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Abstract The state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health(SOH) are two critical indexes in battery management system (BMS) for electric vehicles(EVs). To achieve accurate estimation of SOC and SOH, this paper establishes a battery equivalent circuit model and uses Forgetting Factor Recursive Least Squares (FFRLS) to realize online identification of model parameters. And based on the relationship between the ohmic internal resistance and the SOH, a joint estimator using Double extended Kalman filter(DEKF) algorithm is proposed for the estimation of both SOC and SOH. Then, an error model is established to analyze the influence of the battery OCV-SOC curve, battery capacity and battery parameters on the estimation of the SOC and SOH. The experiment results show that the maximum estimation error of SOC and SOH is 1.08% and 1.52% respectively, which have verified that accurate and robust SOC and SOH estimation results can be obtained by the proposed method. Besides, the OCV-SOC curve has the greatest influence on the estimation error of SOC and SOH among the three kinds of factors mentioned above.

AbstractGravity data was interpreted in Bohai Sea of China in order to study structural features and find out the distribution rules of oil and gas in this area. This paper, through data processing and synthetic interpretation of the gravity data in Bohai Sea, discusses characteristics of the gravity field and their geological significance, determines the fault system, divides structure unites and analyses the relationship between the features of local gravity anomaly and the distribution of oil and gas fields. The results show that Tanlu fault controlled the regional tectonic evolution and the boundary of the structure units of Bohai Sea in Bohai bay basin. Structurally, this area can be divided into seven units, including Huanghua sag, Chenning uplift, Bozhong sag, Jiyang sag, Liaohe sag, Yanshan fold belt and Jiaoliao uplift. In these sag, a lot of local structures and fault developed, and then many favorable traps and systems of migration and hydrocarbon reservoirs formed. There is a close relationship between the distribution of oil and gas fields and the local gravity highs. The relief areas surrounded by these petroleum generative depressions are the most favorable potential targets for the oil and gas exploration, and the intermediate zones between the depressions and the reliefs are also the significant areas in Bohai Sea.

Abstract Fracture morphology and permeability are key factors in enhanced gas recovery (EOR) and Carbon Geo-storage (CCS) in shale gas reservoirs as they determine production and injection rates. However, the exact effect of CO 2 -saturated (live) brine on shale fracture morphology, and how the permeability changes during live brine injection and exposure is only poorly understood. We thus imaged fractured shale samples before and after live brine injection in-situ at high resolution in 3D via X-ray micro-computed tomography. Clearly, the fractures’ aperture and connectivity increased after live brine injection.

Abstract Agitation power consumption (P) in the anaerobic digestion of biogas plants is a major part of the electric energy consumption. To reduce P by adjusting the rheological properties, in this work, the rheological properties of corn straw slurry were studied systematically with the consideration of the effects of TS, temperature and particle sizes. The P was calculated based on the rheological behaviour of corn straw slurry. The investigation shows that the thermophilic digestion is effective only for the slurry with a relatively high TS. The size-reduction is more effective at higher TS compared to the option of increasing temperature in order to improve the agitation power efficiency, and the value of P can be reduced by up to 48.11 %. Since the size-reduction can also increase the methane yield, the adjustment of particle sizes is a promising option to save P, especially at higher TS.

AbstractUsing the industrial structure and energy consumption model as an example, this paper is aimed at exploring the relationship between industrial structure and the energy structure of Qingdao City. Studies show that industry, particularly heavy industry is the main component of Qingdao energy consumption. Accordingly, the Qingdao industrial structure should be adjusted; the tertiary industry should be encouraged, so that the proportion of heavy industry can be reduced.

Abstract The purpose of this work is to explore the effects of filled materials on NOx emissions in a thermocline storage process of binary molten nitrate (BMN) salts (an eutectic salt mixture with the component of 60%NaNO3-40%KNO3) and determining the most suitable temperature range of BMN salts in the thermocline system. Referring to the national environmental protection standard of PR China, HJ479-2009, the concentrations of NO/NO2 emissions in tail gases from the heated molten salts while contacting with alumina ceramics (Al2O3 ceramics), silicon carbide ceramics (SiC ceramics), magnesium oxide refractory bricks (MgO refractory bricks) and concrete blocks in the magnesium oxide (MgO, 99% purity) crucible were measured in thermal energy storage (TES) process. Moreover, chemical thermodynamic calculations of related reactions that between SiC, Al2O3, SiO2 and nitrate salts were carried out to explain the source of NO/NO2. The experiment results reveal the concentrations of NOx emissions increase with the increasing temperature, and this trend become quite sharp after 500. At 500°C, the concentrations of NOx emission of BMN salts contacting with Al2O3 ceramic, SiC ceramics, MgO refractory bricks, concrete blocks are 160 mg/m3, 211 mg/m3, 210 mg/m3 and 267 mg/m3 respectively. The concentrations of NOx emission of BMN salts contacting with four filled materials are following the sequence: concrete blocks＞SiC ceramics＞MgO refractory bricks＞Al2O3 ceramics.

AbstractUsing a low supply water temperature in heating conditions and a high water temperature during cooling can increase energy efficiency, use renewable energy sources, and provide a comfortable and healthy indoor climate. High temperature cooling and low temperature heating is achieved by reducing temperature difference in heat trans er and energy transportation process. The losses in temperature difference can be classified into three types: by heat/moisture exchange; by energy transportation through air/water circulation; by indoor terminal that releases heat/cooling to indoor condit oned space. The air handling process of HVAC system and indoor terminals are the key factor of reducing temperature differen e.Aiming at the losses in HVAC system, Annex 59, titled High Temperature Cooling & Low Temperature Heating in Buildings, is a new international cooperative work under the framework of International Energy Agency (IEA) Energy in Buildings and Communities (EBC). This paper introduc s the background, scope, objective, structure and deliverables of Annex 59. Annex 59 will try to present a new perspective and a new concept to analyze HVAC system in buildings. The goal of the Annex is to build up new concept of analyzing HVAC system from the perspective of reducing mixture loss and transfer loss and th n apply it in high temperature cooling and low temperature heating system.

Abstract The deeply decarbonized energy economy would be achieved by the efficient power generation and low-carbon end-use equipment and infrastructure, which relies on the fixed cost investments in these items. In this study, we calculated the societal costs by the incremental energy system costs, which are defined the cost of producing, distributing, and consuming energy in a decarbonized energy system. We assess the transformation of the energy system including the major changes in energy supply and end use technology and infrastructure and its related energy costs. The investments in the highly efficient end use of energy, decarbonization of electricity and other fuels including biomass, petroleum, coal, natural gas and switching of end uses to electricity and other low-carbon supplies are calculated. The primary results show that the reference case shows a modest 15% increase in total final energy use, a 9% increase in CO2 emissions relative to 2014 levels, while the deep decarbonization case shows a 20% decrease in total final energy use and an 65% reduction in total emissions. The total societal costs, calculated by summing these three categories costs can be used for assessing the expected cost to achieve the target of greenhouse gas emissions reduction, which can provide theory for implications of low-carbon technology and infrastructure changes for the energy economy and policy.

Abstract Raw cement ash deposition in SP boilers gives rise to serious operation problems. In the present, mechanism of raw cement ash deposition is still unclear because the ash components, gas atmosphere and gas temperature are quite different from existing studies. The characteristics of cohesiveness of raw cement ash in moderate temperature were investigated in a lab-scale electric furnace. Three typical raw cement ashes were selected as samples, three base plates, including rough steel plate, smooth steel plate, organic glass plate were studied. Ball-impacting method was adopted to evaluate the cohesiveness of ash. Experimental results show that, the ash cohesiveness is mainly dependent on the components of ash, and the material property of base plate, while it exhibits little relationship with the roughness of the plate surface. Low-melting substances appear during ash deposition on steel plate. The results reveal that ferrum possibly has catalytic to some low-melting substances forming.

AbstractBased on the differences of operation characters between ATC service and manufacturing industry, this paper researched the implication of safety services capability of ATC service by combining the latest implication of process capability and safety. And this paper established the elemental composition system made of safety services capability of ATC service, which is composed of 4 second-level elements and 15 third-level index. The 4 second-level index includes personnel capability, equipment capability, environmental capability and management capability. Considering the fuzziness of each index, the value of services capability of ATC service was confirmed by fuzzymatter- element analysis method and entropy weighting method. With evaluating ATC service of ATM division by this safety services capability model, it was indicated that this ATM division possessed strong safety services capability, personnel capability. Equipment capability was stronger than environment capability. It was conformed to the fact. The evidences showed that this safety services capability model for ATC service is practical, feasible, and conformed to the level of actual safety services capability of ATC service.