minska mer och ge incitament för tekniken. För att undersöka drivkrafterna för PV-system hos svenska hushåll så har en enkätundersökning konstruerats. Postenkäten skickades ut till 600 hushåll som alla var kunder till Karlstads Elnät AB, svarsfrekvensen var över förväntan och 254 enkäter blev besvarade. Från enkätsvaren så analyserades uppgifterna för att ge en överblick om åsikter för teknologin samt för att försöka se om en kategorisering av hushållen kunde utföras. Från resultaten så kan en positiv inställning till PV-system ses, trots de få installerade systemen i området så har många förtroende för teknologin och vill veta mer. Kännedom om att någon i bekantskapen har ett installerat system verkar nå ut långt, men en kunskapsöverföring kan inte ses hos de som känner någon med ett installerat system. Den dominerande drivkraften för att ta till sig PV-system var i undersökningen ekonomisk motiv. Få av respondenterna upplevde att de hade god kunskap, många såg bristande kunskap om tekniken och vilka ersättningar som gäller som tydliga barriärer för att installera ett PV-system. Ett stort intresse fanns hos respondenterna i undersökningen för att få mer information om systemet och dess villkor, av kommunikationskanalerna så föredrogs broschyrer och möjligheten att läsa om teknologin via hemsidor. Enligt kategoriseringarna av hushållen som genomfördes så sågs att drivkrafterna sällan ändrade sig, den potentiella marknad som finns för PV-system kräver ett tydligare incitament för att realiseras.

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Bachelor thesis . 2015
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      Publikationer från KTH
      Bachelor thesis . 2015
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    Authors: Lindgren, Klas; Larbi Engelbrektsson, Sophia;

    The aim of this project was to analyze howthe voltage magnitudes of an electrical grid is affectedwhen wind power production varies in an area aroundthe river of Ångermanälven. The goal of the project wasto keep the voltage deviation within 10 % from the setbase value. A secondary goal was to make a profitabilityassessment between power losses and costs related tothe power grid.A transmission grid model was built around Ångermanälven and simulations were made in MATLAB,with the open-source tool package called MATPOWER,to simulate the properties of the grid. Thesesimulations included real hourly historical data fordemand and power generation. Voltage deviation andlosses in the transmission grid for the system was thendetermined with power flow analysis.For the base case, the voltage deviation was keptwithin the limit of a maximum deviation of 10 %. Thebase case was thereafter upgraded to improve transmissionefficiency and resiliency. Increasing the basevoltage resulted in lower losses and voltage deviationsbelow 5 %. To make the grid more resilient and fulfillthe N-1 and N-2 criteria, additional transmission lineswere added. However, these were deemed necessary fora reliable grid, even though the upgrades increased thetotal cost of the system. Strävan med detta projekt varatt analysera hur spänningsnivån för ett elnätpåverkas av varierande vindkraftsproduktion för ettområde kring Ångermanälven. Målet med projektetvar hålla spänningen inom 10 % från den sattabasspänningen. Ett sekundärt mål var att göra enlönsamhetsbedömning mellan effektförluster och kostnaderrelaterade till elnätet.En model av transmission nätet byggdes kring Ångermanälven och simuleringar utfördes i MATLAB,med hjälp av ett open-source verktyg kallat MATPOWER,för att simulera nätets egenskaper. Simuleringarnainkluderade verklig historisk timvis data förbehov och kraftproduktion. Spänningsavvikelser ochförluster i transmissionsnätet fastställdes med belastningsfördelning.För basfallet hölls spänningsavvikelserna inom denmaximala gränsen på 10 %. Basfallet uppgraderasdärefter för att förbättra transmissionseffektivitet ochtillförlitlighet. Ökning av basspänningen resulterade ilägre andel förluster och spänningsavvikelser på under5 %. För ett mer tillförlitligt nät och för att kunnauppfylla N-1 och N-2 kriterierna, installerades extraledningar. Dessa ledningar ansågs nödvändiga för attuppnå ett tillförlitligt elnät, även om det innebar ettkrav på ökade investeringskostnader för systemet. Kandidatexjobb i elektroteknik 2021, KTH, Stockholm

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    Authors: Brännmark, Disa; Cano Norberg, Desirée;

    Jordens klimat varierar normalt över tid, men aldrig tidigare har klimatförändringarna varit så snabba och påtagliga. Stigande temperaturer, förhöjda havsnivåer och hotade ekosystem är till stor del en följd av människans miljöpåverkan som genom sitt utnyttjande av resurser och utsläpp bidrar till den utökade växthuseffekten. Alla berörs och samtliga måste ta sitt ansvar för att förhindra att detta fortskrider. Genom att förstå miljökonsekvenserna av sitt agerande kan bättre förutsättningar skapas för kommande generationer. Studier visar att byggbranschen står för nästan en tredjedel av de totala utsläppen av växthusgaser, men att det fortfarande finns kunskapsluckor kring var miljöpåverkan är som störst. Genom klimatavtal, branschöverskridande forum och verktyg i form av livscykelanalyser och miljövarudeklarationer kan kunskapen lyftas. Ett flertal lättillgängliga verktyg med generiska data har utvecklats för livscykelanalyser av byggnader, men för anläggningssektorn finns ännu inte helt anpassade verktyg. I nuläget väljs grundläggningsmetod mestadels utifrån den ekonomiska aspekten, vilket bidrar till att miljöaspekten inte får önskvärt utrymme. Denna studie är en fallstudie som söker svar på vilken grundläggningsmetod som lämpar sig bäst ur ett hållbart och ekonomiskt perspektiv i en specifik jordprofil av lera som är vanligt förekommande kring Uppsala. För att lyfta kunskapen kring miljöpåverkan, jämfördes fyra vanliga grundläggnings-metoder: inblandningspelare med Multicem och lättfyllnadsmetoderna; lättklinker, skumglas och cellplast. Utifrån sättningsberäkningar i jordprofilen kunde dimensioneringar utföras av materialåtgång för respektive metod. Dimensioneringen användes sedan för att utföra kostnadsuppskattningar och beräkningar av klimatpåverkan, i form av koldioxidekvivalenter, under produktframställning och transporter till den specifika platsen. Utöver detta undersöktes bedömningen av det kemiska innehållet genom två miljödatabaser, BASTA och SundaHus. Resultatet visade att skumglas har den lägsta totala klimatpåverkan, där ungefär hälften av koldioxid¬utsläppen kommer från produktionen och resterande del från transporter. Det tyder på att det geografiska läget för grundläggningen spelar en väsentlig roll för resultatet av klimatpåverkan. Skumglas erhåller bästa betyg i BASTA och SundaHus men har den högsta totalkostnaden av de jämförda alternativen i studien. Inblandningspelare med Multicem som bindemedel har den lägsta totalkostnaden och den näst lägsta klimatpåverkan. Genom intervjustudien konstaterades att val av grundläggningsmetod främst avgörs av kostnaden vilket innebär att Multicem förmodligen skulle väljas i första hand. Utifrån kemiskt innehåll är bedömningen däremot ofullständig, eftersom Multicem ännu inte finns deklarerad i SundaHus. Sammanfattningsvis beror valet av grundläggningsmetod på ett flertal faktorer där företag måste värdera vilken faktor som har högst prioritet. The climate normally varies over time but never before has the climate change been so rapid and tangible. Rising temperatures, elevated sea levels and endangered ecosystems are consequences of human impact on the environment. The use of resources and emissions contributes to the increased impact on the greenhouse effect. Everyone is affected by the climate change and must take his or her responsibility to create better conditions for future generations by understanding the environmental consequences of his or her actions. Studies reveal that the construction industry accounts for almost one third of the total greenhouse gas emissions but there are still gaps in knowledge about the environ¬mental impact. The knowledge can increase through agreements on climate actions, industry-wide forums and tools such as life-cycle assessments and environmental product declarations. Several available tools with generic data have been developed for life-cycle assessments of buildings, but for the infrastructure sector the tools are still not fully developed. Today, the foundation method is mostly chosen based on the economical aspect, and the environmental aspect is not given priority. The aim of this case study is to investigate which foundation method is best suited from an environ-mentally sustainable and economical perspective in a specific soil profile of clay which is common around Uppsala. To raise awareness of environmental impact, four common foundation methods were compared: deep soil mixing with Multicem and light filling methods; expanded clay lightweight aggregate, foam glass and expanded polystyrene foam. Based on settlement calculations in the soil profile, dimensions could be made for consumption of material for each method. The consumption of material was used to make estimations of costs and calculations of climate effect, in terms of carbon dioxide equivalents, during production of the material and transport to the specific location. In addition, the assessment of the chemical content was examined through two environmental databases, BASTA and SundaHus. The result revealed that foam glass has the lowest total climate effect, where about half of the carbon dioxide emissions come from production and the remainder from transport. This indicates that the geographical location of the foundation is important for the result of the climate impact. Foam glass receives the best ratings in BASTA and SundaHus but has the highest total cost of the compared alternatives in the study. Deep soil mixing with Multicem as binder has the lowest total cost and the second lowest climate impact. Through the interview study, it was found that the choice of foundation method is mainly determined by the cost, which means that Multicem would probably be prefered. Based on chemical content the assessment is incomplete since Multicem has not been declared in SundaHus. In summary, the choice of foundation method depends on a number of factors in which companies must evaluate which factor has the highest priority.

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    Bachelor thesis . 2019
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    Authors: Fernández Marcos, Daniel;

    The arrival of the electric vehicle is being faster than estimated. This growth requires a charging infrastructure that can cover the energy needs of electric mobility. To this end, it is necessary that the charging points be installed in the most suitable places to satisfy the coming demand. The optimal and efficient choice of the location of new charging sites will not only help to absorb more demand, but will also improve the economic prospect and facilitate the adoption of electric vehicles. Tesla is the fastest growing electric vehicle company in recent years, with over 500,000 EVs worldwide and some 35,000 in the UK, reporting real-time data on various vehicle parameters. This data is very advantageous for understanding the customer's charging needs from a geographical and demand point of view. This project therefore consists of the development of data tools that allow the precise location and size of new charging points in the UK. A first demand planning tool informs about the number of charging stalls required in a given region covered by an existing Superchargers. A second data tool, built from a Machine Learning model, will predict the number of monthly charging sessions that the new Supercharger will receive. To develop both tools, Tesla data has been examined from different sources describing the geographic characteristics of the charger, driver, and vehicle, and found a regression to an average monthly charge, plus a required number of stalls per region. The thesis is written for Tesla and uses the data sources available to the company. Several machine learning methods have been evaluate to confirm which is the most successful in this analysis. Also, other features are analysed such as, how the frequency of data collection affects prediction, and which characteristics most influence the demand for a new Supercharger. Important characteristics for the demand for a supercharger are related to traffic, number of nearest customers and the type of supercharger. The demand planning shows that the UK will need more than 200 new stalls to cover the demand of December 2021. In addition, the charging sessions prediction tool has an average error of 18% which will allow to optimize the distribution of new superchargers. Finally, this tool is used by the charging department which together with the knowledge of the project developer allows to make an optimal choice of the location of a new supercharger. Elbilens ankomst går snabbare än beräknat. Denna tillväxt kräver en laddningsinfrastruktur som kan täcka energibehovet för elektrisk rörlighet. För detta ändamål är det nödvändigt att laddpunkterna installeras på de lämpligaste platserna för att tillgodose den kommande efterfrågan. Det optimala och effektiva valet av plats för nya laddningsplatser hjälper inte bara till att absorbera mer efterfrågan, utan kommer också att förbättra de ekonomiska utsikterna och underlätta införandet av elfordon. Tesla är det snabbast växande elfordonsföretaget de senaste åren, med över 500 000 elfordon över hela världen och cirka 35 000 i Storbritannien och rapporterar realtidsdata om olika fordonsparametrar. Dessa uppgifter är mycket fördelaktiga för att förstå kundens debiteringsbehov ur geografisk och efterfrågans synvinkel. Detta projekt består därför av utvecklingen av dataverktyg som möjliggör den exakta placeringen och storleken på nya laddpunkter i Storbritannien. Ett första planeringsverktyg för efterfrågan informerar om antalet laddningsstationer som krävs i en viss region täckt av befintliga Superchargers. Ett andra dataverktyg, byggt från en maskininlärningsmodell, kommer att förutsäga antalet månatliga laddningssessioner som den nya supercharger kommer att få. För att utveckla båda verktygen har Tesla-data undersökts från olika källor som beskriver de geografiska egenskaperna hos laddaren, föraren och fordonet, och fann en regression till en genomsnittlig månadsavgift plus ett nödvändigt antal bås per region. Avhandlingen är skriven för Tesla och använder de datakällor som företaget har tillgång till. Flera maskininlärningsmetoder har utvärderats för att bekräfta vilken som är den mest framgångsrika i denna analys. Dessutom analyseras andra funktioner som hur frekvensen för datainsamling påverkar förutsägelsen och vilka egenskaper som mest påverkar efterfrågan på en ny supercharger. Viktiga egenskaper för efterfrågan på en supercharger är relaterade till trafik, antalet närmaste kunder och typen av supercharger. Efterfrågan planering visar att Storbritannien kommer att behöva mer än 200 nya bås för att täcka efterfrågan i december 2021. Dessutom har laddningssessioner förutsägelse verktyg ett genomsnittligt fel på 18% som gör det möjligt att optimera distributionen av nya supercharger. Slutligen används detta verktyg av laddningsavdelningen som tillsammans med kunskapen från projektutvecklaren gör det möjligt att göra ett optimalt val av platsen för en ny supercharger.

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    Authors: Jambo, Moono;

    The increasing demand for transportion fuels has led most countries around the world to look for alternatives to the predominant fossil fuels in the sector. Furthermore, the needs for security of energy supply, social – economic and sustainable development are among the factors driving the search for alternative fuels with regard to the fact that most oil producing countries are politically unstable. Developing countries are not an exception and are also formulating policies that will enhance development of alternatives to fossil fuels. This study analyses the opportunities and consequences of the development of the biofuels industry in Zambia from a local, regional and global perspective with regard to policy, technical, socio – economic, environment and sustainability considerations. From analysis of global, regional and local situation, the development of biofuels in Zambia is simulated using Long – range Energy Alternatives Planning system (LEAP) under different policy assumptions with consideration of current and future demands. Furthermore, the socio – economic and environmental consequences are modelled in LEAP using these policies and other assumptions which include demand – cost projections. The environmental loadings are also simulated for the period with the assumption that biofuels are zero net emitters of green house gases. Land requirements are then estimated from these results for the simulated period. A model of illustrative scenarios for implementation of different biofuels policies is developed which can be used to monitor and analyse their consequences by adjusting the major parameters depending on varying circumstances. The results of this study show that there is considerable potential for feedstock, land, water and mature technology for production of both biodiesel and bioethanol to meet blending demands for the simulated period. There is considerable potential for production of bioethanol from sugar cane and sweet sorghum using the well established fermentation processes. Biodiesel can be produced from jatropha and other oil bearing plants. Most of the current fleet of vehicles in Zambia was manufactured after 1990, thus there is little or no modification required on engines to run on low biofuel blends considered in the simulations. It is clear from the results of the simulation that biofuel demand for blends of 5% in 2015 rising to 10% in 2030 with current yields required for both can be achieved with the available land ad water resources. To achieve the 10% blending target set in the simulated period for bioethanol and biodiesel from sugar cane and jatropha, land required is 4,480Ha and 47,000Ha respectivey for growing this feedstock at current yields for the region. The GHG reduction would be equivalent to the 10% in 2030 if we assume that biofuels are zero net emitters. However, policies have to be formulated and implemented which should include manadatory blending targets and incentives on tax and investments.

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Bachelor thesis . 2012
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      Publikationer från KTH
      Bachelor thesis . 2012
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Nithin Jose, Madassery;

    Wave energy has the potential to provide an energy resource in this challenging energyenvironment. Wave energy converters are devices used to extract this energy and convertit into electricity. Wave Carpet is an example of such a novel wave energy converters andin its final form, it consists of a submerged membrane which covers an arbitrarily largearea above the sea floor. Incident waves create a pressure difference between the upper andlower surfaces, which triggers an up-and-down movement. The power take-off attached tothe surfaces serve to restrict this movement and thereby extract hydraulic power which isconverted to electricity.The Wave Carpet, is a type of wave energy converter that is beingdeveloped at University of California Berkeley′s Theoretical and Applied Fluid DynamicsLaboratory (TAFLab).The thesis aims at modeling and designing the different power conversion chainof the entire wave energy converter device. The process of energy conversion that yieldsthe required electrical energy for connecting a wave energy converter to an electricalnetwork is termed as the power conversion chain. A detailed electro-mechanical modelof the wave energy converter system connected to power grid is developed in theMatlab/SIMULINK environment and its corresponding generator and hydraulic controlstructure is implemented. The simulation response of the wave energy converter alongwith the power conversion chain is investigated. Vågenergi har potential att bli en energiresurs i en utmanande energimiljö. Vågkraftverkär maskiner som används till att utvinna denna energi och omvandla den till elektricitet.Wave Carpet är ett exempel på ett vågkraftverk som i sitt slutglitiga stadie bestårav ett nedsänkt membran som täcker ett godtyckligt stort område ovanför sjöbotten.Inkommande vågor skapar en tryckskillnad mellan den övre och nedre ytan som gerupphov till en lodrätt rörelse. De mekaniska armarna kopplade till membranet bromsardenna rörelse och kan genom hydraulik omvandla bromsenergin till elektricitet. The WaveCarpet är en typ av vågkraftverk som utvecklas vid University of California Berkeley′sTheoretical and Applied Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (TAFLab).Uppsatsen syftar till att modellera och designa effektomvandlingskedjan i ett sådantvågkraftverk. Energiomvandlings processen som ger upphov till elektriciteten via ettvågkraftverk är benämnt som effektomvandlingskedjan. En detaljerad elektro-mekaniskmodell över ett vågkraftverksystem kopplat till ett elnät med motsvarande generator ochhydraliska regulatorer är utvecklad i Matlab/Simulink miljön. Simuleringsresultaten fråndet modellerade vågkraftverket undersöks tillsammans med effektomvandlingskedjan.

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Bachelor thesis . 2017
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      Publikationer från KTH
      Bachelor thesis . 2017
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    Authors: Nimander, Fredrik;

    The natural catastrophe at Fukushima Dai-ichi 2011 enlightened the nuclear community. This master thesis reveals the non-negligible risks regarding the short term storage of spent nuclear fuel. The thesis has also investigated the possibility of using natural circulation of air in a passive safety system to cool the spent nuclear fuel pools. The results where conclusive: The temperature difference between the heated air and ambient air is far too low for natural circulation of air to remove any significant amount of heat from the spent nuclear fuel pool in a worst case scenario. Air, as with any gas, has too low density and a specific heat too low to be able to remove the heat generated by spent nuclear fuel shortly after it has been removed from the reactor core. The author does not deny the possibility of slightly prolonging the boiling with other designs. The author does however suggest other possibilities to prolong cooling with the conclusion that large enough spent fuel pools would constitute the simplest solution.

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Bachelor thesis . 2011
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      Publikationer från KTH
      Bachelor thesis . 2011
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    Authors: Shafiq, Muhammad;

    This doctoral thesis reports analytical and numerical results for the electrostatic response of a dusty plasma to a moving test charge. Two important physical aspects of dusty plasmas, namely grain size distribution and grain charging dynamics were taken into account. In the first case, a dusty plasma in thermal equilibrium and with a distribution of grain sizes is considered. A size distribution is assumed which decreases exponentially with the grain mass for large sizes and gives a simple smooth reduction for small sizes. The electrostatic response to a slowly moving test charge, using a second order approximation is found and the effects of collisions are also investigated. It turns out that for this particular size distribution, there is a remarkably simple result that the resulting effective distribution for the electrostatic response is a kappa (generalized Lorentzian) distribution. In the second case, we present an analytical model for the shielding of a slowly moving test charge in a dusty plasma with dynamical grain charging for cases both with and without the collision effects. The response potential is treated as a power series in test charge velocity. Analytical expressions for the response potential are found up to second order in test charge velocity. The first-order dynamical charging term is shown to be the consequence of the delay in the shielding due to the dynamics of the charging process. It is concluded that the dynamical charging of the grains in a dusty plasma enhances the shielding of a test charge. To clarify the physics, a separate study is made where the charging is approximated by using a time delay. The resulting potential shows the delayed shielding effect explicitly. The terms in the potential that depend on the charging dynamics involve a spatial shift given by the test charge velocity and the charging time. The wake potential of a fast moving test charge in the case of grain charging dynamics was also found. It was observed that the grain charging dynamics leads to a spatial damping and a phase shift in the potential response. Finally, combining these two physical aspects, generalized results for the electrostatic potential were found incorporating the terms from both grain size distribution and grain charging dynamics. The generalized results contain the previous work where these two effects were studied separately and which can now be found as special limiting cases. This kind of work has relevance both in space and astrophysical plasmas. QC 20100920

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Doctoral thesis . 2006
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      Publikationer från KTH
      Doctoral thesis . 2006
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    Authors: Laurenti, Rafael;

    Many of the sustainability challenges our society currently face have arisen as unanticipated side effects of our own modern developments. This thesis investigates if unintended consequences and perspectives are fully addressed by traditional methods for providing decision-making support within the sustainability domain. For that purpose, Systems Thinking is utilised in three cases: in the first, Systems Thinking is used to analyse sustainability issues relating to the current product design paradigm. In the second case, Systems Thinking is applied to two product systems – household washing machines and conventional passenger vehicles. The third case discusses different stakeholder perspectives in environmental decision-making and proposes a way to combine the ESA tools LCA, LCC and CBA in order to consider the different stakeholder perspectives. Results of the first case point out that the practices within the current design paradigm are focused on innovations and improvements in material and energy efficiency. These practices have led to the following unintended consequences: consumption rebound effects, increased waste, pollution, negative externalities, economic inequalities and other environmental and social negative impacts. These unintended consequences are represented in a Causal Loop Diagram (CLD). The diagram graphically illustrates how these unintended consequences influence one another and interact by means of cause-effect linkages and reinforcing feedback loops. A novel conceptual framework named Sustainability-Driven Systems-Oriented Design is proposed to work within broader system boundaries in order to address possible negative side effects that micro-level gains could have on macro-level losses. In the case of the two product systems, a CLD for household washing machines and conventional passenger vehicles is developed. The CLDs represent how selected variables interact by means of cause-effect associations to affect environmental impacts of the products. The CLD technique appears to be a useful way to connect quantitative assessment (from Life Cycle Assessment) with qualitative analysis (from Systems Thinking). In the third case it is argued that stakeholders tend to adopt different system boundaries and make assumptions according to their perspective when they use ESA tools in environmental decision-making. A way to combine ESA tools is suggested to facilitate the observation of the environmental decision from different viewpoints. It concludes, to some extent, that traditional methods for providing decision-making support can handle certain parameters that may result in unintended consequences. Systems Thinking may assist in the process of performing qualitative analyses of what is important to consider in order to strengthen the robustness of, and improve on the recommended actions from, quantitative detailed analyses. QC 201305330

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Master thesis . 2013
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      Publikationer från KTH
      Master thesis . 2013
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    Authors: HAMILTON, PHILIP; SJÖGREN, ANDREAS;

    Wave energy is a promising renewable resource with a higher energy density than both wind and solar. Waves can travel thousands of kilometers with minimal energy loss, making them more reliable than the previously mentioned alternatives. A device that utilizes wave energy to generate electricity is calleda Wave Energy Converter. The converter studied in this thesis is a non-resonant point absorber, a floating device that absorbs energy through its displacement in the water. An incident wave approaching the converter combined with a latching strategy transforms the wave into a water jet, which emerges as a pulse wave and varies from zero to maximum velocity. The kinetic energy of the water jet gets converted to electricity through a Pelton turbine and a permanent magnet synchronous motor that acts as a generator. The thesis investigates three generator velocity control strategies and two deadtime strategies and aims to answer which strategy yields the best efficiency for the selected wave fields. The strategies strive to maximize the efficiency of the Pelton turbine while minimizing the frictional and electrical losses. The first velocity control approach relies on historical data and computes the average based on the previous wavefield. The second approach maintains a predetermined turbine velocity based on the average jet velocity of each incident wave. Lastly, the third strategy continuously adapts the speed during each jet pulse to maximize the Pelton turbine efficiency. The dead-time strategies refer to the approaches employed between waves. The first approach maintainsa constant generator velocity, reducing the necessary acceleration to match the next incident wave. The second approach freewheels the generator, allowing it to decelerate due to friction losses. During the deceleration, the generator draws no current, but as the next wave arrives it must instead accelerate. Consequently, drawing more current but during a shorter period. The results reveal that there is no significant difference between the two deadtime strategies, but there is a significant difference between the velocity control strategies. Furthermore, the results illustrate the effectiveness of the local averaging method and the adaptive control method, which result in the highest system efficiency. Vågenergi är en lovande energiresurs som har högre energidensitet än både vind- och solkraft. Vågor kan färdas tusentals kilometer med minimal energiförlust,vilket gör dem mer tillförlitliga än de tidigare nämnda alternativen. En anordning som kan nyttja vågors energi för att generera elektricitet kallas för vågenergiomvandlare. Omvandlaren som studerats i detta arbete är en icke-resonant punktabsorbent,vilket är en flytande anordning som absorberar energi genom dess förflyttning i vattnet. När en kommande våg närmar sig omvandlaren transformeras vågen till en vattenstråle, som framträder som en pulsvåg och varierar mellan noll och maxhastighet, via en styrstrategi vid namn ”latching”. Den kinetiska energin från vattenstrålen omvandlas till elektrisk energi via en Peltonturbin och en synkronmotor som agerar som generator. Det här arbetet undersöker tre hastighetsstyrstrategier samt två mellantidsstrategier för generatorn, och ämnar besvara vilken som är den mest effektiva strategin för en uppsättning vågor. Målet med dessa strategier är att maximera effektiviteten hos Peltonturbinen medan friktions- samt elektriska förluster minimeras. Den första hastighetsstyrstrategin håller en konstant hastighetbaserad på ett medelvärde från ett tidigare vågfält. Den andra strategin hålleren konstant hastighet, vilken anpassas till varje inkommande våg. Den tredje strategin anpassar hastigheten kontinuerligt under pulsvågen för att maximera turbineffektiviteten. Med mellantidsstrategierna menas de styrstrategier som nyttjas mellan vattenpulserna. I den första mellantidsstrategin körs generatorn som motor och håller konstant hastighet, vilket minskar de nödvändiga accelerationerna för att möta kommande vågs referenshastighet. Den andra strategin låter generatorn frihjula, vilket gör att hastigheten faller på grund av friktionsförluster. Under hastighetsminskningen drar generatorn ingen ström, men den måste då istället accelerera när kommande våg anländer. Detta innebär att generatorn kommer att dra mer ström, men under en kortare period. Resultaten avslöjade att det inte var någon signifikant skillnad mellan de två mellantidsstrategierna och att det var en signifikant skillnad mellan hastighetsstyrstrategierna. Resultatet visade att de två metoderna med variabel hastighet gav högre systemeffektivitet än metoden med konstant hastighet.

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Bachelor thesis . 2021
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      Publikationer från KTH
      Bachelor thesis . 2021
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    Authors: Frisk, Johan;

    Denna studie undersöker vilka drivkrafter som kan motivera hushåll att införskaffa solcellsanläggningar på hustaken för att producera egen el. Solcellspaneler ihopkopplade till ett system benämns ofta som PV-system(Photovoltaic system) och ger hushåll en möjlighet att minska elräkningen och möjligtvis få en ersättning för den el som inte konsumeras. Hur ersättningen för överskottselen ska utformas är inte beslutat i Sverige, frågan har debatterats under arbetets gång och har förmodligen stor påverkan till vilken drivkraft som kan bli dominerande. I andra länder med en mer mogen solcellsutbyggnad så har ekonomiska stöd i form av ersättningar identifierats som en drivande faktor, frågan är om svenska hushåll förväntar sig liknande styrmedel eller om alternativa motiv för tekniken finns. Sett till hur priserna för PV-system har utvecklats i Sverige men även Europa så kan en skillnad ses. Många Europeiska länder har uppnått en mer mogen marknad där installationskostnaden och priset för systemen är lägre än för Sverige. Priserna verkar stagnera mer men det finns fortfarande utrymme för att de svenska systemen kan minska i kostnad då marknaden fortfarande är relativt liten. Därmed finns en möjlighet att grundinvesteringen kan minska mer och ge incitament för tekniken. För att undersöka drivkrafterna för PV-system hos svenska hushåll så har en enkätundersökning konstruerats. Postenkäten skickades ut till 600 hushåll som alla var kunder till Karlstads Elnät AB, svarsfrekvensen var över förväntan och 254 enkäter blev besvarade. Från enkätsvaren så analyserades uppgifterna för att ge en överblick om åsikter för teknologin samt för att försöka se om en kategorisering av hushållen kunde utföras. Från resultaten så kan en positiv inställning till PV-system ses, trots de få installerade systemen i området så har många förtroende för teknologin och vill veta mer. Kännedom om att någon i bekantskapen har ett installerat system verkar nå ut långt, men en kunskapsöverföring kan inte ses hos de som känner någon med ett installerat system. Den dominerande drivkraften för att ta till sig PV-system var i undersökningen ekonomisk motiv. Få av respondenterna upplevde att de hade god kunskap, många såg bristande kunskap om tekniken och vilka ersättningar som gäller som tydliga barriärer för att installera ett PV-system. Ett stort intresse fanns hos respondenterna i undersökningen för att få mer information om systemet och dess villkor, av kommunikationskanalerna så föredrogs broschyrer och möjligheten att läsa om teknologin via hemsidor. Enligt kategoriseringarna av hushållen som genomfördes så sågs att drivkrafterna sällan ändrade sig, den potentiella marknad som finns för PV-system kräver ett tydligare incitament för att realiseras.

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Bachelor thesis . 2015
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      Publikationer från KTH
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    Authors: Lindgren, Klas; Larbi Engelbrektsson, Sophia;

    The aim of this project was to analyze howthe voltage magnitudes of an electrical grid is affectedwhen wind power production varies in an area aroundthe river of Ångermanälven. The goal of the project wasto keep the voltage deviation within 10 % from the setbase value. A secondary goal was to make a profitabilityassessment between power losses and costs related tothe power grid.A transmission grid model was built around Ångermanälven and simulations were made in MATLAB,with the open-source tool package called MATPOWER,to simulate the properties of the grid. Thesesimulations included real hourly historical data fordemand and power generation. Voltage deviation andlosses in the transmission grid for the system was thendetermined with power flow analysis.For the base case, the voltage deviation was keptwithin the limit of a maximum deviation of 10 %. Thebase case was thereafter upgraded to improve transmissionefficiency and resiliency. Increasing the basevoltage resulted in lower losses and voltage deviationsbelow 5 %. To make the grid more resilient and fulfillthe N-1 and N-2 criteria, additional transmission lineswere added. However, these were deemed necessary fora reliable grid, even though the upgrades increased thetotal cost of the system. Strävan med detta projekt varatt analysera hur spänningsnivån för ett elnätpåverkas av varierande vindkraftsproduktion för ettområde kring Ångermanälven. Målet med projektetvar hålla spänningen inom 10 % från den sattabasspänningen. Ett sekundärt mål var att göra enlönsamhetsbedömning mellan effektförluster och kostnaderrelaterade till elnätet.En model av transmission nätet byggdes kring Ångermanälven och simuleringar utfördes i MATLAB,med hjälp av ett open-source verktyg kallat MATPOWER,för att simulera nätets egenskaper. Simuleringarnainkluderade verklig historisk timvis data förbehov och kraftproduktion. Spänningsavvikelser ochförluster i transmissionsnätet fastställdes med belastningsfördelning.För basfallet hölls spänningsavvikelserna inom denmaximala gränsen på 10 %. Basfallet uppgraderasdärefter för att förbättra transmissionseffektivitet ochtillförlitlighet. Ökning av basspänningen resulterade ilägre andel förluster och spänningsavvikelser på under5 %. För ett mer tillförlitligt nät och för att kunnauppfylla N-1 och N-2 kriterierna, installerades extraledningar. Dessa ledningar ansågs nödvändiga för attuppnå ett tillförlitligt elnät, även om det innebar ettkrav på ökade investeringskostnader för systemet. Kandidatexjobb i elektroteknik 2021, KTH, Stockholm

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    Bachelor thesis . 2021
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      Publikationer från KTH
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    Authors: Brännmark, Disa; Cano Norberg, Desirée;

    Jordens klimat varierar normalt över tid, men aldrig tidigare har klimatförändringarna varit så snabba och påtagliga. Stigande temperaturer, förhöjda havsnivåer och hotade ekosystem är till stor del en följd av människans miljöpåverkan som genom sitt utnyttjande av resurser och utsläpp bidrar till den utökade växthuseffekten. Alla berörs och samtliga måste ta sitt ansvar för att förhindra att detta fortskrider. Genom att förstå miljökonsekvenserna av sitt agerande kan bättre förutsättningar skapas för kommande generationer. Studier visar att byggbranschen står för nästan en tredjedel av de totala utsläppen av växthusgaser, men att det fortfarande finns kunskapsluckor kring var miljöpåverkan är som störst. Genom klimatavtal, branschöverskridande forum och verktyg i form av livscykelanalyser och miljövarudeklarationer kan kunskapen lyftas. Ett flertal lättillgängliga verktyg med generiska data har utvecklats för livscykelanalyser av byggnader, men för anläggningssektorn finns ännu inte helt anpassade verktyg. I nuläget väljs grundläggningsmetod mestadels utifrån den ekonomiska aspekten, vilket bidrar till att miljöaspekten inte får önskvärt utrymme. Denna studie är en fallstudie som söker svar på vilken grundläggningsmetod som lämpar sig bäst ur ett hållbart och ekonomiskt perspektiv i en specifik jordprofil av lera som är vanligt förekommande kring Uppsala. För att lyfta kunskapen kring miljöpåverkan, jämfördes fyra vanliga grundläggnings-metoder: inblandningspelare med Multicem och lättfyllnadsmetoderna; lättklinker, skumglas och cellplast. Utifrån sättningsberäkningar i jordprofilen kunde dimensioneringar utföras av materialåtgång för respektive metod. Dimensioneringen användes sedan för att utföra kostnadsuppskattningar och beräkningar av klimatpåverkan, i form av koldioxidekvivalenter, under produktframställning och transporter till den specifika platsen. Utöver detta undersöktes bedömningen av det kemiska innehållet genom två miljödatabaser, BASTA och SundaHus. Resultatet visade att skumglas har den lägsta totala klimatpåverkan, där ungefär hälften av koldioxid¬utsläppen kommer från produktionen och resterande del från transporter. Det tyder på att det geografiska läget för grundläggningen spelar en väsentlig roll för resultatet av klimatpåverkan. Skumglas erhåller bästa betyg i BASTA och SundaHus men har den högsta totalkostnaden av de jämförda alternativen i studien. Inblandningspelare med Multicem som bindemedel har den lägsta totalkostnaden och den näst lägsta klimatpåverkan. Genom intervjustudien konstaterades att val av grundläggningsmetod främst avgörs av kostnaden vilket innebär att Multicem förmodligen skulle väljas i första hand. Utifrån kemiskt innehåll är bedömningen däremot ofullständig, eftersom Multicem ännu inte finns deklarerad i SundaHus. Sammanfattningsvis beror valet av grundläggningsmetod på ett flertal faktorer där företag måste värdera vilken faktor som har högst prioritet. The climate normally varies over time but never before has the climate change been so rapid and tangible. Rising temperatures, elevated sea levels and endangered ecosystems are consequences of human impact on the environment. The use of resources and emissions contributes to the increased impact on the greenhouse effect. Everyone is affected by the climate change and must take his or her responsibility to create better conditions for future generations by understanding the environmental consequences of his or her actions. Studies reveal that the construction industry accounts for almost one third of the total greenhouse gas emissions but there are still gaps in knowledge about the environ¬mental impact. The knowledge can increase through agreements on climate actions, industry-wide forums and tools such as life-cycle assessments and environmental product declarations. Several available tools with generic data have been developed for life-cycle assessments of buildings, but for the infrastructure sector the tools are still not fully developed. Today, the foundation method is mostly chosen based on the economical aspect, and the environmental aspect is not given priority. The aim of this case study is to investigate which foundation method is best suited from an environ-mentally sustainable and economical perspective in a specific soil profile of clay which is common around Uppsala. To raise awareness of environmental impact, four common foundation methods were compared: deep soil mixing with Multicem and light filling methods; expanded clay lightweight aggregate, foam glass and expanded polystyrene foam. Based on settlement calculations in the soil profile, dimensions could be made for consumption of material for each method. The consumption of material was used to make estimations of costs and calculations of climate effect, in terms of carbon dioxide equivalents, during production of the material and transport to the specific location. In addition, the assessment of the chemical content was examined through two environmental databases, BASTA and SundaHus. The result revealed that foam glass has the lowest total climate effect, where about half of the carbon dioxide emissions come from production and the remainder from transport. This indicates that the geographical location of the foundation is important for the result of the climate impact. Foam glass receives the best ratings in BASTA and SundaHus but has the highest total cost of the compared alternatives in the study. Deep soil mixing with Multicem as binder has the lowest total cost and the second lowest climate impact. Through the interview study, it was found that the choice of foundation method is mainly determined by the cost, which means that Multicem would probably be prefered. Based on chemical content the assessment is incomplete since Multicem has not been declared in SundaHus. In summary, the choice of foundation method depends on a number of factors in which companies must evaluate which factor has the highest priority.

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Bachelor thesis . 2019
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    Authors: Fernández Marcos, Daniel;

    The arrival of the electric vehicle is being faster than estimated. This growth requires a charging infrastructure that can cover the energy needs of electric mobility. To this end, it is necessary that the charging points be installed in the most suitable places to satisfy the coming demand. The optimal and efficient choice of the location of new charging sites will not only help to absorb more demand, but will also improve the economic prospect and facilitate the adoption of electric vehicles. Tesla is the fastest growing electric vehicle company in recent years, with over 500,000 EVs worldwide and some 35,000 in the UK, reporting real-time data on various vehicle parameters. This data is very advantageous for understanding the customer's charging needs from a geographical and demand point of view. This project therefore consists of the development of data tools that allow the precise location and size of new charging points in the UK. A first demand planning tool informs about the number of charging stalls required in a given region covered by an existing Superchargers. A second data tool, built from a Machine Learning model, will predict the number of monthly charging sessions that the new Supercharger will receive. To develop both tools, Tesla data has been examined from different sources describing the geographic characteristics of the charger, driver, and vehicle, and found a regression to an average monthly charge, plus a required number of stalls per region. The thesis is written for Tesla and uses the data sources available to the company. Several machine learning methods have been evaluate to confirm which is the most successful in this analysis. Also, other features are analysed such as, how the frequency of data collection affects prediction, and which characteristics most influence the demand for a new Supercharger. Important characteristics for the demand for a supercharger are related to traffic, number of nearest customers and the type of supercharger. The demand planning shows that the UK will need more than 200 new stalls to cover the demand of December 2021. In addition, the charging sessions prediction tool has an average error of 18% which will allow to optimize the distribution of new superchargers. Finally, this tool is used by the charging department which together with the knowledge of the project developer allows to make an optimal choice of the location of a new supercharger. Elbilens ankomst går snabbare än beräknat. Denna tillväxt kräver en laddningsinfrastruktur som kan täcka energibehovet för elektrisk rörlighet. För detta ändamål är det nödvändigt att laddpunkterna installeras på de lämpligaste platserna för att tillgodose den kommande efterfrågan. Det optimala och effektiva valet av plats för nya laddningsplatser hjälper inte bara till att absorbera mer efterfrågan, utan kommer också att förbättra de ekonomiska utsikterna och underlätta införandet av elfordon. Tesla är det snabbast växande elfordonsföretaget de senaste åren, med över 500 000 elfordon över hela världen och cirka 35 000 i Storbritannien och rapporterar realtidsdata om olika fordonsparametrar. Dessa uppgifter är mycket fördelaktiga för att förstå kundens debiteringsbehov ur geografisk och efterfrågans synvinkel. Detta projekt består därför av utvecklingen av dataverktyg som möjliggör den exakta placeringen och storleken på nya laddpunkter i Storbritannien. Ett första planeringsverktyg för efterfrågan informerar om antalet laddningsstationer som krävs i en viss region täckt av befintliga Superchargers. Ett andra dataverktyg, byggt från en maskininlärningsmodell, kommer att förutsäga antalet månatliga laddningssessioner som den nya supercharger kommer att få. För att utveckla båda verktygen har Tesla-data undersökts från olika källor som beskriver de geografiska egenskaperna hos laddaren, föraren och fordonet, och fann en regression till en genomsnittlig månadsavgift plus ett nödvändigt antal bås per region. Avhandlingen är skriven för Tesla och använder de datakällor som företaget har tillgång till. Flera maskininlärningsmetoder har utvärderats för att bekräfta vilken som är den mest framgångsrika i denna analys. Dessutom analyseras andra funktioner som hur frekvensen för datainsamling påverkar förutsägelsen och vilka egenskaper som mest påverkar efterfrågan på en ny supercharger. Viktiga egenskaper för efterfrågan på en supercharger är relaterade till trafik, antalet närmaste kunder och typen av supercharger. Efterfrågan planering visar att Storbritannien kommer att behöva mer än 200 nya bås för att täcka efterfrågan i december 2021. Dessutom har laddningssessioner förutsägelse verktyg ett genomsnittligt fel på 18% som gör det möjligt att optimera distributionen av nya supercharger. Slutligen används detta verktyg av laddningsavdelningen som tillsammans med kunskapen från projektutvecklaren gör det möjligt att göra ett optimalt val av platsen för en ny supercharger.

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    Authors: Jambo, Moono;

    The increasing demand for transportion fuels has led most countries around the world to look for alternatives to the predominant fossil fuels in the sector. Furthermore, the needs for security of energy supply, social – economic and sustainable development are among the factors driving the search for alternative fuels with regard to the fact that most oil producing countries are politically unstable. Developing countries are not an exception and are also formulating policies that will enhance development of alternatives to fossil fuels. This study analyses the opportunities and consequences of the development of the biofuels industry in Zambia from a local, regional and global perspective with regard to policy, technical, socio – economic, environment and sustainability considerations. From analysis of global, regional and local situation, the development of biofuels in Zambia is simulated using Long – range Energy Alternatives Planning system (LEAP) under different policy assumptions with consideration of current and future demands. Furthermore, the socio – economic and environmental consequences are modelled in LEAP using these policies and other assumptions which include demand – cost projections. The environmental loadings are also simulated for the period with the assumption that biofuels are zero net emitters of green house gases. Land requirements are then estimated from these results for the simulated period. A model of illustrative scenarios for implementation of different biofuels policies is developed which can be used to monitor and analyse their consequences by adjusting the major parameters depending on varying circumstances. The results of this study show that there is considerable potential for feedstock, land, water and mature technology for production of both biodiesel and bioethanol to meet blending demands for the simulated period. There is considerable potential for production of bioethanol from sugar cane and sweet sorghum using the well established fermentation processes. Biodiesel can be produced from jatropha and other oil bearing plants. Most of the current fleet of vehicles in Zambia was manufactured after 1990, thus there is little or no modification required on engines to run on low biofuel blends considered in the simulations. It is clear from the results of the simulation that biofuel demand for blends of 5% in 2015 rising to 10% in 2030 with current yields required for both can be achieved with the available land ad water resources. To achieve the 10% blending target set in the simulated period for bioethanol and biodiesel from sugar cane and jatropha, land required is 4,480Ha and 47,000Ha respectivey for growing this feedstock at current yields for the region. The GHG reduction would be equivalent to the 10% in 2030 if we assume that biofuels are zero net emitters. However, policies have to be formulated and implemented which should include manadatory blending targets and incentives on tax and investments.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Publikationer från K...arrow_drop_down
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    Publikationer från KTH
    Bachelor thesis . 2012
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Publikationer från K...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Publikationer från KTH
      Bachelor thesis . 2012
      addClaim

      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

      You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.