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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Kljenak, Ivo; Mavko, Borut;

    A three-dimensional bubble-tracking model of subcooled nucleate boiling flow in a vertical channel at low-pressure conditions is proposed, with specific application to the case of boiling in an annulus with a central heating rod. In the model, vapour is distributed in the liquid in the form of individually tracked bubbles. The overall behaviour of the liquid-vapour system results from motion, interaction, coalescence and boiling mechanisms prescribed mostly at the level of bubbles. The wall heat transfer coefficient and the wall temperature are calculated from one-dimensional correlations. The partitioning of the heat flux, which is consumed for bubble nucleation and heating of the liquid, varies along the flow and depends on bubble size as well as on local flow conditions. Bubbles are nucleated with constant frequencies at fixed nucleation sites randomly distributed over the heated surface. Liquid temperature profiles at different axial locations are determined from steady-state energy balances. The nucleation site density is determined from a balance between vapour generation rate, bubble departure sizes and nucleation frequencies. After nucleation, bubbles slide on the heated surface, detach and then gradually migrate into the low-temperature region away from the heated surface, where they eventually condense. Both bubble detachment and migration are modelled probabilistically. Bubble lateral migration is restricted by the lift force due to the liquid velocity gradient. The proposed model was applied to experiments on subcooled boiling that were carried out at Purdue University (USA) by Bartel [1]. A good agreement between measured and calculated void fraction profiles at different axial locations was obtained.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Digitalna knjižnica ...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    https://doi.org/10.1615/ichmt....
    Conference object . 2004 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Digitalna knjižnica ...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      https://doi.org/10.1615/ichmt....
      Conference object . 2004 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: Crossref
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: MARINŠEK, PETER;

    The Master’s thesis analyzes energy consumption of WiFi modules, which serve to connect devices pertaining to the Internet of Things with the internet. In the context of the thesis, I have reviewed over 200 WiFi modules online and reduced the number of modules to 28 according to certain criteria outlined beforehand. Of the remaining 28 WiFi modules, I selected 4 that I have thoroughly examined and used for various measurements. For measurement purposes, I connected the modules with a test environment via an SPI interface and implemented the necessary software drivers on the microcontroller with ARM architecture. To measure energy consumption, I used a digital flow meter with a sampling frequency up to 20 kHz and an accuracy of the 300 μA order, for which I implemented a library in the Python programming language. I concentrated on the energy consumption using WPA2 encryption, since data security is always of utmost importance. The results of the measurements have shown that despite having comparable specifications, WiFi modules differ greatly between different manufacturers in terms of actual energy consumption. Additionally, the complexity of controlling WiFi modules also varies from manufacturer to manufacturer, which affects costs and development time. Magistrska naloga obravnava problematiko energijske porabe modulov WiFi, ki služijo za povezavo z internetom pri napravah interneta stvari. V sklopu naloge sem preko spleta pregledal preko 200 modulov WiFi, nato sem seznam po v naprej določenih grobih kriterijih skrčil na 28 modulov. Od preostalih 28 modulov WiFi sem izbral 4, ki sem jih nato temeljito preučil ter uporabil v meritvah. Za potrebe meritev sem module priklopil na testno okolje preko vmesnika SPI in implementiral potrebne programske gonilnike na mikro krmilniku z arhitekturo ARM. Za meritev porabe sem uporabil digitalni tokovni merilnik s frekvenco vzorčenja do 20 kHz in natančnostjo reda 300 μA, za katerega sem implementiral knjižnico v skriptnem jeziku python. Osredotočil sem se na porabo energije pri uporabi enkripcije WPA2, ker je varnost podatkov vedno zahtevana. Rezultati meritve so pokazali, da se kljub primerljivim specifikacijam porabe modulov WiFi med različnimi proizvajalci, dejanska poraba energije zelo razlikuje. Poleg tega pa se od proizvajalca do proizvajalca razlikuje tudi zapletenost krmiljenja modulov WiFi, kar vpliva na stroške in čas razvoja.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Repository of the Un...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Repository of the Un...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: orcid Stadler, K;
    Stadler, K
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Stadler, K in OpenAIRE
    orcid Wood, R.;
    Wood, R.
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Wood, R. in OpenAIRE
    Bulavskaya, T.; Sodersten, C.J.; +18 Authors

    SummaryEnvironmentally extended multiregional input‐output (EE MRIO) tables have emerged as a key framework to provide a comprehensive description of the global economy and analyze its effects on the environment. Of the available EE MRIO databases, EXIOBASE stands out as a database compatible with the System of Environmental‐Economic Accounting (SEEA) with a high sectorial detail matched with multiple social and environmental satellite accounts. In this paper, we present the latest developments realized with EXIOBASE 3—a time series of EE MRIO tables ranging from 1995 to 2011 for 44 countries (28 EU member plus 16 major economies) and five rest of the world regions. EXIOBASE 3 builds upon the previous versions of EXIOBASE by using rectangular supply‐use tables (SUTs) in a 163 industry by 200 products classification as the main building blocks. In order to capture structural changes, economic developments, as reported by national statistical agencies, were imposed on the available, disaggregated SUTs from EXIOBASE 2. These initial estimates were further refined by incorporating detailed data on energy, agricultural production, resource extraction, and bilateral trade. EXIOBASE 3 inherits the high level of environmental stressor detail from its precursor, with further improvement in the level of detail for resource extraction. To account for the expansion of the European Union (EU), EXIOBASE 3 was developed with the full EU28 country set (including the new member state Croatia). EXIOBASE 3 provides a unique tool for analyzing the dynamics of environmental pressures of economic activities over time.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Norwegian Open Resea...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    NTNU Open
    Article . 2018
    Data sources: NTNU Open
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Journal of Industrial Ecology
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Journal of Industrial Ecology
    Article
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: UnpayWall
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Journal of Industrial Ecology
    Article . 2018
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: WU Research
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    UCL Discovery
    Article . 2018
    Data sources: UCL Discovery
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    NTNU Open
    Article . 2018
    Data sources: NTNU Open
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Norwegian Open Resea...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      NTNU Open
      Article . 2018
      Data sources: NTNU Open
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Journal of Industrial Ecology
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Journal of Industrial Ecology
      Article
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: UnpayWall
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Journal of Industrial Ecology
      Article . 2018
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: WU Research
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      UCL Discovery
      Article . 2018
      Data sources: UCL Discovery
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      NTNU Open
      Article . 2018
      Data sources: NTNU Open
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Authors: Čad, Luka;

    Sladkor se v vsakdanjem življenju porablja v enormnih količinah kot ena glavnih surovin v prehrambni industriji in pri proizvodnji pijač. Proizvodni procesi pridobivanja sladkorja iz sladkorne pese pa poleg končnega produkta povzročajo mnoge vplive na okolje, med katerimi je onesnaženje z odpadnimi vodami najbolj oporečno. V diplomski nalogi obravnavam proces čiščenja odpadnih vod tovarne sladkorja na primeru industrijske čistilne naprave, pri čemer predstavljam proizvodne procese v proizvodnih obratih sladkorja in vplive le teh na okolje in s tem tudi vire nastaja odpadnih vod. Za celostni pristop k problematiki predstavljam okoljsko zakonodajo kot pravno osnovo načrtovanja čistilne naprave ter tehnološke procese čiščenja organsko močno obremenjenih odpadnih vod. Pri čiščenju odpadnih vod je poudarek na anaerobnem čiščenju, razpoložljivih tipih anaerobnih reaktorjev ter primernosti na konkretnem primeru industrijskega sektorja proizvodnje sladkorja iz sladkorne pese. Sugar as product in our every day’s life’s been consumed in enormous quantities as one of main resources in food and drink industry. Production processes of sugar from sugar beet bring significant environmental impacts with it’s waste waters as the biggest pollutant. The thesis deals with sugar production waste water’s treatment process by presenting an example of waste water treatment plant of sugar factory, therefor presenting the production processes in sugar factories and their environmental impacts to point waste water sources. For an comprehensive approach it is presented also the environmental legislation as legal base for treatment planning and examination of waste water with high organics treatment technologies, especially the anaerobic treatment and available anaerobic reactor technologies and their applications at sugar industry sector.

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    Authors: orcid Renata Slabe-Erker;
    Renata Slabe-Erker
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    Renata Slabe-Erker in OpenAIRE
    orcid Kaja Primc;
    Kaja Primc
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    Kaja Primc in OpenAIRE

    SARS-CoV-2, a serious threat to sustainable development prospects, is spreading within countries at varying speeds, among other things depending on their population density, behavioural responses, cultural factors, personal hygiene practices and habits. This has led to significant variation in countries’ policy responses aimed at stemming the proliferation of the virus. Using crisp-set qualitative comparative analysis, we conducted a comparative study at the European level to study the performance of different combinations of COVID-19 containment measures along with the response speeds. A set of configurations for two different scenarios (above- and below-median death rates) helps to illustrate how specific containment measures in each examined European country are related to the number of deaths. The main observation arising from the analysis is that the speed of response along with the decision to suspend international flights might determine the epidemic outbreak’s impact on fatality. The results also imply that several different combinations of containment measures are associated with death rates across Europe. The outcome of this analysis can assist in identifying which set of containment measures in the event of an epidemic outbreak is beneficial/detrimental.

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    Sustainability
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    Authors: orcid Aad, Georges;
    Aad, Georges
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    Aad, Georges in OpenAIRE
    Abbott, Brad; Abreu, Henso; orcid Araujo Ferraz, Victor;
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    Araujo Ferraz, Victor in OpenAIRE
    +196 Authors

    Abstract The dynamics of isolated-photon plus two-jet production in pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV are studied with the ATLAS detector at the LHC using a dataset corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb−1. Cross sections are measured as functions of a variety of observables, including angular correlations and invariant masses of the objects in the final state, γ + jet + jet. Measurements are also performed in phase-space regions enriched in each of the two underlying physical mechanisms, namely direct and fragmentation processes. The measurements cover the range of photon (jet) transverse momenta from 150 GeV (100 GeV) to 2 TeV. The tree-level plus parton-shower predictions from Sherpa and Pythia as well as the next-to-leading-order QCD predictions from Sherpa are compared with the measurements. The next-to-leading-order QCD predictions describe the data adequately in shape and normalisation except for regions of phase space such as those with high values of the invariant mass or rapidity separation of the two jets, where the predictions overestimate the data.

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    CORE
    Article . 2020
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    Journal of High Energy Physics
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Journal of High Energy Physics
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.48550/ar...
    Article . 2019
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    Journal of High Energy Physics
    Article . 2020
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    Radboud Repository
    Article . 2020
    Data sources: Radboud Repository
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    Estudo Geral
    Article . 2020
    Data sources: Estudo Geral
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    Biblos-e Archivo
    Article . 2020
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    Apollo
    Article . 2020
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    Apollo
    Article . 2020
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    Apollo
    Article . 2020
    Data sources: Apollo
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Article . 2020
    Data sources: UCL Discovery
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Bergen Open Research Archive - UiB
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    Journal of High Energy Physics
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Article . 2020
    Data sources: HAL-UPMC
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Article . 2020
    Data sources: HAL Descartes
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    HAL AMU
    Article . 2020
    Data sources: HAL AMU
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    HAL-CEA
    Article . 2020
    Data sources: HAL-CEA
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Apollo
    Article . 2021
    Data sources: Datacite
    Apollo
    Article . 2021
    Data sources: Datacite
    Digital.CSIC
    Article . 2020
    Data sources: Digital.CSIC
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ COREarrow_drop_down
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      CORE
      Article . 2020
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: CORE
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Journal of High Energy Physics
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
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      Journal of High Energy Physics
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      License: CC BY
      Data sources: UnpayWall
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      Article . 2019
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Journal of High Energy Physics
      Article . 2020
      Data sources: DOAJ
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Article . 2020
      Data sources: Radboud Repository
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      Data sources: Estudo Geral
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      Data sources: Biblos-e Archivo
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Apollo
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    Authors: Kolenc, Marko;

    it is fair that they also take some responsibility for this and participate in the voltage control. Over the last few years there have already been few ideas in this direction. Slovenia, for example, issued guidelines for connection of distributed generation where static Q(U) characteristic for distributed generation are prescribed. On the basis of local voltage measurements and active power output, their reactive power output is determined. To describe real electrical devices equivalent circuit model is commonly used. By using these models, rather than by physical testing in the field or laboratory, their behavior can be described by mathematical equations. In the fourth chapter modeling of the elements that are used in in the simulations is presented. These are loads, distributed generation, lines and transformers. Special attention is paid to the modeling of loads on LV side. In the analysis of HV and MV networks typical load diagrams can be used. Analysis of LV networks, however, requires a completely different approach. Consumption on this voltage level is usually completely random. Therefore, it is necessary for the analysis of the LV networks to use stochastic load models. Furthermore, the use of statistical method Monte Carlo is considered when evaluating allowed amount of distributed generation in the LV network. Nowadays, network planning takes place so that the maximum consumption is assumed and then power-flow calculated. If any of the criteria is exceeded, it is necessary to strengthen the network with additional lines or transformers. Due to environmental concerns, legal restrictions, prices and the introduction of new elements in the network, this approach is no longer sufficient. Planning should be upgraded to the next level, which will allow better utilization of the system. Due to the stochastic nature of the LV networks, statistical approach seems most appropriate. The basic idea of statistical approach of planning assumes that the planning for the worst possible conditions in the network is too pessimistic. That is why statistical approach using Monte Carlo method is presented. With random samples and repetition of experiments voltage situation in the future can be predicted with desirable level of accuracy. Based on the results we can choose the best or the cheapest solutions and fit them into the network development plan. The results of the method are curves that give the probability of inadequate voltage conditions as a function of hosting capacity. Method can be easily applied to MV network analysis. The thesis analyses also the functioning of several optimization methods that serve as the basis for the creation of new control algorithms to be used in smart grids. The results are presented in the fifth chapter. Firstly, analysis of the network situation where all the generation operates with the same tan is presented. If a customer lives far away from the substation, where voltage deviations are more frequent, the inverters will have to inject or consume more reactive power than for those located in areas where the voltage deviations are minor. Also their location may change depending on how the entire distribution system is configured. As retail customers typically have no choice where they are located along the feeder, it seems inappropriate that they are required to produce or consume a large amount of reactive power and hence, take all the burden and responsibility for the voltage rise along the entire feeder. Reactive power consumption/generation contributes to aging of inverters and requires also their oversizing possible solutions is that all the generation on one feeder operates with uniform tanφ. Uniform tanφ can be seen as a tax system with a constant marginal tax rate in the business world. The situation when all distribution generation operated in such a way is presented. Next, the control algorithm which allows establishment of reactive power market is presented. The algorithm is, as also previous algorithm, based on the fact that most of the distribution network will be covered with two-way communications and measurement devices in the next ten years. The algorithm takes advantage of real time data measurements from the network. The load-flow algorithm is implemented into the coordinated control which, for every generator separately, determines the optimal operating point using a modeled network. The heart of the control system is a load-flow algorithm, which in small steps minimizes the losses using a modelled network. Possessing periodically power measurements, the simulations are carried out to minimize the reactive power flow. In a number of load-flow steps the optimal distributed generation’s reactive power is determined and new set points are sent to the generators to correlate their outputs. Coordinated control also takes advantages of unused reactive power capabilities of inverters and enables them to participate in emerging markets with reactive power. With this approach every actor in the network benefits. The problem that it has to be solved is problematic because the impact on the losses is nonlinear. Optimizing a generator affects the losses in the whole networks. Their impact is different for each generator. The fact that losses in the branches are nonlinear function of injected power in the nodes makes it difficult to solve the optimization problem. With small injections of reactive power this problem can be linearized. Generator may change its output only by one step to reduce or increase the power output. In this way, the algorithm can calculate savings for both cases for all generators and then determine which generator will change its output in the current iteration. After a certain number of iterations or load-flow calculation, the algorithm stabilizes in a particular operating point. With this approach, the problem of losses minimization is divided into a number of smaller problems, which are easier and faster to solve. If there is a large amount of distributed generation in the network, the algorithm uses sensitivity factors theory and in this way in case of emergency still the cheapest engagements of distributed generation is determined. Furthermore, the two methods are presented, which are used for optimal engagement of distributed generation. Very vaunted method in scientific articles is to use genetic algorithms. The logic behind this is that processes in the nature are due to the evolution the most optimal. Population of individuals multiplies through the generations and develops through the principle of natural selection, so only the best specimens find a partner for reproduction. Poorer individuals within a population will have fewer chances to reproduce and will disappear over many generations. If the nature of this behavior can be described by mathematical equations, we can develop a useful optimization method. Another method, again based on evolution principles, is the cuckoo search algorithm. Studies of some animals have showed that Levi’s flights can be used to describe their behavior. Cuckoos “use” this technique when searching a proper nest to lay an egg. The nest has to be carefully chosen so that the hosting bird cannot find the parasite egg. Mathematicians have developed an optimization method on the basis of this behavior. This method is relatively new and because there is little publication on this topic in scientific literature, we used this method to optimize the operation costs of distribution networks. The results are compared with other methods. Its advantage is also the ease of implementation. In the sixth chapter control algorithms are tested by simulation on two real distribution networks. The first is a medium-voltage and second low-voltage network, which takes into account the stochastic nature of the users. Firstly, the most simple control is used, and then more complex. All results are at the end of this chapter tabulated and illustrated graphically to facilitate comparison. As mentioned above, the doctoral thesis touches the problem of low-voltage network planning. The results give a probability that there will be a problem with the voltages in the network at certain point of installed distribution generation method has a great potential, with its further development and modifications it is expected to find its place within the future network planning methods. The seventh chapter concludes the doctoral dissertation and pinpoints the lessons learned. ta so podrobneje predstavljena v tem poglavju. Na podlagi lokalne meritve napetosti in trenutne proizvodnje delovne moči razpršenega vira, se določi koliko jalove moči mora proizvajati razpršeni vir.  V elektroenergetiki se za opis realnih naprav pogosto uporablja ekvivalenten model vezja. Z uporabo teh modelov lahko, raje kot da s fizičnim testiranjem na terenu ali laboratoriju, njihovo obnašanje opišemo z matematičnimi enačbami. V četrtem poglavju je zato predstavljeno modeliranje elementov, ki so uporabljeni v simulacijah. To so bremena, razpršeni viri, vodi in transformatorji. Posebno pozornost smo namenili modeliranju bremen na NN strani. Pri analizi VN in SN omrežij lahko obremenitvene diagrame bremen (in generatorjev) opišemo s tipičnimi krivuljami, ki podajajo pričakovan odjem v določenem času. Analiza NN omrežja pa zahteva povsem drugačen pristop. Odjem na tem napetostnem nivoju je praviloma povsem naključen. Zato je potrebno za analize razmer v NN omrežjih uporabiti stohastične modele uporabnikov. Nadalje, smo preučili zmožnost uporabe metode Monte Carlo za ocenjevanje dovoljene količine razpršenih virov v NN omrežju. Dandanes načrtovanje omrežij poteka tako, da načrtovalec predpostavi maksimalno porabo in nato izračuna pretoke moči. Če je katerikoli izmed kriterijev prekoračen, je potrebno omrežje ojačiti z dodatnimi vodi ali transformatorji. Zaradi okoljskih vidikov, zakonskih omejitev, cene in uvajanja novih elementov v omrežje, tak pristop ni več zadosten. Načrtovanje je potrebno nadgraditi na višjo stopnjo, ki bo omogočala boljši izkoristek sistema. Zaradi stohastične narave NN omrežij, se zdi najbolj primeren statističen pristop. Začetna ideja statističnega pristopa načrtovanja predpostavlja, da je izvedba simulacij in načrtovanje glede na najslabše možne razmere v omrežju, preveč pesimistično. Opisana je metoda za načrtovanje NN omrežij z visoko stopnjo razpršene proizvodnje, ki ima za osnovo pristop na podlagi Monte Carlo metode in statistične analize podatkov. Z naključnimi vzorci in ponavljanjem poskusov lahko predvidevamo oz. napovemo kakšne bodo napetostne razmere v prihodnosti. Na podlagi teh podatkov lahko izberemo najboljše, oz. najcenejše rešitve in jih pravočasno umestimo v plan razvoja omrežja. Rezultat metode so krivulje, ki podajajo verjetnost nastopa neustreznih napetostnih razmer, kot funkcija inštalirane moči razpršenih virov. Metodo se da smiselno uporabiti tudi v SN omrežju. V okviru doktorske naloge je bilo analizirano tudi delovanje več optimizacijskih metod, ki služijo kot podlaga za izdelavo novih algoritmov vodenja in načrtovanja v pametnih omrežjih. Izsledki so predstavljeni v petem poglavju. Algoritmi slonijo na dejstvu, da bo večina distribucijskega omrežja v naslednjih desetih letih pokrita z meritvami v realnem času. Merjeni podatki iz pametnih števcev služijo kot vhodni parametri za koordiniran nadzor napetosti. Ta se izvaja v skupnem centru vodenja. Kot izhodni parameter tega algoritma, so nove obratovalne točke generatorjev in napetostna stopnja regulacijskega transformatorja v RTP. Regulacijski algoritem je izdelan tako, da omogoča vzpostavitev trga z jalovo močjo. Razpršeni viri podajo svoje ponudbe, nato pa algoritem izvede optimizacijo in poda nove obratovalne točke za razpršene vire, da so obratovalni stroški najmanjši. S tem pristopom pridobijo vsi akterji v omrežju. Najprej je predstavljena analiza razmer ob pogoju, da vsi razpršeni viri obratujejo z enakim tg. Če razpršeni viri delujejo po principu statične karakteristike, morajo viri, ki so bolj oddaljeni od razdelilne transformatorske postaje (RTP) vzdolž izvoda, proizvajati oz. porabljati več jalove moči, kot tisti na začetku izvoda, kar ima za posledico hitrejše staranje naprav (pretvornikov) in potrebno predimenzioniranje naprav. Ena izmed možnosti, ki se ponuja, je uporaba enotnega oz. skupnega tg za vse generatorje v omrežju. Tg je razmerje med generatorjevo trenutno proizvodnjo jalove in delovne moči in se lahko interpretira kot obdavčitev generatorjev z jalovo močjo. Z izvedbo simulacij je narejena popolna analiza obratovalnih razmer v primeru takšnega obratovanja. Nadalje smo analizirali razmere, pri čemer pustimo, da se cene na trgu same izoblikujejo. Dodatno pa je potrebno, ko je kriterijska funkcija definirana, izbrati ustrezno metodo, s katero bomo iskali optimalno rešitev. Problem, ki ga moramo rešiti je problematičen zato, ker je vpliv na izgube nelinearen. Optimizacija enega generatorja vpliva na izgube v celem omrežju. Njihov vpliv pa je različen za vsak generator posebej. Dejstvo, da so izgube v vejah nelinearna funkcija injekcij moči v vozliščih, otežuje reševanje optimizacijskega problema. Z majhnimi injekcijami jalove moči v postopku minimizacije izgub, lahko ta problem lineariziramo. Predstavljena je optimizacijska metoda, ki izrablja dejstvo, da so v pametnem omrežju razpršeni viri med seboj komunikacijsko povezani in da jim je poznana topologija omrežja. Generator lahko spremeni svojo izhodno moč samo tako, da za en korak zmanjša ali zveča izhodno moč. Na ta način algoritem izračuna prihranke moči za oba primera za vse generatorje in nato določi kateri generator bo spremenil svojo izhodno moč v trenutni iteraciji. Po določenem številu iteracij oz. izračunih pretokov moči, se algoritem ustali v določeni delovni točki. S tem pristopom, se problem minimizacije izgub razdeli na več manjših problemov, ki jih je lažje in hitreje rešiti. Izhodi algoritma so nove obratovalne točke generatorjev, ki se jih razpošlje mednje. Če je v omrežju velika količina razpršenih virov, algoritem v ta namen upošteva tudi faktorje občutljivosti in tako tudi v izrednih razmerah določi najcenejšo angažiranost razpršenih virov. Nadalje sta predstavljeni še dve metodi za iskanje optimalne točke obratovanja. Zelo opevana metoda v znanstvenih člankih je uporaba genetskih algoritmov. Logika, na kateri bazirajo, je ta, da naj bi bili procesi v naravi zaradi evolucije najbolj optimalni. Populacija osebkov se skozi generacije razmnožuje in razvija po načelu naravne selekcije, tako preživijo samo najboljši osebki, ki tudi lažje najdejo partnerja za razmnoževanje. Slabši posamezniki znotraj populacije bodo imeli manj možnosti za razmnoževanje in bodo skozi več generacij izginili. Če obnašanje narave opišemo z matematičnimi enačbami, lahko razvijemo uporabno optimizacijsko metodo. Druga metoda, zopet evolucijska, pa je metoda iskanja kukavice oz. metoda kukavičjega gnezda. Raziskave obnašanja živali so pokazale, da se nekatere obnašajo po določenem vzorcu, ki je tipičen za Lévijev let, ki ga oponaša kukavica pri podtikanju jajc. Kukavica išče najbolj primerno gnezdo, da odloči jajce in s tem poveča verjetnost, da potomec preživi. Matematiki so na podlagi tega razvili novo optimizacijsko metodo. Metoda kukavičjega gnezda je relativno nova in ker je publikacij v strokovni literaturi malo, smo jo uporabili kot način za optimiziranje kriterijskih funkcij pri analizi delovanja distribucijskih omrežij. Rezultate pa smo primerjali z ostalimi metodami. Njena prednost je tudi enostavna implementacija. V šestem poglavju smo delovanje novih regulacijskih metod preverili na modelu dveh omrežij. Prvo omrežje je srednjenapetostno in drugo nizkonapetostno, kjer je upoštevana stohastična narava uporabnikov. Najprej so uporabljene najbolj preproste regulacijske metode in nato kompleksnejše. Vsi rezultati so na koncu zbrani v tabeli in ponazorjeni grafično za lažjo primerjavo. Kot omenjeno, smo se v doktorski disertaciji dotaknili tudi problematike načrtovanja NN omrežja. Rezultati podajajo verjetnost, da bomo pri določeni inštalirani moči razpršenih virov imeli težave z napetostjo. Metoda veliko obeta, z njenim nadaljnjim razvojem in dopolnitvami je pričakovati, da bo dobila mesto znotraj bodočih metod načrtovanja omrežij. V sedmem poglavju sledi zaključek, kjer so opisane najpomembnejše ugotovitve doktorske disertacije. Doctoral dissertation extends the scope of power quality and smart distribution networks in power engineering. The first section presents the key concepts and guidelines in power engineering. The world power consumption is increasing. Thus, we can expect that we will spend in 2035 approximately 36 % more energy than in 2000, of which the electricity consumption will increase the most, for about 70 %. The largest growth is expected in developing countries. Among the major challenges that Europe will have to face in the coming decade in addition to the economic crisis is the energy crisis. Competitiveness of our economy is heavily dependent on energy security: safe, secure, sustainable and cheap energy supply is crucial to the economic and strategic interests of the European Union as global player. These facts lead to the development of a new era in electricity and can be summarized by the phrase »smart grid«. This chapter explains the exact definition of smart grids and its building blocks. The emphasis is also on distributed power sources as the culprit for the problems that occur in the network. Also further direction of distribution networks development, along with new technologies in Slovenia is presented. Throughout the chapter the reader gets a quick and vivid insight into the current and future situation in the electricity sector. Technological progress, which we have witnessed in the last decade, has enabled the arrival of new technologies, which are the building blocks of smart grids. Their successful operation requires harmonized operation of all its parts, both - existing and the new ones: production units, distribution sources, information and communication technologies (ICT), functional control of distributed generation with the possibility of power management, power electronic devices, advanced remote measurement systems, etc.. The second chapter presents the key technologies and concepts of power sources and load control in smart grids. Firstly, the power production technologies are presented, i.e. small hydro power plants, wind farms, solar power plants, cogeneration plants etc. Then the electric machines, used in distribution generation, to produce electricity are presented, such as induction generator, synchronous generator and power converters. New elements, which haven't been used in distribution networks until now, are presented. These are MV/LV OLTC transformer, energy storage (batteries, pumped power plants, flanges …). The distribution network cannot become smart grid if the communication and information technologies are not established. ICT is one of the key building blocks of smart grids. Full realization of the concept of smart grids requires ICT links to each element in the electric power system, so it should include elements of power generation, transmission, and distribution and extend up to the end of each client. In this chapter, the most practical and useful ICT technologies for smart grids are presented. Control and management of a large number of connection points (customers and suppliers) requires the development of specific ICT solutions. Finally, the chapter presents two concept of managing distribution generation loads, namely demand-side management, and virtual power plant, which is a set of distributed generation, managed from a common control center, which appears in the electricity market as one big power plant. One of the main problems posed by distributed generation is related to the voltage rise. Distributed generation can along the feeder, because of the injection of active power, raise the voltage offer the statutory defined limits, which can cause damage to the devices connected to the network, the network itself and the loss of power, resulting in a financial burden. In this doctoral thesis, most attention is paid exactly to the problem of maintaining adequate voltage profile. The third section describes the voltage rise problem using the equations that represent real network conditions. Classical approach of voltage control, which will soon no longer be sufficient, is presented. The traditional solution in these problems would be reinforcing the network with additional transformers and by increasing the conductor’s cross-sections and thus oversizing the networks. Such solutions are reliable, however, due to environmental considerations, legal constraints and also price, in most cases, very expensive and economic unjustified solution. One of the alternative approaches is in general, technological approach, which means that with the minimum investments in the network new control possibilities are exploited where this is possible. In the world there are already new low-costs solutions emerging, which do not bring any sustainable solutions at these time. Until recently, the distributed generation operated with constant power factor (cos= 1). This means that they did not participate in the voltage control. Given that distributed generation is the main culprit for the voltage rise problems Doktorska disertacija sega na področje kakovosti električne energije in pametnih distribucijskih omrežij v elektroenergetiki. V prvem poglavju so predstavljeni glavni pojmi in smernice v elektroenergetiki. V Sloveniji in svetu se poraba energije neprenehoma zvišuje. Tako je lahko pričakovati, da bomo leta 2035 porabili približno 36 % več energije kot leta 2000. Od tega se bo najbolj povečala raba električne energije, do leta 2035 za približno 70 %, največjo rast pa se pričakuje v državah v razvoju. Med večjimi izzivi, s katerimi se bo Evropa morala soočiti v prihodnjem desetletju, so poleg gospodarske krize, tudi energetski izzivi. Konkurenčnost našega gospodarstva je močno odvisna od zanesljive oskrbe z energijo: varna, zanesljiva, trajnostna in cenovno sprejemljiva energetska oskrba je ključna pri gospodarskih in strateških interesih Evropske zveze kot globalne igralke. Ta dejstva vodijo v razvoj nove dobe v elektroenergetiki in jo lahko povzamemo z besedno zvezo »pametna omrežja«. V tem poglavju je razložena točna definicija pametnih omrežij in njegovih gradnikov. Poudarek je tudi na razpršenih virih (RV), kot krivcih za probleme, ki se pojavljajo v omrežju. Opisana in nakazana je tudi nadaljnja smer razvoja distribucijskih omrežij v Sloveniji, skupaj z novimi tehnologijami. V celotnem poglavju bralec dobi hiter in nazoren vpogled v trenutno in bodoče stanje v elektroenergetiki. Tehnološki razvoj, kateremu smo priča v zadnjem desetletju, je omogočil prihod novih tehnologij, ki so gradniki pametnih omrežij. Za njihovo uspešno delovanje je potrebno usklajeno delovanje vseh njegovih delov, tako obstoječih, kot novih: klasičnih proizvodnih enot, razpršenih virov, komunikacijskih in informacijskih tehnologij (IKT), delujočo regulacijo virov z možnostjo upravljanja porabe, naprav močnostne elektronike, sistemov naprednega daljinskega merjenja itd. V drugem poglavju so predstavljene vse ključne tehnologije in tudi koncepti regulacije virov in bremen v pametnih omrežjih. Najprej so predstavljene tehnologije proizvodnje električne energije, to so male hidroelektrarne, vetrne elektrarne, sončne elektrarne, kogeneracijske elektrarne ipd. Nato so na kratko predstavljeni tudi električni stroji za proizvodnjo iz razpršenih virov, to so asinhronski generator, sinhronski generator in močnostni pretvorniki. Predstavljeni so tudi povsem novi elementi, ki jih do sedaj v distribucijskih omrežjih nismo srečevali, to so regulacijski SN/NN transformator, ki lahko spreminja napetostno stopnjo med obratovanjem, hranilniki energije (baterije, črpalne elektrarne, vztrajniki, …). Da distribucijskemu omrežju sploh lahko rečemo »pametno« omrežje, mora imeti vzpostavljen sistem informacijskih in komunikacijskih tehnologij. IKT so eden ključnih gradnikov pametnih omrežji. Polna uresničitev koncepta pametnega omrežja zahteva IKT povezave do vsakega elementa v elektroenergetskem sistemu (EES), torej mora vključevati elemente proizvodnje, prenosa, distribucije in segati tudi do vsakega končnega odjemalca. V tem poglavju so na kratko predstavljene potrebe in rešitve, ki so izvedljive in uporabne v pametnih omrežjih. Nadzor in upravljanje velikega števila priključnih mest (odjemalcev in proizvajalcev) zahteva razvoj posebnih IKT rešitev. Na koncu poglavja sta predstavljena še dva koncepta vodenja razpršenih virov in bremen, to sta upravljanje s porabo in virtualna elektrarna, ki je skupek razpršenih virov, vodenih iz skupnega centra za nadzor, ki nastopajo na trgu kot ena velika elektrarna. Eden glavnih problemov, ki jih prinašajo razpršeni viri, so težave z napetostjo. Razpršeni viri lahko vzdolž voda, zaradi injekcije delovne moči, dvignejo napetostni nivo preko zakonsko dovoljene meje, kar lahko povzroči poškodbe naprav, priklopljenih na omrežje, omrežja samega in tudi izpad napajanja, kar ima za posledico finančno breme. V doktorski disertaciji največ pozornosti posvečamo ravno problematiki vzdrževanja ustreznega napetostnega profila. V tretjem poglavju je problem porasta napetosti opisan z uporabo enačb, ki ponazarjajo realne razmere v omrežju. Opisan je klasičen način regulacije napetosti, ki pa kmalu ne bo več zadosten. Tradicionalna rešitev omenjene težave bi bila ojačenje elektroenergetskega omrežja z dodatnimi vodi in transformatorji oz. s povečanjem presekov vodnikov in s tem predimenzioniranjem omrežja. Takšne rešitve so sicer zanesljive, vendar so zaradi okoljevarstvenih razlogov, zakonskih omejitev in tudi cene, v večini primerov izredno draga in ekonomsko neupravičena rešitev. Eden od alternativnih pristopov je na splošno tehnološki pristop, kar pomeni, da se z minimalnimi vlaganji v omrežje izkoristi nove možnosti regulacije, kjer sistem to dopušča. V svetu se že pojavljajo razne ekonomsko ugodne rešitve, ki pa ne prinašajo trajnostne rešitve in poljubne optimizacije v omrežju te rešitve so predstavljene v nadaljevanju. Do nedavnega, so razpršeni viri delovali s konstantnim faktorjem moči (cos= 1). Torej niso sodelovali pri regulaciji napetosti. Glede na to, da je ravno razpršena proizvodnja glavni krivec za poraste napetosti, je prav, da za to prevzamejo določeno odgovornost in obvezno sodelujejo pri sistemskih storitvah. Zadnjih nekaj let se že pojavljajo ideje in zahteve v tej smeri. Tako so bila v Sloveniji leta 2011 sprejeta navodila za priključevanje razpršene proizvodnje, kjer je bila določena statična Q(U) karakteristika za razpršeno proizvodnjo

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    Authors: Žubi, Hena;

    Bosnia and Herzegovina, a country rich in geothermal resources, has the potential to exploit this renewable energy source as a possible substitute for fossil fuels. The Tuzla, Zenica-Doboj and Sarajevo regions have the majority of geothermal potential in the country, providing reliable and sustainable energy solutions. Geothermal energy, unlike other renewable sources, is constant and independent of weather changes, which ensures a steady and uninterrupted supply of electricity. Bosnia and Herzegovina has no renewable energy development strategy, environmental protection strategy or laws related to energy efficiency. The reason lies in inadequate regulation, irresponsibility in the implementation of international agreements, which are taking on political dimensions, as well as in the lack of coordination between the state and lower levels of government. An important problem is also the incompetence of personnel, financial limitations in the transfer of modern technologies and insufficient public awareness regarding the need to protect the environment and the development of renewable energy sources. Insufficient understanding of geothermal resources in the country, lack of appropriate technology and high initial costs make it difficult to fully exploit geothermal energy. However, Bosnia and Herzegovina's commitment to promoting renewable energy sources is driving initiatives to help develop geothermal energy. This country can stimulate economic growth by using geothermal energy to reduce energy imports, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and create new jobs. Bosnia and Herzegovina's geothermal potential can only be unleashed through collaboration between the government, the business sector and academic institutions, as well as investment in infrastructure and research. Bosna in Hercegovina, država, bogata z geotermalnimi viri, ima potencial za izkoriščanje tega obnovljivega vira energije, ki je možna zamenjava za fosilna goriva. Regije Tuzla, Zenica-Doboj in Sarajevo imajo večino geotermalnega potenciala v državi, ki zagotavlja zanesljive in trajnostne energetske rešitve. Geotermalna energija je za razliko od drugih obnovljivih virov stalna in neodvisna od vremenskih sprememb, kar zagotavlja enakomerno in neprekinjeno oskrbo s toplotno in električno energijo. Bosna in Hercegovina nima strategije za razvoj obnovljivih virov energije, strategije varstva okolja ali zakonov, povezanih z energetsko učinkovitostjo. Razlog je v neustrezni ureditvi, neodgovornosti pri izvajanju mednarodnih pogodb, ki dobivajo politične razsežnosti, pa tudi v neusklajenosti med državo in nižjimi ravnmi oblasti. Pomemben problem predstavljajo tudi kadrovska neusposobljenost, finančne omejitve pri prenosu sodobnih tehnologij ter premajhna senzibilnost javnosti glede potrebe po varovanju okolja in razvoju obnovljivih virov energije. Nezadostno razumevanje geotermalnih virov v državi, pomanjkanje ustrezne tehnologije in visoki začetni stroški otežujejo polno izkoriščanje geotermalne energije. Vendar predanost Bosne in Hercegovine spodbujanju obnovljivih virov energije spodbuja pobude za pomoč pri razvoju geotermalne energije. Država lahko spodbudi gospodarsko rast z uporabo geotermalne energije za zmanjšanje uvoza energije, zmanjšanje emisij toplogrednih plinov in ustvarjanje novih delovnih mest. Geotermalni potencial Bosne in Hercegovine je mogoče sprostiti le s sodelovanjem med vlado, poslovnim sektorjem in akademskimi institucijami, pa tudi z naložbami v infrastrukturo in raziskave.

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    Authors: Perhaj, Jan;

    In the thesis I discuss the influence of single-sided natural ventilation on cooling of the non-residential building. Between all the building systems the consumption of final energy for cooling is the biggest in modern non-residential buildings. That is why cooling with natural ventilation is one of the most efficient measures to increase energy efficiency of the buildings. The effect of natural cooling with airing dependends on climate characteristics, architectural design of the building, thermal properties of structures of the building and internal heat gains. We focused on a typical office and, based on previous researches, chose models with which it would be possible to take into account the shape of the room, transfer of heat into room components depending on air exchange rate and accumulation of cold in room walls. With the help of software tool EnergyPlus we compared theoretical results with results of numerical modelling. Furthermore, we analysed the climate potential of natural refrigeration in four cities across Europe with different climate conditions. The analysis showed that cooling with natural ventilation can reduce the energy use for cooling typical office by about half in Madrid, 2/3 in Lisbon and 3/4 in Ljubljana and Moscow. V magistrskem delu obravnavamo vpliv enostranskega prezračevanja na hlajenje prostora v nestanovanjski stavbi. V sodobnih javnih stavbah je raba končne energije za hlajenje izrazita. Za povečanje energijske učinkovitosti stavb je zato hlajenje z naravnim prezračevanjem eden od najbolj učinkovitih ukrepov. Učinek naravnega hlajenja s prezračevanjem pa je odvisen od podnebnih značilnosti, arhitekturne zasnove stavbe, toplotnih lastnosti gradnikov stavbe in toplotnih dobitkov. Oblikovali smo referenčni prostor in na osnovi pregleda raziskav izbrali modele, s katerimi bo mogoče pri modeliranju toplotnega odziva z enostranskim prezračevanjem hlajenega prostora upoštevati obliko prostora, prestop toplote v gradnike prostora v odvisnosti od števila izmenjav zraka in periodično shranjevanje hladu v gradnikih prostora. S pomočjo programskega orodja EnergyPlus smo teoretične modele primerjali z rezultati numeričnega modeliranja. Na osnovi meteoroloških podatkov štirih evropskih mest smo analizirali tudi vpliv podnebja na učinek naravnega hlajenja. Analiza je pokazala, da lahko s hlajenjem z naravnim prezračevanjem zmanjšamo rabo energije za hlajenje pisarniškega prostora za približno polovico v Madridu, 2/3 v Lizboni in 3/4 v Ljubljani in Moskvi.

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    Authors: Fabjan, Ana;
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