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The article defines the characteristics of energy consumption in crop production. The process of production in the aspect of energy conversion in terms of renewable and non-renewable sources has been considered. The basic prerequisites for achieving energy efficiency in crop production were analyzed. A classification of characteristics of energy consumption in crop production, which determine the level of use of means and objects of work, as well as the ultimate efficiency of production, has been proposed. The indicated characteristics have been studied in detail in terms of the groups of factors (relative to bio-climatic conditions, technological level of production development, degree of technical support, organizational and economic variables of production development). The appropriate reasons for the uneven rates of growth of energy consumption in crop production and the production output volumes have been identified.

Nowadays climate change event and poor population vulnerability become more severe and natural resources scarcity intensity increased. In order to mitigate climate change negative effects adaptive policies such as poverty reduction Strategy and National Adaptation Plan of Action (NAPA) as effective’s responsive strategies. There are also farmers traditional adaptation methods which are consider as local mainstreaming climate change adaptation framework. This paper has explore subjective qualitative evaluation of climate change risk management framework strategic and link its with poverty reduction strategy in the Sahel .Sahel is one of the most vulnerable areas in the world with lower HDI(0.2%) and have the highest poverty rate (over 45% of the people live below the poverty line). The study was focused on 9 Sahel countries (Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Burkina-Faso, Nigeria, Chad, Soudan and Eritrea) and their Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP) and National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPA) by assessing criteria such as: a) the consideration of climate change scenarios and the vulnerabilities of the country; b) the analysis of poverty-climate links; and c) the climate change institutional framework of the country. However Soudan and Eritrea don’t have PRSP and Nigeria don’t have NAPA. The results show that most Sahel countries does not included Climate change 2 effect in their PRSP (except Burkina-Faso) but have a better performance with NAPA framework elaboration. Burkina-Faso is Climate risk management model country in the region but policies have failed because of farmer’s difficult conditions to get access to credit and lack of good technical supports. NAPA and PRSP objectives did not achieved because majority of poor were excluded, inefficiency in domestic accounting systems and inefficient monitoring. Furthermore, donors funding problems, natural disasters such as floods or droughts; biophysical modeling and simulation insufficient data, lack of skilled labor are others reason. To conclude, it is illustrates that mainstreaming natural hazards into PRSP and the development of NAPA are a step forward into establishment of institutional process to incorporate climate change into national policies. The World Bank and the UNFCCC should coordinate efforts to support developing countries in their efforts to incorporate adaptation to climate change in PRSP. Country need to strength the coordination, networks and information flows between ministries, at different levels of government and civil society to have more efficient integration of climate change variables into poverty reduction and development strategies. Country's should also have sustainable funding and should not rely only on donor. Policies should target more vulnerable peoples, need good policies implementation and good monitoring.

Objective – to investigate the accumulation of biochemical compounds in the different organs of cultivars and varieties of Miscanthus Anderss. in conditions of M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine. Material and methods. Investigated plants were cultivars and varieties of species of the genus of Miscanthus collected in an experimental collection of Cultural Flora Department of M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine: М. × giganteus сv. Huliver (MGH), М. × giganteus f. ЕSBMG-3 (MGE-3), М. sacchariflorus сv. Snihopad (MSS), М. sacchariflorus f. ЕSMBS-3 (MSE-3), М. sinensis сv. Veleten (MSV), М. sinensis f. ESBMK-1 (MSE-1). The content of dry matter was determined according to A.I. Yermakov et al. (1972), the total content of sugars and ascorbic acid concentration – according to V.P. Krishchenko (1983), the content of carotene – according to B.P. Pleshkov (1985), the content of ash – according to Z.M. Hrycaenko et al. (2003), the content of calcium and phosphorus – according to H.M. Pochinok (1976). Energetic value of dry plant raw material determined on calorimeter. Results. In the period of full seed ripening the plant raw material of Miscanthus genotypes accumulated dry matter from 38.99 % (MSE-1, leaves) to 88.08 % (MSE-3, leaves), total content of sugars – from 2.72 % (MSE-3, panicles) to 10.03 % (MGH, stems), ascorbic acid – from 4.40 mg% (MSE-3, panicles) to 40.03 mg% (MGE-3, leaves), carotene – from 0.09 mg% (MSE-3, stems) to 0.26 mg% (MGH, leaves), ash – from 1.38 % (MSS, stems) to 8.65 % (MSV, leaves), calcium – from 0.19 % (MSS, stems) to 0.91 % (MGH, leaves), phosphorus – from 0.032 % (MGE-3, stems) to 0.412 % (MSE-3, panicles), protein – from 4.82 % (MSE-3, stems) to 12.28 % (MSE-1, leaves). Energetic value of dry raw was from 3811.87 cal/g (MSS, leaves) to 4193.17 cal/ g (MSV, panicles). Conclusions. Obtained data demonstrated that in conditions of M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine cultivars and varieties of Miscanthus × giganteus, M. sacchariflorus, M. sinensis are the valuable source of nutrients and biofuel in the period of full seed ripening. Distribution of biochemical compounds in different organs resulted that accumulation of it depends on genotype. It was found that content of sugars was maximal and content of ash with macroelements, protein, carotene was minimal in the stems of investigated plants.

Modern requirements of agriculture stand in need of new approaches to provide the region with high-quality fodders and develop new methods of their production. Therefore, solving the problem of providing animals with cheap full value grass fodder, the production of which is based on modern technologies with taking into account existing trends of climatic change, and in our region, is undoubtedly relevant. Calculations of economic and energy efficiency showed that cultivation of perennial legume grasses without application of mineral fertilizers under conditions of Precarpathians provided net profit of 11.1-15.8 thousand UAH/ha, profitability level of 160%- 183%, prime cost per 1 ton of fodder units 1.7-1.9 thousand UAH- cost, 2.8-3.3 recoupment of energy costs by the outcome of exchange energy per 1 ha (BEC) and output of gross energy (CEE) 6.4-7.6 at energy costs per 1t of fodder units 3.6-4.3 GJ. Among the types of perennial legume grasses on all backgrounds of fertilizers on average for the first three years of grasslands use the best indices of economic and energy efficiency were obtained when growing Lotus corniculatus, and the worst-Medicago sativa. Other studied species, namely Trifolium pratense and Trifolium hybridum, occupied an intermediate place by these indices. Among fertilizer variants, the best indices of economic efficiency are provided by the application of mineral fertilizers at a dose of Р60К60.

Four broad types of studies on rural development and bioenergy technologies are identified. Within these four types, this discussion paper presents a number of existing studies which are most relevant in the context of developing a research focus on the role, feasibility and issues associated with bioenergy, and in particular biofuels, as engine for rural development in developing countries. The results and recommendations of the referenced studies, reflecting the global trends of the current literature, highlight the importance of bioenergy technologies in the development process of poor rural communities. The surge of biofuels and in particular of their feedstocks on the international agricultural markets has recently commended a lot of attention. However, whilst biofuels hold a huge economic potential as internationally traded commodities, the various issues and challenges facing biofuel production systems could indicate that in the context of developing economies, they are better suited for the domestic energy markets. In any case, the analysis necessary to formulate policy recommendations on how, where and when to implement which bioenergy technology calls for a differentiated – per region and/or technology – and integrated – within and alongside other rural production systems – approach. In this context, this review of existing studies exposes some unanswered questions and research gaps.

In the wake of the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals—zero hunger and affordable modern/clean energy for all—many developing countries have taken serious steps in recent years to increase clean energy access for the rural population. The government of Pakistan has similarly made numerous efforts to promote the use of clean energy sources in the rural areas of the country. Therefore, this study examines rural households’ energy choices for cooking and lighting in Pakistan. In doing so, a comprehensive dataset is collected from three different districts of Pakistan between 2020 and 2021, and multivariate probit (MVP) model and Chi-square tests are employed. The Chi-square results indicate that the age, education level, and occupation of the household-head; household size and income; distance to market and wood source; and biogas system ownership are the significant factors affecting cooking choices. The MVP results show that an increase in education level, school-going children, access to credit facilities, and gender (female) are the key positive factors, whereas an increase in the distance to nearest market/road, household size, and age are the factors that negatively affect the likelihood of using clean energy sources for lighting. While comparing the propensity to use modern/clean energy fuels across the three districts, infrastructural development and literacy rate were found to be crucial factors.

Researchers have extensively studied crop yield response to weather variations, while only a limited number of studies have attempted to identify spatial heterogeneity in this relationship. We explore spatial heterogeneity in corn yield response to weather by combining geographically weighted regression and panel regression. We find that temperature tends to have negative effects on U.S. corn yields in warmer regions and positive effects in cooler regions, with spatial heterogeneity at a fine scale. The spatial pattern of precipitation effects is more complicated. A further analysis shows that precipitation effects are sensitive to the existence of irrigation systems.

The effects of maximum temperature, rainfall and growing degree day on grain yield of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) were studied during the period of available years (2005-2017) in the study sites. A polynomial equation was described the relationship between grain yield, maximum temperature and rainfall for four growing stages of winter wheat. The nonlinear relationships were used from time-series variations in temperatures, rainfall and yields. The maximum positive effects of rainfall (R2 =0.72*) on grain yield was in the mid-season stage (heading, anthesis and grain filling) of the crop. However, there was a negative effect of temperature more than 30°C on grain yield. The highest negative effects (R2 =0.31 through 0.86*) of maximum temperatures were in the crop development stages (vernalization and tillering). The yield might decrease about 2.5% for every 1°C increase in the growth period based on the daily mean temperature of 12.4°C for all the study locations. The critical maximum temperatures on threshold values declining yield and positive effects of rainfall on grain yield varied according to the altitudes and longitudes

The efficiency of growing leguminous and cereal agrophytocenoses (Trifolium pratense and Medicago sativa sown with the addition of Bromus inermis, Lolium multiflorum, Festuca rubra), highlighted their economic and energy advantages over cereal grasses. The article presents the results of the study of the influence of grass mixtures on the main indicators of the efficiency of growing sowing phytocenoses during haymaking in the Carpathians on dark grey soil. Growing agrophytocenoses without mineral fertilizers ensures the maintenance of 370–520 € ha–1 of net profit, with the profitability of 151–187%, the cost of 1 ton of feed units – 56.7–66.7 €, bioenergy coefficient – 2.5–2.9, energy efficiency ratio – 5.8–6.5 and energy consumption per 1 ton of feed units – 4.0–4.7 GJ. The cultivation of alfalfa-cereal grasses is ensured on dark-wet soil with three years of use of the best indicators of economic and energy efficiency. It was found that on both experimental bean–cereal grasses the highest efficiency is maintained when P60K60 is applied in combination with inoculation of seeds of bean strains of nodule bacteria.