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  • Publikationer från KTH

  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Westén, Annelie;

    I vårt samhälle finns många tekniska tillämpningar där värmeväxlare används.En sorts värmeväxlare som är vanligt förekommande i bland annat luftkonditioneringär korsströmsvärmeväxlare, där luft strömmar tvärs över vätskefylldarör. För att öka arean för värmeövergången är flänsar vanligt förekommande pårören. I detta projekt, som är ett kandidatexamensarbete utfört på Skolan förIndustriell Teknik och Management på KTH, undersöks en sådan värmeväxlare.Målet är att skapa en numerisk modell för ventilation i större byggnaderunder svensk sommartid. Detta innebär att modellen måste inkludera samtidigvärme- och masstransport.I modellen delas värmeväxlaren upp i luft- och vätskeriktningen för att stegvisberäkna värmeövergången. Flänstemperaturen beror av vätsketemperaturensamt temperatur- och entalpi i luften och skiljer sig åt i alla punkter på flänsen.Denna temperaturprofil beräknas genom att dela upp flänsen i rutor ochsedan iterera fram en jämviktslösning av värmeledning mellan rutorna samtkonvektionsflödet från luftströmmen till ytan.För att utvärdera modellen skapas ett testfall med indata för en typisk sommardagsom simuleras strömma genom en värmeväxlare med geometrisk utformningsom skulle kunna förekomma i en större byggnadstillämpning. Resultatetfrån detta testfall ger svalare och avfuktad luft ut från värmeväxlaren.Ytterligare undersökning av modellen utförs genom en omfattande beteendeanalys.I denna analys undersöks de parametrar som användaren tillåts förändrai modellen. Parametrarna förändras en i taget och analysen utförs genom attförändring av ut-data från modellen plottas mot förändringen av den aktuellaparametern. Utifrån de ekvationer som bygger upp modellen avgörs rimligheteni plottarna och således även rimligheten i modellen.Modellen har ett antal begränsningar som tillkommer på grund av de användaformlerna samt utformningen av modellen. Modellen tar endast hänsyn tillstationära förlopp. Begränsningar i geometrin avser främst antalet rör ochdess förhållande till varandra. There are many technical applications of heat exchangers in our community.A common type is the cross-flow heat exchangers in which the air-flow is perpendicularto the pipes with liquid. The area for heat convection is increasedby adding fins on the pipes. In this bachelor thesis, performed in the Schoolof Industrial Engineering and Management at KTH, the mentioned heat exchangeris studied. The goal is to create a numerical model for heat exchangersin ventilation systems that are used in big buildings in the climate of a Swedishsummer. This specific case requires that both heat- and mass transportis included in the model.The heat exchanger is divided in both the direction of the air-flow as well asthe liquid-flow in the model. This is done to make a step-wise calculation ofthe heat transfer. The temperature of the fins is depending on the temperatureand enthalpy of both flows. The temperature differs on the fins and iscalculates by dividing the fins in a net of temperature-points. The equilibriumsolution is iterated from heat conduction within the plate and heat convectionfrom the air-flow.The model is evaluated by simulating a test-case of typical data from a Swedishsummer through a heat exchanger with a geometry that could occur in a largebuilding. The result was a colder, dehumidified air flow out of the exchanger.Further evaluation of the model is made by extensive sensitivity analysis ofthe parameters which is allowed to change by the user. The analysis is madeby plotting the result and comparing with the equations in the model.The model has several restrictions. There are limitations of the number ofpipes and their placements. The model is based on steady-state.

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Bachelor thesis . 2017
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      Publikationer från KTH
      Bachelor thesis . 2017
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    Authors: Nygren, Johan;

    Noise emissions from transportation remain one of the greatest environmental issues of modern day. Inhabitants in urban environments are especially exposed, with almost 80 million people in the European Union exposed to noise levels exceeding the recommended limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO). While the health-related effects from exposure of traffic noise are problematic and of utmost importance to reduce, availability to efficient transport is also an essential necessity. These conflicting requirements on transportation calls for a more holistic approach to traffic analysis, and to understand the relation between these effects from the traffic. This work investigates properties of traffic, such as the exposure of noise emissions, the vehicle-specific energy demand and duration, to analyse the sustainability of transport. The traffic simulation software SUMO is used to provide a discrete traffic model with individual vehicles, combined with the European vehicle noise source model IMAGINE used to model discrete sound sources that allow for directivity in the sound field and is speed- as well as acceleration-dependent. The resulting cost related to the exposure of noise is then evaluated at several measurement points in the network using a willingness-to-pay (WTP) model. This allows for an analysis of the relation between noise exposure cost and energy efficiency through the estimation of the vehicle-specific energy demand. A time-varying traffic demand is added to analyse the effects of a varying traffic density and congestion to the relation between the different properties. Additionally, the concept of allocating the noise exposure cost down to individual vehicles by means of contributed acoustic energy is expanded to take the main contributing vehicles and time-segments into consideration, and to allow for a non-linear weighting factor. These allocation strategies also allow for a bias to assign a higher cost to noisier vehicles, as vehicles that contribute more to the overall noise exposure than others may be more easily identified. Lastly, the relation between the traffic properties are analysed by means of correlation. Initial studies indicate that the correlation is dependent on the traffic density and the amount of vehicle interaction. Trafikbuller är en av de största miljöproblemen idag. Invånare i stadsmiljöer är särskilt utsatta, där nära 80 miljoner personer i Europeiska Unionen är utsatta för bullernivåer som överskrider Världshälsoorganisationens (WHO) angivna gränsvärden. Medan de hälso-relaterade effekterna från exponering av buller är på en ohållbar nivå och bör reduceras, så är även tillgänglighet till effektiv transport en nödvändighet. Dessa motstridiga krav på transportnätverket kräver en mer holistisk syn på trafikanalys, för att förstå relationen mellan dessa effekter från trafiken. Detta arbete undersöker de effekter som uppstår från trafiken, såsom bullerexponering, det fordons-specifika energibehovet och tiden i trafiken, för att analysera hållbarhetsaspekter för transporter. I detta arbete används trafiksimuleringsprogrammet SUMO för att erhålla en diskret trafikmodell med individuella fordon, i kombination med den europeiska fordonsbullermodellen IMAGINE som används för att modellera diskreta bullerkällor som tar hänsyn till direktivitet i ljudfältet samt fart- och accelerationsberoende. Den resulterande kostnaden för bullerexponeringen beräknas därefter för ett stort antal mätpunkter i nätverket genom en modell för betalningsvilja (WTP). Detta tillåter en analys av förhållandet mellan kostnad från bullerexponering och energieffektivitet baserat på det fordonsspecifika energibehovet. Ett tidsvarierande trafikflöde läggs på för att analysera effekterna från en varierande trafiktäthet och trängsel på förhållandet mellan de olika egenskaperna. Dessutom expanderas konceptet att allokera den buller-relaterade kostnaden ner till enskilda fordon baserat på deras enskilda bullerbidrag. Detta för att potentiellt kunna allokera en större del av den totala kostnaden till fordon som bidrar särskilt mycket till den totala bullernivån eller till särskilda tidsegment med höga bullernivåer, samt att tillåta en ickelinjär viktfunktion. Dessa allokeringsstrategier ger också möjligheten att allokera en högre kostnad till bullriga fordon, då fordon som bidrar mer till den totala bullernivån kan lättare identifieras. Slutligen analyseras förhållandet mellan trafikegenskaperna utifrån korrelation. Inledande studier visar att korrelationen beror på trafiktätheten och mängden fordonsinteraktion i trafiken.

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Master thesis . 2021
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      Publikationer från KTH
      Master thesis . 2021
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    Authors: Vestberg, Ola; Kajnäs, Carl;

    Teknikföretaget Compower avser att marknadsföra en Mikrogasturbin (MGT) med nya patent inom området. Denna MGT använder en extern förbränning till skillnad från den konventionell intern förbränning som MGT som finns på marknaden idag använder sig av. Mikrogasturbinen är avsedd för framförallt småskalig värme-och kraftproduktion där högtempererade förbränningsgaser värmeväxlas med luft för att generera elektricitet via en turbin samt generera användbar värme via tillhörande värmeväxlare. Denna MGT producerar idag emellertid för låg elektrisk effekt för att vara kommersiellt gångbar. En möjlig lösning på detta problem har angetts som att injicera ånga i turbincykeln. Syftet med denna studie var att hitta ett sätt att omfördela energi i systemet för att generera och förse cykeln med vattenånga. Därtill att framföra ett konstruktionsförslag för att göra denna lösning möjlig för att förbättra prestandan av maskinen och i ett första stadie för att testa den nya lösningen i ett laboratorium. Ett målvärde var här en elektrisk effekt på 2-3 kW vid en utomhustemperatur av 15 för att kunna gå vidare med idén. Metoden som användes för att finna en lösning var att genom en termodynamisk modell först teoretiskt beräkna olika möjliga lösningar (scenarion) för att generera den ånga som tänks höja turbineffekten. Dessa scenarion innebär att olika komponentkonstellationer testats. De teoretiska värden som därigenom erhölls användes sedan som grund för att anpassa och implementera tekniska komponenter till det ordinarie systemet. Detta i syfte att försöka förverkliga det scenario som teoretiskt bäst förbättrade systemets prestanda. Resultatet av denna studie var delvis att ta fram den teoretiska modellen samt de testresultat som simuleringen av denna gav. Detta resultat tyder på att målvärdet 2-3 kW elektrisk effekt är realiserbart. Det fördjupande resultatet var sedan hur problemet löstes med att generera ångan i systemet. Det nya konstruktionsförslaget innehåller en Helical Coil - värmeväxlare i kombination med en Spiral Coil - värmeväxlare. Technology company Compower intends to market a Micro gas turbine (MGT) with new patents in the field, called ET10. This MGT is using external combustion instead of the conventional internal combustion MGTs that are on the market today. The MGT is a small scale heat and power unit that uses combustion gases to generate electricity using a turbine shaft and produce heating power using heat exchangers. However, ET10 does not produce electrical power sufficient to be commercially viable. One possible solution to this was given as to inject steam into the turbine cycle. The purpose of this study was to find a way to redistribute energy in the system to generate and provide the intended cycle with water vapor and thereto to convey a design suggestion for making this solution possible in order to improve the performance of the machine. The desired electrical power is 2-3 kW at an outdoor temperature of 15 ℃ to go through with the idea. The method to find a solution was to use a thermodynamic model to first theoretically calculate various possible solutions (scenarios) to generate the steam that is supposed to increase the turbine power. These scenarios involve different component configurations. The theoretical values thereby obtained were then used as a basis to implement technical components to the original system. This in order to realize the scenario that best enhances system performance. The results of this study were partly to develop the theoretical model and test results that the simulation gave. This result suggests that the target value of 2-3 kW electrical power is achievable. The extended result was how the problem was solved for generating steam in the system. The proposal of the new design includes a Helical Coil – heat exchanger in combination with a Spiral Coil – heat exchanger.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Publikationer från K...arrow_drop_down
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    Publikationer från KTH
    Bachelor thesis . 2014
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      Publikationer från KTH
      Bachelor thesis . 2014
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    Authors: Linder, Jenny;

    As it becomes more important to replace fossil fuels with alternative fuels, biofuels like ethanol are becoming more commercially used. The increased use of ethanol brings good influences such as lower impact on the environment. However, the use of ethanol can also bring negative effects regarding corrosion of metals. In the automotive industry aluminium has been seen affected by a novel very aggressive corrosion phenomenon, alcoholate corrosion. This master thesis investigation has investigated the effect of a few parameters of importance for alcoholate corrosion; water, temperature, time and pressure. The aluminium alloys AA6063 and A380 have been investigated and the capacity of five different surface treatments of AA6063 has been tested to observe if they inhibit the effect of alcoholate corrosion. Throughout the experiments the water dependence of alcoholate corrosion has showed to be of large importance for the corrosion process. An increase in water content will postpone the start of alcoholate corrosion or prevent corrosion to occur. A correlation between temperature and time has been observed. Higher temperatures results in a shorter time period of exposure before alcoholate corrosion occurs, and vice versa. The effect of different pressures was investigated and showed no effect on alcoholate corrosion when using pressurisation with the inert nitrogen gas. All surface treatments revealed a capacity to protect the aluminium alloy against alcoholate corrosion to different extent. The electroless nickel plating seemed to prevent alcoholate corrosion while the Keronite coating seemed more sensitive to this form of corrosion.

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Bachelor thesis . 2012
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      Publikationer från KTH
      Bachelor thesis . 2012
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    Authors: Avango, Dag; Högselius, Per; Vikström, Hanna;

    QC 20160311 Mistra Arctic Sustainable Development

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    Authors: González Arcos, Angélica Viviana;

    Although current trends in global warming are of great concern, energy demand is still increasing, resulting in increasing pollutant emissions. To address this issue, we need reliable renewable energy sources, lowered pollutant emissions, and efficient and profitable processes for energy conversion. We also need to improve the use of the energy, produced by existing infrastructure. Consequently, the work presented in this thesis aims at investigating current scientific and technological challenges in energy conversion through biomass gasification and the alternative use of fossil fuels, such as diesel, in the generation of cleaner electricity through auxiliary power units in the transport sector. Production of chemicals, syngas, and renewable fuels is highly dependent on the development and innovation of catalytic processes within these applications. This thesis focuses on the development and optimization of catalytic technologies in these areas. One of the limitations in the commercialization of the biomass gasification technology is the effective catalytic conversion of tars, formed during gasification. Biomass contains high amounts of alkali impurities, which pass on to the producer gas. Therefore, a new material with alkali tolerance is needed. In the scope of this thesis, a new catalyst support, KxWO3 – ZrO2 with high alkali resistance was developed. The dynamic capability of KxWO3 – ZrO2 to store alkali metals in the crystal structure, enhances the capture of alkali metals "in situ". Alkali metals are also important electronic promoters for the active phase, which usually increases the catalysts activity and selectivity for certain products. Experimental results show that conversion of 1-methylnaphathalene over Ni/KxWO3 – ZrO2 increases in the presence of 2 ppm of gas-phase K (Paper I). This support is considered to contribute to the electronic equilibrium within the metal/support interface, when certain amounts of alkali metals are present. The potential use of this support can be extended to applications in which alkali "storage-release" properties are required, i.e. processes with high alkali content in the process flow, to enhance catalyst lifetime and regeneration. In addition, fundamental studies to understand the adsorption geometry of naphthalene with increasing temperature were performed in a single crystal of Ni(111) by STM analyses. Chapter 9 presents preliminary studies on the adsorption geometry of the molecule, as well as DFT calculations of the adsorption energy. In relation to the use of clean energy for transport applications, hydrogen generation through ATR for FC-APUs is presented in Papers II to V. Two promoted RhPt bimetallic catalysts were selected in a previous bench scale study, supported on La2O3:CeO2/d – Al2O3 and MgO : Y2O3/CeO2 – ZrO2. Catalyst evaluation was performed in a fullscale reformer under real operating conditions. Results showed increased catalyst activity after the second monolithic catalyst due to the effect of steam reforming, WGS reaction, and higher catalyst reducibility of the RhxOy species in the CeO2 – ZrO2 mixed oxide, as a result of the improved redox properties. The influence of sulfur and coke formation on diesel reforming was assessed after 40 h on stream. Sulfur poisoning was evaluated for the intrinsic activity related to the total Rh and Pt area observed after exposure to sulfur. Sulfur concentration in the aged catalyst washcoat was observed to decrease in the axial direction of the reformer. Estimations of the amount of sulfur adsorbed were found to be below the theoretical equilibrated coverage on Rh and Pt, thus showing a partial deactivation due to sulfur poisoning. QC 20150213

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Doctoral thesis . 2015
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      Publikationer från KTH
      Doctoral thesis . 2015
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    Authors: Ranganathan, Thejan;

    Energy conservation and decarbonization of the building stock is a way to achieve sustainable development goals. Visualizing and monitoring energy consumption with a help of Decision Support Systems (DSS) can help to inform and support making decisions to conserve energy, reduce emissions, save costs and improve overall quality of life. However, there are no clear guidelines to how such tools should be designed, and which demands from the different stakeholders they should meet. This literature review presents an overview of existing DSSs that calculate, optimize, visualize and monitor energy usage in buildings. A total of 22 studies have been selected through an in-depth literature search and analysed in a study matrix split into four categories describing relevant features that are vital for each DSS. The study has identified that main functions of analysed DSSs are: 1) to compare costs for CO2 emission reduction or energy saving for various actions; and 2) to compare current energy performance of buildings. Finally, it has shown a variety of needs for different stakeholders that affect the choice of methods and data used by DSS. Hence it is crucial to ensure early alignment of the needs and functions for the developed tools, in order to be efficient in decision-support for better energy efficiency and climate mitigation. Energibesparing och koldioxidminskning av befintliga byggnader är ett sätt att uppnå de globala målen. Att visualisera och övervaka energiförbrukningen i byggnader med hjälp av ett beslutsstödsystem kan hjälpa till att informera och stödja beslut för att spara energi, minska utsläppen, minska kostnaderna och överlag öka livskvalitén. Det finns dock inga tydliga riktlinjer för hur ett verktyg kan utformas och vilka behov som behöver tillfredsställas från de olika intressenterna. Denna litteraturstudie presenterar en översikt över befintliga beslutsstödsystem som beräknar, optimerar, visualiserar och övervakar energianvändningen i byggnader. Genom en ingående litteratursökning valdes 22 olika studier för en djupare analys med hjälp av en studiematris delad inom fyra olika kategorier som beskriver relevanta funktioner som är viktiga för varje beslutsstödsystem. Studien har identifierat att huvuduppgifterna för varje analyserad beslutsstödsystem är: 1) att jämföra kostnader för CO2 minskning och energibesparing för olika åtgärder; och 2) att jämföra aktuell energiprestanda av byggnader. Slutligen har det visat att olika behov från intressenter styrt de val av metoder och data som används i respektive beslutsstödsystem. Därför är det viktigt att säkerställa en tidig anpassning av behov och huvuduppgifter för de utvecklade verktygen för att vara effektiva i beslutsstöd kring energieffektivisering och klimatpåverkan. 

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Bachelor thesis . 2020
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      Publikationer från KTH
      Bachelor thesis . 2020
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    Authors: Kåresdotter, Elisie; Skoog, Gustav; Pan, Haozhi; Kalantari, Zahra;

    Despite strong interest and conflict research spanning multiple disciplines, connections between water flows and conflicts remain unclear, due to incomplete datasets on water-related conflict-cooperation events and poor understanding of socioeconomic and biophysical causes of such conflicts. The dataset on water-related conflict-cooperation events compiled in this study extends to 2019, updating previous datasets that covered only up to 2008, yielding important new insights on cooperation-conflict trends. Global and regional trends were analyzed using the new events dataset, together with changes in hydroclimatic variables and population density. The analysis revealed that water-related cooperation was far more common than conflicts across all regions, in both drier and wetter climates, indicating that abundance and lack of water can both promote cooperation. However, conflict events were more common in drier climates where water is scarcer. This cooperation-conflict balance shifted in the 2000s, with conflict events increasing, to outnumber cooperation events in 2017. The main shift occurred in Africa and Asia, where increased conflicts in Africa coincided with a prolonged period of below-average precipitation and severe drought, while the shift in Asia coincided with increased evapotranspiration caused by human activities and increased population density. Differences between regions were confirmed by event descriptions, with events in Africa relating to water access and farmer-herder conflicts, and events in Asia relating to irrigation and dam construction. These differences highlight the need for regional-scale analysis of water-related conflict-cooperation trends and pathways. With climate change and human activities expected to increase, the increasing trend in conflict events could persist, with water resources becoming a more frequent cause of future conflict. Identifying these complex cooperation-conflict changes is vital in determining future actions required to reduce conflict events and promote cooperation on water.

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    The Science of The Total Environment
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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      The Science of The Total Environment
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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    Authors: Herre, Lars; Wouters, Peter; Steennis, Fred; de Graaff, Roald;

    Transmission system limits, originating from right-of-way permission processes for new corridors, can be surpassed by erecting new circuits in close proximity, or even on common structures. Especially for long distance bulk power transfer, high voltage direct current technology promises superior features. Adding a circuit to a transmission corridor is one method of significantly increasing power transfer capability. Converting an existing AC circuit for DC operation is another method that additionally decreases investment in new lines and towers. Consequences of such application are various AC/DC interaction phenomena on either AC or DC lines for both steady and transient conditions. This paper presents a study on AC/DC transmission system interactions for a hybrid tower configuration. In normal operation DC voltage showed no significant fundamental AC frequency component, while induced transient overvoltages displayed notable levels.

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    http://kth.diva-portal.org/sma...
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    Publikationer från KTH
    Conference object . 2016
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    https://doi.org/10.1109/energy...
    Conference object . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      http://kth.diva-portal.org/sma...
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      Publikationer från KTH
      Conference object . 2016
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      https://doi.org/10.1109/energy...
      Conference object . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: GÜRSAC, PAULINA;

    This project aimed to investigate various areas of improvement in crushing equipment for a digital service, from a sustainability perspective. The results were to be presented in a list where each point corresponds to an area with potential to be implemented in the digital assistance tool. In addition, the sustainability aspect of the items on the list would be presented through a rough estimate of the savings that could be made, either in the form of energy or as emissions. Delimitations were made, to only look at the stationary units, mainly the cone crusher, and to focus on CO2 emissions and energy consumption. A benchmarking was made for companies in similar and in other industries. The method for the project was implemented qualitatively with an inductive approach. Interviews were conducted with a number of employees within the company, all with different areas of responsibility, with the aim of gaining an insight into the company and the entire industry as well as to get an overview of which areas a further investigation could be considered in. Then more interviews were conducted with the same people, to shape and refine these areas into items on the list. The list was prioritized based on whether and when in time an implementation in the digital assistance tool would be possible. The result was a list of 14 points where the first 3 are undeniably low-hanging fruits that could be implemented immediately, the 3 points are; Enhanced visualization of current data, Notice of maintenance, Guidance - Troubleshooting Detta projekt gick ut på att undersöka olika förbättringsområden inom krossutrustning för en digital tjänst, ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv. Resultaten skulle presenteras i en lista där varje punkt motsvarar ett område med potential att implementeras i det digitala hjälpverktyget. Dessutom skulle hållbarhetsaspekten av punkterna på listan presenteras genom en grov uppskattning av de besparingar som kunde göras, antingen i form av energi eller som utsläpp. Avgränsningar gjordes, att bara titta på de stationära enheterna, främst konkrossen samt att fokusera på CO2 utsläpp och energiförbrukning. En benchmarking gjordes för företag i liknande och i andra industrier. Metoden för projektet genomfördes kvalitativt med ett induktivt tillvägagångssätt. Intervjuer gjordes med ett flertal anställda i företaget, alla med olika ansvarsområden, med syftet att få en insikt i företaget och hela branschen men även för att få en överblick över vilka områden en ytterligare utredning kunde övervägas inom. Sedan gjordes fler intervjuer med samma personer för att forma och finslipa dessa områden till punkter på listan. Listan prioriterades utifrån om och när i tiden en implementation i det digitala verktyget skulle vara möjlig. Resultatet blev en lista med 14 punkter där de 3 första onekligen är lågt hängande frukter som skulle kunna implementeras omgående, de 3 punkterna är; Förbättrad visualisering av aktuell data, Besked om underhåll, Vägledning - Felsökning.

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Bachelor thesis . 2022
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    Authors: Westén, Annelie;

    I vårt samhälle finns många tekniska tillämpningar där värmeväxlare används.En sorts värmeväxlare som är vanligt förekommande i bland annat luftkonditioneringär korsströmsvärmeväxlare, där luft strömmar tvärs över vätskefylldarör. För att öka arean för värmeövergången är flänsar vanligt förekommande pårören. I detta projekt, som är ett kandidatexamensarbete utfört på Skolan förIndustriell Teknik och Management på KTH, undersöks en sådan värmeväxlare.Målet är att skapa en numerisk modell för ventilation i större byggnaderunder svensk sommartid. Detta innebär att modellen måste inkludera samtidigvärme- och masstransport.I modellen delas värmeväxlaren upp i luft- och vätskeriktningen för att stegvisberäkna värmeövergången. Flänstemperaturen beror av vätsketemperaturensamt temperatur- och entalpi i luften och skiljer sig åt i alla punkter på flänsen.Denna temperaturprofil beräknas genom att dela upp flänsen i rutor ochsedan iterera fram en jämviktslösning av värmeledning mellan rutorna samtkonvektionsflödet från luftströmmen till ytan.För att utvärdera modellen skapas ett testfall med indata för en typisk sommardagsom simuleras strömma genom en värmeväxlare med geometrisk utformningsom skulle kunna förekomma i en större byggnadstillämpning. Resultatetfrån detta testfall ger svalare och avfuktad luft ut från värmeväxlaren.Ytterligare undersökning av modellen utförs genom en omfattande beteendeanalys.I denna analys undersöks de parametrar som användaren tillåts förändrai modellen. Parametrarna förändras en i taget och analysen utförs genom attförändring av ut-data från modellen plottas mot förändringen av den aktuellaparametern. Utifrån de ekvationer som bygger upp modellen avgörs rimligheteni plottarna och således även rimligheten i modellen.Modellen har ett antal begränsningar som tillkommer på grund av de användaformlerna samt utformningen av modellen. Modellen tar endast hänsyn tillstationära förlopp. Begränsningar i geometrin avser främst antalet rör ochdess förhållande till varandra. There are many technical applications of heat exchangers in our community.A common type is the cross-flow heat exchangers in which the air-flow is perpendicularto the pipes with liquid. The area for heat convection is increasedby adding fins on the pipes. In this bachelor thesis, performed in the Schoolof Industrial Engineering and Management at KTH, the mentioned heat exchangeris studied. The goal is to create a numerical model for heat exchangersin ventilation systems that are used in big buildings in the climate of a Swedishsummer. This specific case requires that both heat- and mass transportis included in the model.The heat exchanger is divided in both the direction of the air-flow as well asthe liquid-flow in the model. This is done to make a step-wise calculation ofthe heat transfer. The temperature of the fins is depending on the temperatureand enthalpy of both flows. The temperature differs on the fins and iscalculates by dividing the fins in a net of temperature-points. The equilibriumsolution is iterated from heat conduction within the plate and heat convectionfrom the air-flow.The model is evaluated by simulating a test-case of typical data from a Swedishsummer through a heat exchanger with a geometry that could occur in a largebuilding. The result was a colder, dehumidified air flow out of the exchanger.Further evaluation of the model is made by extensive sensitivity analysis ofthe parameters which is allowed to change by the user. The analysis is madeby plotting the result and comparing with the equations in the model.The model has several restrictions. There are limitations of the number ofpipes and their placements. The model is based on steady-state.

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Bachelor thesis . 2017
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      Publikationer från KTH
      Bachelor thesis . 2017
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    Authors: Nygren, Johan;

    Noise emissions from transportation remain one of the greatest environmental issues of modern day. Inhabitants in urban environments are especially exposed, with almost 80 million people in the European Union exposed to noise levels exceeding the recommended limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO). While the health-related effects from exposure of traffic noise are problematic and of utmost importance to reduce, availability to efficient transport is also an essential necessity. These conflicting requirements on transportation calls for a more holistic approach to traffic analysis, and to understand the relation between these effects from the traffic. This work investigates properties of traffic, such as the exposure of noise emissions, the vehicle-specific energy demand and duration, to analyse the sustainability of transport. The traffic simulation software SUMO is used to provide a discrete traffic model with individual vehicles, combined with the European vehicle noise source model IMAGINE used to model discrete sound sources that allow for directivity in the sound field and is speed- as well as acceleration-dependent. The resulting cost related to the exposure of noise is then evaluated at several measurement points in the network using a willingness-to-pay (WTP) model. This allows for an analysis of the relation between noise exposure cost and energy efficiency through the estimation of the vehicle-specific energy demand. A time-varying traffic demand is added to analyse the effects of a varying traffic density and congestion to the relation between the different properties. Additionally, the concept of allocating the noise exposure cost down to individual vehicles by means of contributed acoustic energy is expanded to take the main contributing vehicles and time-segments into consideration, and to allow for a non-linear weighting factor. These allocation strategies also allow for a bias to assign a higher cost to noisier vehicles, as vehicles that contribute more to the overall noise exposure than others may be more easily identified. Lastly, the relation between the traffic properties are analysed by means of correlation. Initial studies indicate that the correlation is dependent on the traffic density and the amount of vehicle interaction. Trafikbuller är en av de största miljöproblemen idag. Invånare i stadsmiljöer är särskilt utsatta, där nära 80 miljoner personer i Europeiska Unionen är utsatta för bullernivåer som överskrider Världshälsoorganisationens (WHO) angivna gränsvärden. Medan de hälso-relaterade effekterna från exponering av buller är på en ohållbar nivå och bör reduceras, så är även tillgänglighet till effektiv transport en nödvändighet. Dessa motstridiga krav på transportnätverket kräver en mer holistisk syn på trafikanalys, för att förstå relationen mellan dessa effekter från trafiken. Detta arbete undersöker de effekter som uppstår från trafiken, såsom bullerexponering, det fordons-specifika energibehovet och tiden i trafiken, för att analysera hållbarhetsaspekter för transporter. I detta arbete används trafiksimuleringsprogrammet SUMO för att erhålla en diskret trafikmodell med individuella fordon, i kombination med den europeiska fordonsbullermodellen IMAGINE som används för att modellera diskreta bullerkällor som tar hänsyn till direktivitet i ljudfältet samt fart- och accelerationsberoende. Den resulterande kostnaden för bullerexponeringen beräknas därefter för ett stort antal mätpunkter i nätverket genom en modell för betalningsvilja (WTP). Detta tillåter en analys av förhållandet mellan kostnad från bullerexponering och energieffektivitet baserat på det fordonsspecifika energibehovet. Ett tidsvarierande trafikflöde läggs på för att analysera effekterna från en varierande trafiktäthet och trängsel på förhållandet mellan de olika egenskaperna. Dessutom expanderas konceptet att allokera den buller-relaterade kostnaden ner till enskilda fordon baserat på deras enskilda bullerbidrag. Detta för att potentiellt kunna allokera en större del av den totala kostnaden till fordon som bidrar särskilt mycket till den totala bullernivån eller till särskilda tidsegment med höga bullernivåer, samt att tillåta en ickelinjär viktfunktion. Dessa allokeringsstrategier ger också möjligheten att allokera en högre kostnad till bullriga fordon, då fordon som bidrar mer till den totala bullernivån kan lättare identifieras. Slutligen analyseras förhållandet mellan trafikegenskaperna utifrån korrelation. Inledande studier visar att korrelationen beror på trafiktätheten och mängden fordonsinteraktion i trafiken.

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Master thesis . 2021
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      Publikationer från KTH
      Master thesis . 2021
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    Authors: Vestberg, Ola; Kajnäs, Carl;

    Teknikföretaget Compower avser att marknadsföra en Mikrogasturbin (MGT) med nya patent inom området. Denna MGT använder en extern förbränning till skillnad från den konventionell intern förbränning som MGT som finns på marknaden idag använder sig av. Mikrogasturbinen är avsedd för framförallt småskalig värme-och kraftproduktion där högtempererade förbränningsgaser värmeväxlas med luft för att generera elektricitet via en turbin samt generera användbar värme via tillhörande värmeväxlare. Denna MGT producerar idag emellertid för låg elektrisk effekt för att vara kommersiellt gångbar. En möjlig lösning på detta problem har angetts som att injicera ånga i turbincykeln. Syftet med denna studie var att hitta ett sätt att omfördela energi i systemet för att generera och förse cykeln med vattenånga. Därtill att framföra ett konstruktionsförslag för att göra denna lösning möjlig för att förbättra prestandan av maskinen och i ett första stadie för att testa den nya lösningen i ett laboratorium. Ett målvärde var här en elektrisk effekt på 2-3 kW vid en utomhustemperatur av 15 för att kunna gå vidare med idén. Metoden som användes för att finna en lösning var att genom en termodynamisk modell först teoretiskt beräkna olika möjliga lösningar (scenarion) för att generera den ånga som tänks höja turbineffekten. Dessa scenarion innebär att olika komponentkonstellationer testats. De teoretiska värden som därigenom erhölls användes sedan som grund för att anpassa och implementera tekniska komponenter till det ordinarie systemet. Detta i syfte att försöka förverkliga det scenario som teoretiskt bäst förbättrade systemets prestanda. Resultatet av denna studie var delvis att ta fram den teoretiska modellen samt de testresultat som simuleringen av denna gav. Detta resultat tyder på att målvärdet 2-3 kW elektrisk effekt är realiserbart. Det fördjupande resultatet var sedan hur problemet löstes med att generera ångan i systemet. Det nya konstruktionsförslaget innehåller en Helical Coil - värmeväxlare i kombination med en Spiral Coil - värmeväxlare. Technology company Compower intends to market a Micro gas turbine (MGT) with new patents in the field, called ET10. This MGT is using external combustion instead of the conventional internal combustion MGTs that are on the market today. The MGT is a small scale heat and power unit that uses combustion gases to generate electricity using a turbine shaft and produce heating power using heat exchangers. However, ET10 does not produce electrical power sufficient to be commercially viable. One possible solution to this was given as to inject steam into the turbine cycle. The purpose of this study was to find a way to redistribute energy in the system to generate and provide the intended cycle with water vapor and thereto to convey a design suggestion for making this solution possible in order to improve the performance of the machine. The desired electrical power is 2-3 kW at an outdoor temperature of 15 ℃ to go through with the idea. The method to find a solution was to use a thermodynamic model to first theoretically calculate various possible solutions (scenarios) to generate the steam that is supposed to increase the turbine power. These scenarios involve different component configurations. The theoretical values thereby obtained were then used as a basis to implement technical components to the original system. This in order to realize the scenario that best enhances system performance. The results of this study were partly to develop the theoretical model and test results that the simulation gave. This result suggests that the target value of 2-3 kW electrical power is achievable. The extended result was how the problem was solved for generating steam in the system. The proposal of the new design includes a Helical Coil – heat exchanger in combination with a Spiral Coil – heat exchanger.

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Bachelor thesis . 2014
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      Publikationer från KTH
      Bachelor thesis . 2014
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    Authors: Linder, Jenny;

    As it becomes more important to replace fossil fuels with alternative fuels, biofuels like ethanol are becoming more commercially used. The increased use of ethanol brings good influences such as lower impact on the environment. However, the use of ethanol can also bring negative effects regarding corrosion of metals. In the automotive industry aluminium has been seen affected by a novel very aggressive corrosion phenomenon, alcoholate corrosion. This master thesis investigation has investigated the effect of a few parameters of importance for alcoholate corrosion; water, temperature, time and pressure. The aluminium alloys AA6063 and A380 have been investigated and the capacity of five different surface treatments of AA6063 has been tested to observe if they inhibit the effect of alcoholate corrosion. Throughout the experiments the water dependence of alcoholate corrosion has showed to be of large importance for the corrosion process. An increase in water content will postpone the start of alcoholate corrosion or prevent corrosion to occur. A correlation between temperature and time has been observed. Higher temperatures results in a shorter time period of exposure before alcoholate corrosion occurs, and vice versa. The effect of different pressures was investigated and showed no effect on alcoholate corrosion when using pressurisation with the inert nitrogen gas. All surface treatments revealed a capacity to protect the aluminium alloy against alcoholate corrosion to different extent. The electroless nickel plating seemed to prevent alcoholate corrosion while the Keronite coating seemed more sensitive to this form of corrosion.

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Bachelor thesis . 2012
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      Publikationer från KTH
      Bachelor thesis . 2012
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    Authors: Avango, Dag; Högselius, Per; Vikström, Hanna;

    QC 20160311 Mistra Arctic Sustainable Development

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    Authors: González Arcos, Angélica Viviana;

    Although current trends in global warming are of great concern, energy demand is still increasing, resulting in increasing pollutant emissions. To address this issue, we need reliable renewable energy sources, lowered pollutant emissions, and efficient and profitable processes for energy conversion. We also need to improve the use of the energy, produced by existing infrastructure. Consequently, the work presented in this thesis aims at investigating current scientific and technological challenges in energy conversion through biomass gasification and the alternative use of fossil fuels, such as diesel, in the generation of cleaner electricity through auxiliary power units in the transport sector. Production of chemicals, syngas, and renewable fuels is highly dependent on the development and innovation of catalytic processes within these applications. This thesis focuses on the development and optimization of catalytic technologies in these areas. One of the limitations in the commercialization of the biomass gasification technology is the effective catalytic conversion of tars, formed during gasification. Biomass contains high amounts of alkali impurities, which pass on to the producer gas. Therefore, a new material with alkali tolerance is needed. In the scope of this thesis, a new catalyst support, KxWO3 – ZrO2 with high alkali resistance was developed. The dynamic capability of KxWO3 – ZrO2 to store alkali metals in the crystal structure, enhances the capture of alkali metals "in situ". Alkali metals are also important electronic promoters for the active phase, which usually increases the catalysts activity and selectivity for certain products. Experimental results show that conversion of 1-methylnaphathalene over Ni/KxWO3 – ZrO2 increases in the presence of 2 ppm of gas-phase K (Paper I). This support is considered to contribute to the electronic equilibrium within the metal/support interface, when certain amounts of alkali metals are present. The potential use of this support can be extended to applications in which alkali "storage-release" properties are required, i.e. processes with high alkali content in the process flow, to enhance catalyst lifetime and regeneration. In addition, fundamental studies to understand the adsorption geometry of naphthalene with increasing temperature were performed in a single crystal of Ni(111) by STM analyses. Chapter 9 presents preliminary studies on the adsorption geometry of the molecule, as well as DFT calculations of the adsorption energy. In relation to the use of clean energy for transport applications, hydrogen generation through ATR for FC-APUs is presented in Papers II to V. Two promoted RhPt bimetallic catalysts were selected in a previous bench scale study, supported on La2O3:CeO2/d – Al2O3 and MgO : Y2O3/CeO2 – ZrO2. Catalyst evaluation was performed in a fullscale reformer under real operating conditions. Results showed increased catalyst activity after the second monolithic catalyst due to the effect of steam reforming, WGS reaction, and higher catalyst reducibility of the RhxOy species in the CeO2 – ZrO2 mixed oxide, as a result of the improved redox properties. The influence of sulfur and coke formation on diesel reforming was assessed after 40 h on stream. Sulfur poisoning was evaluated for the intrinsic activity related to the total Rh and Pt area observed after exposure to sulfur. Sulfur concentration in the aged catalyst washcoat was observed to decrease in the axial direction of the reformer. Estimations of the amount of sulfur adsorbed were found to be below the theoretical equilibrated coverage on Rh and Pt, thus showing a partial deactivation due to sulfur poisoning. QC 20150213

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Doctoral thesis . 2015
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      Publikationer från KTH
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    Authors: Ranganathan, Thejan;

    Energy conservation and decarbonization of the building stock is a way to achieve sustainable development goals. Visualizing and monitoring energy consumption with a help of Decision Support Systems (DSS) can help to inform and support making decisions to conserve energy, reduce emissions, save costs and improve overall quality of life. However, there are no clear guidelines to how such tools should be designed, and which demands from the different stakeholders they should meet. This literature review presents an overview of existing DSSs that calculate, optimize, visualize and monitor energy usage in buildings. A total of 22 studies have been selected through an in-depth literature search and analysed in a study matrix split into four categories describing relevant features that are vital for each DSS. The study has identified that main functions of analysed DSSs are: 1) to compare costs for CO2 emission reduction or energy saving for various actions; and 2) to compare current energy performance of buildings. Finally, it has shown a variety of needs for different stakeholders that affect the choice of methods and data used by DSS. Hence it is crucial to ensure early alignment of the needs and functions for the developed tools, in order to be efficient in decision-support for better energy efficiency and climate mitigation. Energibesparing och koldioxidminskning av befintliga byggnader är ett sätt att uppnå de globala målen. Att visualisera och övervaka energiförbrukningen i byggnader med hjälp av ett beslutsstödsystem kan hjälpa till att informera och stödja beslut för att spara energi, minska utsläppen, minska kostnaderna och överlag öka livskvalitén. Det finns dock inga tydliga riktlinjer för hur ett verktyg kan utformas och vilka behov som behöver tillfredsställas från de olika intressenterna. Denna litteraturstudie presenterar en översikt över befintliga beslutsstödsystem som beräknar, optimerar, visualiserar och övervakar energianvändningen i byggnader. Genom en ingående litteratursökning valdes 22 olika studier för en djupare analys med hjälp av en studiematris delad inom fyra olika kategorier som beskriver relevanta funktioner som är viktiga för varje beslutsstödsystem. Studien har identifierat att huvuduppgifterna för varje analyserad beslutsstödsystem är: 1) att jämföra kostnader för CO2 minskning och energibesparing för olika åtgärder; och 2) att jämföra aktuell energiprestanda av byggnader. Slutligen har det visat att olika behov från intressenter styrt de val av metoder och data som används i respektive beslutsstödsystem. Därför är det viktigt att säkerställa en tidig anpassning av behov och huvuduppgifter för de utvecklade verktygen för att vara effektiva i beslutsstöd kring energieffektivisering och klimatpåverkan. 

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Bachelor thesis . 2020
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      Publikationer från KTH
      Bachelor thesis . 2020
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    Authors: Kåresdotter, Elisie; Skoog, Gustav; Pan, Haozhi; Kalantari, Zahra;

    Despite strong interest and conflict research spanning multiple disciplines, connections between water flows and conflicts remain unclear, due to incomplete datasets on water-related conflict-cooperation events and poor understanding of socioeconomic and biophysical causes of such conflicts. The dataset on water-related conflict-cooperation events compiled in this study extends to 2019, updating previous datasets that covered only up to 2008, yielding important new insights on cooperation-conflict trends. Global and regional trends were analyzed using the new events dataset, together with changes in hydroclimatic variables and population density. The analysis revealed that water-related cooperation was far more common than conflicts across all regions, in both drier and wetter climates, indicating that abundance and lack of water can both promote cooperation. However, conflict events were more common in drier climates where water is scarcer. This cooperation-conflict balance shifted in the 2000s, with conflict events increasing, to outnumber cooperation events in 2017. The main shift occurred in Africa and Asia, where increased conflicts in Africa coincided with a prolonged period of below-average precipitation and severe drought, while the shift in Asia coincided with increased evapotranspiration caused by human activities and increased population density. Differences between regions were confirmed by event descriptions, with events in Africa relating to water access and farmer-herder conflicts, and events in Asia relating to irrigation and dam construction. These differences highlight the need for regional-scale analysis of water-related conflict-cooperation trends and pathways. With climate change and human activities expected to increase, the increasing trend in conflict events could persist, with water resources becoming a more frequent cause of future conflict. Identifying these complex cooperation-conflict changes is vital in determining future actions required to reduce conflict events and promote cooperation on water.

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    The Science of The Total Environment
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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      The Science of The Total Environment
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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    Authors: Herre, Lars; Wouters, Peter; Steennis, Fred; de Graaff, Roald;

    Transmission system limits, originating from right-of-way permission processes for new corridors, can be surpassed by erecting new circuits in close proximity, or even on common structures. Especially for long distance bulk power transfer, high voltage direct current technology promises superior features. Adding a circuit to a transmission corridor is one method of significantly increasing power transfer capability. Converting an existing AC circuit for DC operation is another method that additionally decreases investment in new lines and towers. Consequences of such application are various AC/DC interaction phenomena on either AC or DC lines for both steady and transient conditions. This paper presents a study on AC/DC transmission system interactions for a hybrid tower configuration. In normal operation DC voltage showed no significant fundamental AC frequency component, while induced transient overvoltages displayed notable levels.

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Conference object . 2016
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    https://doi.org/10.1109/energy...
    Conference object . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      http://kth.diva-portal.org/sma...
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      Publikationer från KTH
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      https://doi.org/10.1109/energy...
      Conference object . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: GÜRSAC, PAULINA;

    This project aimed to investigate various areas of improvement in crushing equipment for a digital service, from a sustainability perspective. The results were to be presented in a list where each point corresponds to an area with potential to be implemented in the digital assistance tool. In addition, the sustainability aspect of the items on the list would be presented through a rough estimate of the savings that could be made, either in the form of energy or as emissions. Delimitations were made, to only look at the stationary units, mainly the cone crusher, and to focus on CO2 emissions and energy consumption. A benchmarking was made for companies in similar and in other industries. The method for the project was implemented qualitatively with an inductive approach. Interviews were conducted with a number of employees within the company, all with different areas of responsibility, with the aim of gaining an insight into the company and the entire industry as well as to get an overview of which areas a further investigation could be considered in. Then more interviews were conducted with the same people, to shape and refine these areas into items on the list. The list was prioritized based on whether and when in time an implementation in the digital assistance tool would be possible. The result was a list of 14 points where the first 3 are undeniably low-hanging fruits that could be implemented immediately, the 3 points are; Enhanced visualization of current data, Notice of maintenance, Guidance - Troubleshooting Detta projekt gick ut på att undersöka olika förbättringsområden inom krossutrustning för en digital tjänst, ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv. Resultaten skulle presenteras i en lista där varje punkt motsvarar ett område med potential att implementeras i det digitala hjälpverktyget. Dessutom skulle hållbarhetsaspekten av punkterna på listan presenteras genom en grov uppskattning av de besparingar som kunde göras, antingen i form av energi eller som utsläpp. Avgränsningar gjordes, att bara titta på de stationära enheterna, främst konkrossen samt att fokusera på CO2 utsläpp och energiförbrukning. En benchmarking gjordes för företag i liknande och i andra industrier. Metoden för projektet genomfördes kvalitativt med ett induktivt tillvägagångssätt. Intervjuer gjordes med ett flertal anställda i företaget, alla med olika ansvarsområden, med syftet att få en insikt i företaget och hela branschen men även för att få en överblick över vilka områden en ytterligare utredning kunde övervägas inom. Sedan gjordes fler intervjuer med samma personer för att forma och finslipa dessa områden till punkter på listan. Listan prioriterades utifrån om och när i tiden en implementation i det digitala verktyget skulle vara möjlig. Resultatet blev en lista med 14 punkter där de 3 första onekligen är lågt hängande frukter som skulle kunna implementeras omgående, de 3 punkterna är; Förbättrad visualisering av aktuell data, Besked om underhåll, Vägledning - Felsökning.

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Bachelor thesis . 2022
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