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Abstract This paper studied the yield and release of ClO 2 from NaClO 2 under various conditions by ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer (UV–Vis), the existing form of HA-Na under various conditions by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and the reactivity of chlorite/humate (NaClO 2 /HA-Na) in removal of SO 2 , NO and Hg 0 under various conditions. The investigated factors included the temperature, the pH, the standing time, the coexistence gases and the anions. The results indicated that the yield and release of ClO 2 were significantly affected by the cooperative effects of pH/temperature and pH/standing time. ClO 2 was confirmed as an effective oxidant in the removal of NO and Hg 0 , and dominated the distribution of Hg 2+ in NaClO 2 and KCl. SO 2 and NO were characterized as the promoters for oxidizing Hg 0 and stabling Hg 2+ . The addition of Cl − decreased the removal efficiencies of SO 2 and NO, but slightly increased the Hg 0 removal efficiency. The best removal efficiencies of SO 2 , NO and Hg 0 were 100%, 95.3% and 100% respectively. Based on the characterization results by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), the removal products were determined as NaCl, humic (HA), Na 2 SO 4 , NaNO 3 , HgSO 4 , Hg(NO 3 ) 2 and HgCl 2 . The reaction mechanism was proposed finally.

Project: Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) datasets - These data have been generated as part of the internationally-coordinated Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6; see also GMD Special Issue: http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/special_issue590.html). The simulation data provides a basis for climate research designed to answer fundamental science questions and serves as resource for authors of the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-AR6). CMIP6 is a project coordinated by the Working Group on Coupled Modelling (WGCM) as part of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). Phase 6 builds on previous phases executed under the leadership of the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) and relies on the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) and the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) along with numerous related activities for implementation. The original data is hosted and partially replicated on a federated collection of data nodes, and most of the data relied on by the IPCC is being archived for long-term preservation at the IPCC Data Distribution Centre (IPCC DDC) hosted by the German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ). The project includes simulations from about 120 global climate models and around 45 institutions and organizations worldwide. Summary: These data include the subset used by IPCC AR6 WGI authors of the datasets originally published in ESGF for 'CMIP6.CMIP.BCC.BCC-ESM1.piControl' with the full Data Reference Syntax following the template 'mip_era.activity_id.institution_id.source_id.experiment_id.member_id.table_id.variable_id.grid_label.version'. The BCC-ESM 1 climate model, released in 2017, includes the following components: atmos: BCC_AGCM3_LR (T42; 128 x 64 longitude/latitude; 26 levels; top level 2.19 hPa), atmosChem: BCC-AGCM3-Chem, land: BCC_AVIM2, ocean: MOM4 (1/3 deg 10S-10N, 1/3-1 deg 10-30 N/S, and 1 deg in high latitudes; 360 x 232 longitude/latitude; 40 levels; top grid cell 0-10 m), seaIce: SIS2. The model was run by the Beijing Climate Center, Beijing 100081, China (BCC) in native nominal resolutions: atmos: 250 km, atmosChem: 250 km, land: 250 km, ocean: 50 km, seaIce: 50 km.

Project: Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) datasets - These data have been generated as part of the internationally-coordinated Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6; see also GMD Special Issue: http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/special_issue590.html). The simulation data provides a basis for climate research designed to answer fundamental science questions and serves as resource for authors of the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-AR6). CMIP6 is a project coordinated by the Working Group on Coupled Modelling (WGCM) as part of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). Phase 6 builds on previous phases executed under the leadership of the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) and relies on the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) and the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) along with numerous related activities for implementation. The original data is hosted and partially replicated on a federated collection of data nodes, and most of the data relied on by the IPCC is being archived for long-term preservation at the IPCC Data Distribution Centre (IPCC DDC) hosted by the German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ). The project includes simulations from about 120 global climate models and around 45 institutions and organizations worldwide. Summary: These data include the subset used by IPCC AR6 WGI authors of the datasets originally published in ESGF for 'CMIP6.HighResMIP.BCC.BCC-CSM2-HR' with the full Data Reference Syntax following the template 'mip_era.activity_id.institution_id.source_id.experiment_id.member_id.table_id.variable_id.grid_label.version'. The BCC-CSM 2 HR climate model, released in 2017, includes the following components: atmos: BCC_AGCM3_HR (T266; 800 x 400 longitude/latitude; 56 levels; top level 0.1 hPa), land: BCC_AVIM2, ocean: MOM4 (1/3 deg 10S-10N, 1/3-1 deg 10-30 N/S, and 1 deg in high latitudes; 360 x 232 longitude/latitude; 40 levels; top grid cell 0-10 m), seaIce: SIS2. The model was run by the Beijing Climate Center, Beijing 100081, China (BCC) in native nominal resolutions: atmos: 50 km, land: 50 km, ocean: 50 km, seaIce: 50 km.

With China’s urban renewal, parks have developed into significant green recreational areas in cities. This paper analyzed social media texts and compared the evaluation outcomes of the 50 most popular urban parks in Beijing from various perspectives, such as the characteristics of various groups of people, park types, and the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of recreational activities. The importance–performance analysis method was used to analyze the main factors affecting visitors’ satisfaction with parks. The research found the following: (1) Positive evaluation of parks was related to environmental construction, event organization, etc., and negative evaluations focused on ticket supply, consumer spending, etc. (2) Visitors of different genders and from different regions focused on different aspects of parks. (3) In terms of traffic accessibility, historical and cultural display, parent–child activity organization, and ecological environment experience, people had diverse demands from various types of parks. (4) People were more likely to visit parks located within the range of all green belts in springs and parks located in the second green isolation belt in the fall. (5) The number of non-holiday reviews of parks was higher than that of holiday reviews. (6) Managers could improve visitor satisfaction by improving the infrastructure and management of parks.

Virtual water flows have a profound impact on the natural water system of a country or region, and they may help conserve local water resources or exacerbate water scarcity in some areas. However, current research has only focused on the measurement of virtual water flows, without analysis of the causes of virtual water flow patterns. This study first obtained virtual water flow patterns across provinces by constructing a multi-regional input–-output (MRIO) model of the Yellow River basin in 2012 and 2017, and then analyzed its driving factors by applying the extended STIRPAT model to provide directions for using virtual water trade to alleviate water shortages in water-scarce areas of the basin. We found the following: (1) The Yellow River basin as a whole had a net virtual water inflow in 2012 and 2017, and the net inflow has increased from 2.14 billion m3 to 33.67 billion m3. (2) Different provinces or regions assume different roles in the virtual water trade within the basin. (3) There is an obvious regional heterogeneity in the virtual water flows in different subsectors. (4) Per capita GDP, tertiary industry contribution rate, consumer price index, and water scarcity are the main positive drivers of virtual water inflow in the Yellow River Basin provinces, while primary industry contribution rate, per capita water resources, and water use per unit arable area promote virtual water outflow. The results of this paper present useful information for understanding the driving factors of virtual water flow, which could promote the optimal allocation of water resources in the Yellow River basin and achieve ecological protection and high-quality development in this area.

Coalbed methane is an important renewable energy source. Gas hydration technology is a new method for enhancing the utilization of coalbed methane and reducing environmental pollution. Long induction periods, sluggish formation rates, low hydrate yields, and difficulty removing heat during hydrate formation are all issues with gas hydration technology. In this paper, 3 wt% NiMnGa (NMG) phase-change micro/nanoparticles and 0.05% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) were compounded, and gas hydration experiments were conducted under various initial pressures and gas sample conditions to investigate. The findings revealed that NMG has efficient mass transfer properties as well as phase-change heat absorption properties, which significantly improved the kinetic process of the gas hydrate by mass and heat transfer, shortened the induction time, increased gas consumption, and increased the gas consumption rate during the rapid hydrate growth period. When the initial pressure was 6.2 MPa, the induction time was reduced by 89.26%, 92.48%, and 95.64%, and the maximum gas consumption rate was increased by 238.18%, 175.55%, and 113.60%, respectively, when using different concentrations of methane in the NMG-SDS system compared to the pure SDS system. The NMG used in this paper showed potential for future use in mixed gas hydration technology.

Climate change affects the timing of phenological events, such as the start, end, and length of the growing season of vegetation. A better understanding of how the phenology responded to climatic determinants is important in order to better anticipate future climate-ecosystem interactions. We examined the changes of three phenological events for the Mongolian Plateau and their climatic determinants. To do so, we derived three phenological metrics from remotely sensed vegetation indices and associated these with climate data for the period of 1982 to 2011. The results suggested that the start of the growing season advanced by 0.10 days yr-1, the end was delayed by 0.11 days yr-1, and the length of the growing season expanded by 6.3 days during the period from 1982 to 2011. The delayed end and extended length of the growing season were observed consistently in grassland, forest, and shrubland, while the earlier start was only observed in grassland. Partial correlation analysis between the phenological events and the climate variables revealed that higher temperature was associated with an earlier start of the growing season, and both temperature and precipitation contributed to the later ending. Overall, our findings suggest that climate change will substantially alter the vegetation phenology in the grasslands of the Mongolian Plateau, and likely also in biomes with similar environmental conditions, such as other semi-arid steppe regions.

To alleviate the pressure of energy utilization of buildings, more attention was focused on the utilization of GWSHP (groundwater source heat pump) systems. However, there have been many debates on feasibility. This paper is to study the suitability and feasibility of GWSHP systems in different climate zones. A simulation model of a GWSHP system is established based on TRNSYS software in the severe cold climate zones A and B, cold climate zones, hot summer and cold winter climate zones, and the hot summer and warm winter climate zones. Simultaneously, the reliability and energy-saving benefits of GWSHP systems in typical residential buildings situated in different climate zones are deeply analyzed. Results reveal that the operating performance of GWSHP systems is considered as the best in the climate zones that need both heating and cooling loads for residential buildings. In contrast, the energy-saving benefits of the GWSHP system in typical residential buildings are deemed to be higher in the cold climate zones and severe cold climate zones. Overall, compared with the ASHP, the economy of the system is generally better based on economic analysis.