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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Amadou Thierno Gaye; Xavier Capet; orcid Juliette Mignot;
    Juliette Mignot
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Juliette Mignot in OpenAIRE
    Adama Sylla; +1 Authors

    Upwelling processes bring nutrient-rich waters from the deep ocean to the surface. Areas of upwelling are often associated with high productivity, offering great economic value in terms of fisheries. The sensitivity of spring/summer-time coastal upwelling systems to climate change has recently received a lot of attention. Several studies have suggested that their intensity may increase in the future while other authors have shown decreasing intensity in their equatorward portions. Yet, recent observations do not show robust evidence of this intensification. The Senegalo-Mauritanian upwelling system (SMUS) located at the southern edge of the north Atlantic system (12°N–20°N) and most active in winter/spring has been largely excluded from these studies. Here, the seasonal cycle of the SMUS and its response to climate change is investigated in the database of the Coupled Models Inter comparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). Upwelling magnitude and surface signature are characterized by several sea surface temperature and wind stress indices. We highlight the ability of the climate models to reproduce the system, as well as their biases. The simulations suggest that the intensity of the SMUS winter/spring upwelling will moderately decrease in the future, primarily because of a reduction of the wind forcing linked to a northward shift of Azores anticyclone and a more regional modulation of the low pressures found over Northwest Africa. The implications of such an upwelling reduction on the ecosystems and local communities exploiting them remains very uncertain.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Climate Dynamics
    Article
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Climate Dynamics
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Springer TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Climate Dynamics
      Article
      Data sources: UnpayWall
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Climate Dynamics
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Springer TDM
      Data sources: Crossref
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Alioune Badara Dieng;

    1 Faculty of Science and Technology, University Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar-Senegal 2 Mining School of Niamey-Niger 3 Ecole Supeieure polytechnique de Daar-Senegal 4 Ecole Polytechnique of Thies, EPT, Thies, Senegal 5 Faculty of Science and Technology, University Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar-Senegal 6 Ecole Supeieure polytechnique de Daar-Senegal 7 Faculty of Science and Technology, University Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar-Senegal

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ International Journa...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ International Journa...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mactar Faye; Pape Moussa Toure; orcid Vincent Sambou;
    Vincent Sambou
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Vincent Sambou in OpenAIRE
    Ababcar Thiam;

    Abstract In Senegal, soil is used in construction with a misunderstanding of the thermal and mechanical properties. The lifespan of building considerably depends of the mechanical properties of construction materials used. The thermal properties of construction materials have considerable influence on the energy performance of the building. This work deals with the determination of thermal and mechanical properties of soil bricks stabilized with cement produced by five handicraft manufacturers. For the mechanical characterization, we determine the compressive strength of bricks using a mechanical press. The thermal characterization is to determine thermal capacity and thermal conductivity of bricks by asymmetrical transient Hot Plate method. The results show that vibrated bricks have a compressive strength of about 1.6 MPa and a thermal conductivity of about 0.8 W.m-1.K-1. The compressed bricks have better compression strength of about 2 MPa and a thermal conductivity of about 0.7 W.m-1.K-1.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energy Procediaarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energy Procedia
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Energy Procedia
    Article
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: UnpayWall
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energy Procediaarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energy Procedia
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC ND
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Energy Procedia
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      License: CC BY NC ND
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: orcid Atoumane Ndiaye;
    Atoumane Ndiaye
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Atoumane Ndiaye in OpenAIRE
    Alle Dioum; orcid Corneliu I. Oprea;
    Corneliu I. Oprea
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Corneliu I. Oprea in OpenAIRE
    orcid bw Anca Dumbrava;
    Anca Dumbrava
    ORCID
    Derived by OpenAIRE algorithms or harvested from 3rd party repositories

    Anca Dumbrava in OpenAIRE
    +6 Authors

    The theoretical study of chrysanthemin (cyanidin 3-glucoside) as a pigment for TiO2-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) was performed with the GAUSSSIAN 09 simulation. The electronic spectra of neutral and anionic chrysanthemin molecules were calculated by density functional theory with B3LYP functional and DGDZVP basis set. A better energy level alignment was found for partially deprotonated molecules of chrysanthemin, with the excited photoelectron having enough energy in order to be transferred to the conduction band of TiO2 semiconductor in DSSCs. In addition, we used the raw aqueous extracts of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) calyces as the source of chrysanthemin and the extracts with various pH values were tested in DSSCs. The extracts and photosensitized semiconductor layers were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, and DSSCs based on raw extracts were characterized by current density-voltage measurements.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Moleculesarrow_drop_down
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    Molecules
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Molecules
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    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Molecules
    Article . 2021
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    Molecules
    Article . 2021
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Access Routes
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Moleculesarrow_drop_down
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      Molecules
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Molecules
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      Molecules
      Article . 2021
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      Molecules
      Article . 2021
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    Authors: F.I. Barro; orcid Prince Abdoul Aziz Honadia;
    Prince Abdoul Aziz Honadia
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Prince Abdoul Aziz Honadia in OpenAIRE
    Modou Badiane; Thermal;

    A theoretical and experimental study of a conventional boost converter is presented. Based on the real behavior of the components, the conventional boost converter model dealing with both inductive and capacitive losses as well as switching losses is introduced. From this model, the detailed analytical expressions of the voltage gain factor and the conversion efficiency are established taking into account the losses due to parasitic resistances and switching losses. The behavior of the converter is then analyzed by simulating the voltage gain factor and the conversion efficiency as a function of the duty cycle. The converter prototype was manufactured and a set of experimental measurements was made; these measurements made it possible to demonstrate that the proposed theoretical models were reliable for a large range of duty cycle for the boost converter.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal de Physique ...arrow_drop_down
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    Journal de Physique de la SOAPHYS
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal de Physique de la SOAPHYS
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: orcid Caminade, Cyril;
    Caminade, Cyril
    ORCID
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    Ndione, Jacques-André; orcid Kebe, C.-M.-F.;
    Kebe, C.-M.-F.
    ORCID
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    Kebe, C.-M.-F. in OpenAIRE
    Jones, A.E; +8 Authors

    AbstractThe aim of this study is to highlight the recent progress in mapping vector‐borne diseases in West Africa using modelling and field experiments. Based on climatic indicators, methods have been developed to map Rift Valley fever (RVF) and malaria risk. Modelling results corroborate that northern Senegal and southern Mauritania appear to be critical areas for RVF outbreaks and that the malaria epidemic fringe is located at the northern edge of the Sahel. Future projections highlight that the malaria risk decreases over northern Sahel. This is related to a southward shift of the potential epidemic belt in autumn. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society

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    Atmospheric Science Letters
    Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
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      Atmospheric Science Letters
      Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: orcid bw Kory Faye;
    Kory Faye
    ORCID
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    Kory Faye in OpenAIRE
    orcid Ababacar Thiam;
    Ababacar Thiam
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    Ababacar Thiam in OpenAIRE
    orcid Mactar Faye;
    Mactar Faye
    ORCID
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    Mactar Faye in OpenAIRE

    This work investigated the prediction of the optimum height and tilt angle of the solar receiver of a 30 kWe solar tower power plant for the electricity production in the Sahelian zone. Initially, the solar field is sized to determine the total reflecting surface area of the mirrors and the number of heliostats. A PS10-like radially staggered heliostat field is used to design the heliostat layout in the field using a Matlab code. The concentrated solar flux at the input of the receiver was determined using Soltrace software by the Monte Carlo ray tracing (MCRT) method. The sizing results show that the total reflecting surface area is 350 m2 for an optical efficiency of 76.4% and a reference DNI of 600 W/m2. The solar field layout indicates 175 heliostats of 2 m2 surface area and 1.5 m height each. The simulation results show that the optimum height and tilt angle of the solar receiver are 26 m and 65°, respectively.

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    International Journal of Photoenergy
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    International Journal of Photoenergy
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      International Journal of Photoenergy
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      International Journal of Photoenergy
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    Authors: Drame, Mamadou, Simina; Ceamanos, Xavier; Roujean, Jean, Louis; orcid Boone, Aaron, Anthony;
    Boone, Aaron, Anthony
    ORCID
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    Boone, Aaron, Anthony in OpenAIRE
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    The article investigates the impact of aerosol composition on the estimation of the downwelling surface shortwave flux (DSSF). This initiative forms part of the efforts to improve the DSSF distributed by the Land Surface Analysis Satellite Application Facility (LSA-SAF). This operational product assumes invariant aerosol properties under clear sky conditions, which can be inaccurate for some regions of the world. This is the case of West Africa, where aerosol activity is not only highly variable due to frequent dust storms but also rich because of the coexistence of different aerosol species. This study was carried out over the West African stations of Dakar and Niamey, which represent different aerosol scenarios. Several dates during the dry season of 2006 were selected and classified into four different day types according to aerosol activity: standard, clean, mixture and dusty days. The diurnal evolution of DSSF and its direct and diffuse components were estimated for the selected dates by the current LSA-SAF algorithm and two other approaches using aerosol measurements from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) as input. The first alternative approach took the diurnal evolution of the total aerosol optical depth (AOD) into account, assuming a default desert aerosol type. Experiments with this method showed a significant improvement in the estimated DSSF compared to the current LSA-SAF algorithm. For example, root mean square error (RMSE) improved from 170 W/m2 to 50 W/m2 for dusty days in Dakar and from 73 W/m2 to 21 W/m2 for mixture days in Niamey. This improvement resulted from the consideration of a time-varying AOD, which accounted for the rapidly changing aerosol load for these two day types. The second alternative approach tested included consideration of the diurnal variation of the aerosol load and composition. Again, this was done using AERONET data on the fine and coarse aerosol modes, which may be associated with different sized dust particles, sea salt, or soot from biomass burning (depending on the date). This enhanced consideration of the aerosol composition greatly improved the estimation of the diffuse component of the DSSF, further reducing the RMSE during mixture days from 50 W/m2 to less than 10 W/m2. This improvement mainly came from consideration of the right scattering properties of the aerosol particles, which may be significantly different for each aerosol type.

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    Atmosphere
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2015
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      Atmosphere
      Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: orcid bw Ole Mertz;
    Ole Mertz
    ORCID
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    Ole Mertz in OpenAIRE
    orcid bw Cheikh Mbow;
    Cheikh Mbow
    ORCID
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    Cheikh Mbow in OpenAIRE
    orcid Jonas Østergaard Nielsen;
    Jonas Østergaard Nielsen
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    Jonas Østergaard Nielsen in OpenAIRE
    Abdou Maïga; +8 Authors

    La zone soudano-sahélienne de l'Afrique de l'Ouest a connu des sécheresses récurrentes depuis le milieu des années 1970 et aujourd'hui, on s'inquiète beaucoup de la façon dont cette région sera en mesure de s'adapter au changement climatique futur. Pour développer des stratégies d'adaptation bien ciblées, l'importance relative des facteurs climatiques en tant que moteurs de l'utilisation des terres et du changement des moyens de subsistance doit être mieux comprise. Sur la base des perceptions de 1 249 ménages dans cinq pays à travers un gradient annuel de précipitations de 400 à 900 mm, nous fournissons une estimation de la le poids des facteurs climatiques en tant que facteurs de changement dans les ménages ruraux au cours des 20 dernières années. Les facteurs climatiques, principalement des précipitations insuffisantes, sont perçus par 30 à 50 % des ménages comme une cause de diminution de la production de cultures pluviales, tandis qu'un large éventail d'autres facteurs explique les 50 à 70 % restants. Les facteurs climatiques sont beaucoup moins importants pour la diminution de la production animale et des zones de pâturage. L'augmentation des pâturages est également observée et causée par l'amélioration du régime foncier dans la zone la plus sèche. Les stratégies d'adaptation à la baisse de la production agricole comprennent la « prière » et la migration dans la zone de 400 à 500 mm ; le reboisement, la migration et le gouvernement soutien dans la zone 500-700 mm ; et amélioration des sols dans la zone 700-900 mm. Le déclin des exploitations d'élevage est contré par l'amélioration des ressources fourragères et des services vétérinaires. Il est conclu que, bien que la production de cultures pluviales soit principalement limitée par des facteurs climatiques, le bétail et les pâturages sont moins sensibles au climat dans toutes les zones de précipitations. Cela doit être reflété dans les stratégies nationales d'adaptation dans la région. La zona sudanosaheliana de África occidental ha experimentado sequías recurrentes desde mediados de la década de 1970 y hoy en día existe una preocupación considerable sobre cómo esta región podrá adaptarse al cambio climático futuro. Para desarrollar estrategias de adaptación bien dirigidas, es necesario comprender mejor la importancia relativa de los factores climáticos como impulsores del uso de la tierra y el cambio de los medios de vida. Sobre la base de las percepciones de 1249 hogares en cinco países con un gradiente de lluvia anual de 400-900 mm, proporcionamos una estimación de la el peso de los factores climáticos como impulsores de los cambios en los hogares rurales durante los últimos 20 años. Los factores climáticos, principalmente las precipitaciones inadecuadas, son percibidos por el 30-50% de los hogares como una causa de la disminución de la producción de cultivos de secano, mientras que una amplia gama de otros factores explica el 50-70% restante. Los factores climáticos son mucho menos importantes para la disminución de la producción ganadera y las áreas de pastoreo. Los aumentos en los pastos también se observan y son causados por la mejora de la tenencia en la zona más seca. Las estrategias de adaptación a la disminución de la producción de cultivos incluyen la "oración" y la migración en la zona de 400-500 mm; reforestación, migración y gobierno apoyo en la zona de 500-700 mm; y mejora del suelo en la zona de 700-900 mm. La disminución de las explotaciones ganaderas se contrarresta con la mejora de los recursos forrajeros y los servicios veterinarios. Se concluye que, aunque la producción de cultivos de secano está limitada principalmente por factores climáticos, el ganado y los pastos son menos sensibles al clima en todas las zonas de lluvia. Esto debe reflejarse en las estrategias nacionales de adaptación en la región. The Sudano-Sahelian zone of West Africa has experienced recurrent droughts since the mid-1970s and today there is considerable concern for how this region will be able to adapt to future climate change.To develop well targeted adaptation strategies, the relative importance of climate factors as drivers of land use and livelihood change need to be better understood.Based on the perceptions of 1249 households in five countries across an annual rainfall gradient of 400-900 mm, we provide an estimate of the relative weight of climate factors as drivers of changes in rural households during the past 20 years.Climate factors, mainly inadequate rainfall, are perceived by 30-50% of households to be a cause of decreasing rainfed crop production, whereas a wide range of other factors explains the remaining 50-70%.Climate factors are much less important for decreasing livestock production and pasture areas.Increases in pasture are also observed and caused by improved tenure in the driest zone.Adaptation strategies to declining crop production include 'prayer' and migration in the 400-500 mm zone; reforestation, migration, and government support in the 500-700 mm zone; and soil improvement in the 700-900 mm zone.Declining livestock holdings are countered by improved fodder resources and veterinary services.It is concluded that although rainfed crop production is mainly constrained by climate factors, livestock and pasture are less climate sensitive in all rainfall zones.This needs to be reflected in national adaptation strategies in the region. شهدت المنطقة السودانية الساحلية في غرب إفريقيا موجات جفاف متكررة منذ منتصف السبعينيات، واليوم هناك قلق كبير بشأن كيفية قدرة هذه المنطقة على التكيف مع تغير المناخ في المستقبل. لوضع استراتيجيات تكيف موجهة بشكل جيد، يجب فهم الأهمية النسبية للعوامل المناخية كمحركات لاستخدام الأراضي وتغير سبل العيش بشكل أفضل. بناءً على تصورات 1249 أسرة في خمسة بلدان عبر تدرج هطول الأمطار السنوي من 400-900 ملم، نقدم تقديرًا للنسبة وزن العوامل المناخية كمحركات للتغيرات في الأسر الريفية خلال السنوات العشرين الماضية. ينظر إلى العوامل المناخية، وخاصة عدم كفاية هطول الأمطار، من قبل 30-50 ٪ من الأسر على أنها سبب لانخفاض إنتاج المحاصيل البعلية، في حين أن مجموعة واسعة من العوامل الأخرى تفسر 50-70 ٪ المتبقية. العوامل المناخية أقل أهمية بكثير لانخفاض إنتاج الثروة الحيوانية ومناطق المراعي. كما لوحظت الزيادات في المراعي والناجمة عن تحسين الحيازة في المنطقة الأكثر جفافاً. تشمل استراتيجيات التكيف مع انخفاض إنتاج المحاصيل "الصلاة" والهجرة في منطقة 400-500 مم ؛ إعادة التشجير والهجرة والحكومة الدعم في منطقة 500-700 مم ؛ وتحسين التربة في منطقة 700-900 مم. يتم مواجهة انخفاض حيازات الماشية من خلال تحسين موارد الأعلاف والخدمات البيطرية. تم التوصل إلى أنه على الرغم من أن إنتاج المحاصيل البعلية مقيد بشكل أساسي بعوامل المناخ، إلا أن الثروة الحيوانية والمراعي أقل حساسية للمناخ في جميع مناطق هطول الأمطار. يجب أن ينعكس هذا في استراتيجيات التكيف الوطنية في المنطقة.

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    Traditional technologies for clay brick burning are often confronted with firing problems. The produced brick is of poor quality due to poor combustion inside the kiln. So that, cooking plays an important role because it determines the quality of the final product. Therefore, this work presents a transient computational fluid dynamic (CFD) study of firing clay bricks in the traditional oven. The heat transfer modeling in the furnace mainly is made from hydrodynamic equations and combustion reactions. Therefore, numerical simulation is done using ANSYS-Fluent software, using the standard k-ε turbulence model and the Eddy Dissipation turbulent combustion model. The results focused on the flow field, evolution of temperature, and O2 mass fraction to verify the combustion process inside the kiln. The results show that the kiln reaches the maximum temperature is in order of 900 °C and therefore verification process occurs. Moreover, the results revealed that the O2 mass fraction has the highest values at the inlet and it decreases gradually inside the kiln which gives good evidence about combustion process propagation.

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