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In this study, the energy, exergy, environmental, enviroeconomic, exergoenvironmental (EXEN), Exergoenviroeconomic (EXENEC) analyses are performed to a solar collector. The enviroeconomic (energy based environmental analysis), EXEN (exergy based environmental analysis) and EXENEC (exergy based environmental and economic analysis) analyses are firstly conducted in this kind of system in the literature. It is found that most of the energy and exergy are lost by the radiation. The major reason is the big temperature difference between sky and glass surface of the collector. Furthermore, the energy efficiency (25.40%) of the system is higher than the corresponding exergy efficiency (0.732%). Also, the solar exergy of the system is the maximum exergy input rate, and most of it is destructed in the system due to the irreversibility. It shows the major disadvantages of the solar collector system. The EXEN result (0.0727 kg CO2/day) is lower than the corresponding environmental one (0.0777 kg CO2/day). The enviroeconomic result (0.00112 $/day) is higher than the EXENEC result (0.00105 $/day). So, exergy based EXENEC method is more reliable. It can be generally concluded that the solar collector systems can be assessed more effectively by using the exergy and economy based EXEN and EXENEC methods, respectively due to the consideration of the environmental condition and useful energy into calculation. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd

The main aim of this study was to determine the effects of physical and chemical pretreatments on biogas production from two agricultural wastes (maize straw and cattle manure). The total solids (TS) were 86.1% and 41.2% for the cattle manure and maize straw respectively while the volatile solids (VS) were 82.0% for cattle manure and 51.6% for maize straw (both interms of total biomass). 5% TS was used for both biomasses in the measurement of reducing sugars and the Biochemical methane potential (BMP) test. Solubility was determined by measuring the reducing sugar concentration using the Miller method (Miller 1959). Biomass samples were seeded with sludge seed on a 50:50 biomass to sludge ratio. The pH of the mixture was regulated to between 7.0 and 7.5 and placed in an incubator at 37oC (mesophilic temperature range). Biogas measurements were done daily and carbon dioxide was measured once in a week.Two chemical pretreatment methods were applied on both biomasses; acid and alkaline pretreatments assisted with heat. The most effective pretreatment method for maize straw was alkaline pretreatment producing the highest concentrations of daily and cumulative biogas with an average increase of 163%. Acid pretreatment of maize straw lasted between 24 to 27 (the fewest number of days) compared to all other pretreatments applied. Physical pertreatment methods applied on maize straw include; comminution, microwave and liquid hot water pretreatment. The Microwave pretreated samples produced the highest increase in biogas production of about 3 folds. Cattle manure was pretreated with H2SO4, NaOH, microwave and liquid hot water (LHW). Acid pretreatment was more effective for cattle manure than maize straw with both acid concentrations increasing biogas production. Cattle manure samples treated at LHW 135oC produced the highest cumulative amount of biogas resulting in a 103% increase. Microwave pretreatment was also very effective resulting in 97% increase in methane production which lasted for 32 days.Keywords: Biogas, pretreatment, lignocellulose, methane, maize straw, cattle manure. Bu çalışmanın amacı, fiziksel ve kimyasal ön arıtımın tarım atıkları (mısır artıkları ve sığır gübre) üzerindeki etkilerini belirlemektir. Sığır gübresi ve mısır samanının toplam katı madde oranları sırasıyla %86.1 ve %41.2 olmuştur. Uçucu katı madde oranları ise sığır gübresinde %82 ve mısır samanında %51.6 olarak ölçülmüştür. Biyokimyasal metan potansiyeli ve indirgen şeker ölçümlerinde atıklar %5 TKM oranında kullanılmıştır. İndirgen şeker Miller (Miller, 1959) metodu kullanılarak ölçülmüştür. Biokütle örnekleri çamurla 50:50 oranında karıştırılmıştır. Karışımın pH değeri 7.0-7.5 değerlerine ayarlanmış ve örnekler 37oC (mezofilik) inkübatörde tutulmuştur. Biyogaz ölçümleri günlük yapılırken karbon dioksit ölçümleri haftada bir yapılmıştır. Kullanılan atıklara alkali ve asidik olmak üzere iki faklı ön arıtım metodu uygulanmıştır. Mısır samanı için en verimli ön arıtım metodu alkali ön arıtım olmuştur. Alkali ön arıtım sonrası günlük ve kümülatif biyogaz üretiminde %163'lük bir artış olmuştur. Asidik ön arıtım uygulanan mısır samanından biyogaz üretimi prosesi 24-27 (diğer ön arıtım işlemlerine göre daha az) gün sürmüştür. Mısır samanına ufalama, mikrodalga ve sıcak su gibi üç farklı fiziksel ön arıtım yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Bu yöntemler içerisinde mikrodalga yöntemi diğer yöntemlere göre 3 kat daha fazla biyogaz üretim verimi sağlanmıştır. Kullanılan sığır gübresine H2SO4, NaOH, mikrodalga ve sıcak su ön arıtım yöntemleri uygulanmıştır. Asidik ön arıtım yöntemi mısır atıklarından farklı olarak sığır gübresi çalışmalarında daha verimli olmuştur. 135℃ sıcak ön arıtım yöntemi uygulanan sığır gübresinde kümülatif biyogaz üretiminde %103 artış olmuştur. Mikrodalga ön arıtım yöntemi de sığır gübresi çalışmalarında verimli olmuştur. Metan üretiminde % 97 artış yaşanmış ve biyogaz üretimi 32 günde tamamlanmıştır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Biyogaz, ön arıtma, lignoselüloz, metan, mısır saman, sığır gübresi. 103

Location and climate information of 18 natural Turkish hazel populations in Turkey is reported. Populations are small (mean area = 206 ha) and are found at 700 m to 1600 m above sea level. Mean annual temperature is 8.83 °C and (range: 6.9 - 11 °C) and mean annual precipitation is 654.28 mm (range: 477 - 952 mm) at population locations. The species is of interest in Turkey for plantation in arid and semi-arid regions but only three of the 18 population locations are classified as semi-arid. The rest of the populations are located in more humid environments. The genetic structure of these populations should be determined and a comprehensive gene conservation program should be put in place. A through genetic testing (provenance and/or progeny tests) should be conducted to determine suitable seed sources and families for plantation in semi-arid environments. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’deki 18 doğal Türk fındığı popülasyonunun konum ve iklim verileri irdelenmiştir. İncelenen popülasyonlar küçüktür (ortalama alan = 206 ha) ve deniz seviyesinden 700 ila 1600 m arasında bulunmaktadır. Popülasyon konumlarında yıllık ortalama sıcaklık 8.83°C (aralık: 6.9 - 11 °C) ve yıllık ortalama yağış 654.28 mm (aralık: 477 - 952 mm) olarak belirlenmiştir. Türün Türkiye’deki kurak ve yarı-kurak alanların ağaçlandırılmasında kullanılması yönünde bir ilgi vardır ancak incelenen popülasyonların sadece üçü yarı-kurak sahalarda bulunmaktadır. Diğer popülasyonlar daha nemli bölgelerde bulunmaktadır. Bu popülasyonların genetik yapısı belirlenmeli ve kapsamlı bir gen koruma programı gündeme alınmalıdır. Ayrıntılı köken (orijin) ve/veya döl denemeleri ile yarı-kurak sahaların ağaçlandırılmasında kullanılabilecek tohum kaynakları ve aileler belirlenmelidir.

The agonist activity of the title compounds on GABA(c) receptor as well as GABA uptake inhibition activity is reported. B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) calculations have been performed to obtain the quantum chemical descriptors such as global hardness, electrophilicity, the electronic chemical potential of the title compounds. Polarized continuum model has been used to explore the solvent effect on activity of the title compounds in four solvent media, viz., chloroform, ethanol, DMSO, and water. The results obtained from the quantum chemical calculations show that the calculated energy gap and the global hardness, as well as molecular electrostatic potential values, are in good agreement with the experimental data. The financial support of the scientific research projects of Cumhuriyet University (F-222), Sivas, Turkey is acknowledged. All calculations have been conducted at TUBITAK (the scientific and technological Research Council), ULAKBIM (Turkish academic Network and information center), High Performance and Grid Computing Center (TR-Grid e-Infrastructure), Turkey. Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey [F-222] WOS: 000415784500004

One of the most significant anticipated consequences of global climate change is the change in frequency of hydrological extremes. Predictions of climate change impacts on the regime of hydrological extremes have traditionally been conducted by a top-down approach that involves a high degree of uncertainty associated with the temporal and spatial characteristics of general circulation model (GCM) outputs and the choice of downscaling technique. This study uses the inverse approach to model hydrological risk and vulnerability to changing climate conditions in the Seyhan River basin, Turkey. With close collaboration with the end users, the approach first identifies critical hydrological exposures that may lead to local failures in the Seyhan River basin. The Hydro-BEAM hydrological model is used to inversely transform the main hydrological exposures, such as floods and droughts, into corresponding meteorological conditions. The frequency of critical meteorological conditions is investigated under present and future climate scenarios by means of a weather generator based on the improved K-nearest neighbour algorithm. The weather generator, linked with the output of GCMs in the last step of the proposed methodology, allows for the creation of an ensemble of scenarios and easy updating when improved GCM outputs become available. Two main conclusions were drawn from the application of the inverse approach to the Seyhan River basin. First, floods of 100-, 200- and 300-year return periods under present conditions will have 102-, 293- and 1370-year return periods under the future conditions; that is, critical flood events will occur much less frequently under the changing climate conditions. Second, the drought return period will change from 5.3 years under present conditions to 2.0 years under the future conditions; that is, critical drought events will occur much more frequently under the changing climate conditions. Copyright © 2008 IAHS Press. Acknowledgements This research was financially supported by the Project “Impact of Climate Change on Agricultural Production System in the Arid Areas” (ICCAP), administered by the Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN) and the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TÜBøTAK). Additional support was provided by the JSPS Grant-in-Aid nos 16380164, 1811748 and 19208022. Research Institute for Humanity and Nature Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Research Institute for Humanity and Nature Research Institute for Humanity and Nature Japan Society for the Promotion of Science: 19208022, 16380164, 1811748 1 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Research Fellow), 457-4 Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8047, Japan fujihara@chikyu.ac.jp

This study aims to present a comprehensive review on the production of bioethanol, both the first and second generation in Turkey and future aspects regarding R ; D studies, standards, and statutory regulations. Due to the primary energy demand in Turkey, petroleum becomes prominent, which is almost wholly exported and causes the emissions of greenhouse gases such as CO2, CO, CH4 and NOX. As an alternative fuel, and to match the convenient features of petroleum, bioethanol has been considered, and has become a large research area in order to improve production from plant residues known as second generation bioethanol (SGB). Instead of first generation bioethanol, producing and using SGB is highly recommended according to sustainability, development, and the domestic economy. Alternative fuels became more prominent in Turkey after Turkey signed the protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Also, according to Turkey's Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) report Turkey will carry on studies to increase the usage of wastes to produce alternative fuel at the appropriate sectors, promote alternative fuels and clean vehicles, and reduce fossil fuel consumption. When Turkey's biomass potential and dependence on foreign energy sources are taken into account, bioethanol production and utilization become prominent. Although, Turkey still produces bioethanol form corn, sugar beet, and barley, it falls short of total gasoline consumption. Lignocellulosic materials should be thought as alternative to first generation, and R ; D studies should improve how to optimize second generation bioethanol production in the name of decreasing the total process cost. WOS: 000417078200043

This study provides all overview of the structure of the European financial system, particularly EU's. The financial system is all important part of the economy. Since the achievements of the European financial system over the past two decades are noteworthy to study and it is impressive. However it has some structural deficiencies on the financial system due to new countries to EU membership. Therefore to provide a better structure for the future of the EU's financial system is to redesign it upon the basis of the objectives of supervision, and to examine where more centralization is needed. Moreover the degree of the financial integration in Europe has evolved drastically in the last decade, with various degrees of speed depending oil the different segments of the financial industry. Financial integration is all important catalyst for economic growth. The evolution of the commercial banking industry is of particular Interest given the key role that this sector plays in financial intermediation in the European countries.

This paper deals with a feasibility study of a solar and wind hybrid system for highway energy requirements. The paper describes the modeling of two emerging electricity systems based on renewable energy: photovoltaic and wind power. The study presents an evaluation of combined solar and wind system for highway energy requirements such as lighting, SOS, billboard, etc. A new model Savonius Wind Turbine was used for this study. The Savonius Turbine rotor has 3 stages with total of 2520 mm height; each stage has three plates of 1220 mm in diameter deviated at 120 degrees from each other.

Bir sirketin büyümesi iç ve dıs pek çok degiskenin etkisi altındadır. Bu çalısmabüyümenin finansmanı için gerekli olan finansal kaynaklar üzerine odaklanmıstır. Asırıbüyüyen firmalar da büyüyemeyen firmalar kadar iflas tehlikesi ile karsı karsıyadır. Sirketinbasarısı için önemli olan büyümeyi yönetebilmektir. Büyüme planları deger tabanlı yönetimkavramı çerçevesinde sirketin degerini arttıramayı hedeflemelidir.Sürdürülebilir büyüme oranı, sirketin mevcut borç ve özkaynak yapısınıdegistirmeden finanse edebilecegi satıslardaki maksimum büyüme oranıdır. Bu tez, çok hızlıveya çok yavas büyümenin risklerini ve büyüme ihtiyaçlarını degerlendirmedekullanılabilecek analitik modelleri ele almıstır. Bu modeller firma toplulastırılmıs modelleri,firma toplulastırılmamıs modelleri ve nakit akım modelleridir. Tüm modeller gerçek hayattakarsılasması zor olan bazı varsayımlara sahiptir bu nedenle sürdürülebilir büyüme oranı vegerçeklesen büyüme oranı arasında farklılıklar olabilir. Bu farkın nedenleri analiz edilerekgerekli olan strateji uygulanmalıdır.Uygulama bölümü ise stanbul Menkul Kıymetler Borsası'nda islem gören sirketlerinsatıslarındaki gerçeklesen büyüme oranlarının sürdürülebilir büyüme oranı civarında olupolmadıgını incelemistir. Türkiye'deki yüksek enflasyon rakamları, varsayımların gerçek hayatile örtüsmemesi ve piyasaların etkin olmaması nedeniyle gerçeklesen büyüme oranı vesürdürülebilir büyüme oranı arasında farklılıklar ortaya çıkmıstır. Gerçeklesen büyümeoranları hem nominal hem de enflasyon etkisinden arındırılarak reel olarak hesaplanmıstır.Ayrıca seçilen sirketlerin gerçeklesen büyüme oranı ve sürdürülebilir büyüme oranıarasındaki fark ile hisse senedi getirisi arasında iliski korelasyon ile analiz edilmistir. Growth of a firm depends on many variables. But this study focuses on the financialresources that a firm has to finance its growth. Excessive growth in sales can sometimes bemore threatening to the survival of the firm than no growth. Sustainable growth rate is thegrowth in sales that a firm can support without changing its present mix of liabilities andequity. Growth plans will be done in a way that is consistent with value-based managementperspective.This thesis discuss the analytical models that evaluate the growth needs and assessthe risks of growing either too rapidly or too slowly. The analytical models used in thecalculation of sustainable growth rate are firm aggregate models, firm disaggregated modelsand cash flow models. All models have some assumptions that can be hard to face in real lifeso differences between actual growth rate and sustainable growth rate occur. Appropriatecorrective actions that can be taken when optimal or feasible growth rates are not achieved,are given.The application part argues that if the firms in Istanbul Stock Exchange have anactual growth rate around the sustainable growth rate. The results shows that there aredifferences with actual growth rates and sustainable growth rates because of the high inflationin Turkey, mismatch of assumptions with real life situations and market inefficiency. Thecorrelation calculations is done to analyze the relation between the return on share and thedifference of actual growth rate and sustainable growth rate. 96