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  • 6. Clean water
  • 15. Life on land
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  • Authors: A. J. Healey; A. Flores;

    This paper presents an analysis of the problem of reorientation of a riser pipe from an initially horizontal configuration during subsurface tow to the vertical position for installation. Front and rear barges support the pipe through cables. The orientation into a vertical configuration is accomplished by paying out the front cable. The pipe is treated as a Bernoulli-Euler beam with significant tension undergoing large angle deflections. A finite element procedure used state transfer matrices and successive linearization and the results show that the stress critical phase occurs when the pipe is going through the 60-deg angle to the horizontal direction.

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: orcid Raymond L. Huhnke;
    Raymond L. Huhnke
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Raymond L. Huhnke in OpenAIRE
    orcid Hailin Zhang;
    Hailin Zhang
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Hailin Zhang in OpenAIRE
    orcid Xiao Sun;
    Xiao Sun
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Xiao Sun in OpenAIRE
    Hasan K. Atiyeh; +1 Authors

    Abstract Microorganisms used in syngas fermentation require nutrients to grow and convert syngas (CO, H2 and CO2) into various products. Many of the essential nutrients can be provided by biochar. Poultry litter biochar (PLBC) contains minerals and trace metals and has a high pH buffering capacity, making it suitable as a nutrient supplement. The effects of PLBC loadings from 1 to 20 g L−1 on syngas fermentation were determined in 250 ml bottle assays. Results showed that 10 and 20 g L−1 PLBC significantly increased ethanol production compared to standard yeast extract (YE) medium. Fermentations in a 3L continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with 10 g L−1 PLBC with and without 4-morpholineethanesulfonic acid (MES) showed 64% and 36% more ethanol production, respectively, than standard medium. The acetic acid accumulated at the beginning of fermentation was completely converted to ethanol in all media tested in the CSTR. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using PLBC medium without costly MES in the CSTR to enhance ethanol production from syngas for potential use at commercial scale.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Applied Energyarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Applied Energy
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Applied Energyarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Applied Energy
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
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    Authors: Shan Jiang; orcid Qingming Wang;
    Qingming Wang
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Qingming Wang in OpenAIRE
    Yongnan Zhu; Guohua He; +3 Authors

    Energy is consumed at every stage of the cycle of water production, distribution, end use, and recycled water treatment. Understanding the nexus of energy and water may help to minimize energy and water consumption and reduce environmental emissions. However, the interlinkages between water and energy have not received adequate attention. To address this gap, this paper disaggregates and quantifies the energy consumption of the entire water cycle process in Beijing. The results of this study show that total energy consumption by water production, treatment and distribution, end use, and recycled water reuse amounts to 55.6 billion kWh of electricity in 2015, or about 33% of the total urban energy usage. While water supply amount increased by only 10% from 2005 to 2015, the related energy consumption increased by 215% due to water supply structural change. The Beijing municipal government plans to implement many water saving measures in the area from 2016 to 2020, however, these policies will increase energy consumption by 74 million kWh in Beijing. This study responds to the urgent need for research on the synergies between energy and water. In order to achieve the goal of low-energy water utilization in the future, water and energy should be integrated in planning and management.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of Geographi...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Journal of Geographical Sciences
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Springer TDM
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of Geographi...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Journal of Geographical Sciences
      Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Springer TDM
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: orcid Xueyu Tian;
    Xueyu Tian
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Xueyu Tian in OpenAIRE
    Ruth E. Richardson; Jefferson W. Tester; José L. Lozano; +1 Authors

    A promising route to transition wastewater treatment facilities (WWTFs) from energy-consuming to net energy-positive is to retrofit existing facilities with process modifications, residual biosolid upcycling, and effluent thermal energy recovery. This study assesses the economics and life cycle environmental impacts of three proposed retrofits of WWTFs that consider thermochemical conversion technologies, namely, hydrothermal liquefaction, slow pyrolysis, and fast pyrolysis, along with advanced bioreactors. The results are in turn compared to the reference design, showing the retrofitting design with hydrothermal liquefaction, and an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket has the highest net present value (NPV) of $177.36MM over a 20-year plant lifetime despite 15% higher annual production costs than the reference design. According to the ReCiPe method, chlorination is identified as the major contributor for most impact categories in all cases. There are several uncertainties embedded in the techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment, including the discount rate, capital investment, sewer rate, and prices of main products; among which, the price of biochar presents the widest variation from $50 to $1900/t. Sensitivity analyses reveal that the variation of discount rates causes the most significant changes in NPVs. The impact of the biochar price is more pronounced in the slow pyrolysis-based pathway compared to the fast pyrolysis since biochar is the main product of slow pyrolysis.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao ACS Sustainable Chem...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: STM Policy #29
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao ACS Sustainable Chem...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: David Woltz; Shirley E. Paul; Donivan L. Gordon; John M. Mossler; +3 Authors

    Common to the Committee on Statistics of Drilling District 12 area are the recent exploration activities associated with the Central North American rift system or Mid-Continent geophysical anomaly (MGA), a major feature that runs from the Lake Superior area south into Kansas. For the last several years, much preliminary geologic and geophysical work has been undertaken, which usually proceeds a major play. The primary purpose is to test the Cambrian and Precambrian sediments know to have oil seeps in Wisconsin and Michigan. In 1984, Texaco USA drilled the first deep test, which was in Kansas. Although the well was apparently a dry hole, Texaco's findings have not been released. Kansas had a very active year with 7,451 completions, 45 more than those reported in 1983. The success rate of all wells drilled for oil or gas (7,307) was 57.5%, down slightly from 59.3% in 1983. Drilling for oil continued to predominate with 3,783 oil wells and 419 gas wells completed. Total footage was 22,486,535, up 4% from 1983. The average depth of a test drilled for oil or gas was 3,026 ft. In Missouri, the number of wells drilled for oil or gas declined 17% from 1983 levels. Most drilling continued to be in the western part of the state. A deep test in Vernon County penetrated 2,080 ft of Precambrian rocks. In Nebraska, 12 new discoveries were made in the western part of the state. Seven found new oil reserves, and 5 were tight holes; all were classified as new-field wildcats. The average depth was 5,465 ft in the 7 discoveries where the operator reported the total depth. In Mills County, Iowa, 4 wildcats were drilled to the Cambrian with depths from 3,000 to 3,300 ft. All were located approximately 35 mi north of the Tarkio field in northwestern Missouri. It is estimated that 2,000,000 ac are leased in Iowa along the MGA. In Minnesota, 400,000 ac were leased during 1984. The leases were concentrated mainly along the MGA from Duluth to the Iowa border. About 1,000 mi of Vibroseis was run across this feature. In Wisconsin, regional geophysical surveys along the MGA have been run. Companies are now doing more detailed seismic work. Acreage leased from October 1983 to January 1985 was estimated at 214,000 ac. A dry hole was drilled 1,000 ft into quartzite in Barron County.

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    AAPG Bulletin
    Article . 1985 . Peer-reviewed
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      AAPG Bulletin
      Article . 1985 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: David B. Burnett; OK-Youn Yu; Jerome Jacob Schubert;

    Abstract The Oil and Gas industry is becoming more adept in reducing its impact on the environment and in showing optimal use of resources. This approach to environmentally friendly drilling offers the two-fold advantage of the reduction of the footprint of drilling operations while realizing savings by reducing waste treatment, hauling and remediation costs. The Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering at Texas A&M University has incorporated an Environmentally Friendly Drilling System (EFD) design into its PE 661 graduate drilling class. The "661 Team Challenge" semester project was assigned to the students to "design a well on paper" using low impact drilling technology. A systems engineering optimization protocol approach was utilized to incorporate a number of current and emerging EFD technologies into a single clean drilling system with no or very limited environmental impact. A web-based decision optimization tool was developed to follow the systems approach technology evaluation procedure and select an optimal system. The resulting well designs were judged as to their suitability for implementation in a protected wetland on the Texas Gulf Coast. Introduction The Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering at Texas A&M University offers a series of five graduate courses designed to introduce Petroleum Engineering to new graduate students with a limited Petroleum Engineering Background. One of these courses is PETE 661 Drilling Engineering where we teach "drilling for non-drillers". Although this course is designed for non-drillers, there are a number of students with considerable experience in drilling who take the course as a refresher or for exposure to an alternate view of Drilling Engineering.

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    Authors: orcid Brolly, Matthew;
    Brolly, Matthew
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Brolly, Matthew in OpenAIRE
    Woodhouse, I.H.; Niklas, K.J.; orcid Hammond, S.T.;
    Hammond, S.T.
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Hammond, S.T. in OpenAIRE

    Individual trees have been shown to exhibit strong relationships between DBH, height and volume. Often such studies are cited as justification for forest volume or standing biomass estimation through remote sensing. With resolution of common satellite remote sensing systems generally too low to resolve individuals, and a need for larger coverage, these systems rely on descriptive heights, which account for tree collections in forests. For remote sensing and allometric applications, this height is not entirely understood in terms of its location. Here, a forest growth model (SERA) analyzes forest canopy height relationships with forest wood volume. Maximum height, mean, H₁₀₀, and Lorey's height are examined for variability under plant number density, resource and species. Our findings, shown to be allometrically consistent with empirical measurements for forested communities world-wide, are analyzed for implications to forest remote sensing techniques such as LiDAR and RADAR. Traditional forestry measures of maximum height, and to a lesser extent H₁₀₀ and Lorey's, exhibit little consistent correlation with forest volume across modeled conditions. The implication is that using forest height to infer volume or biomass from remote sensing requires species and community behavioral information to infer accurate estimates using height alone. SERA predicts mean height to provide the most consistent relationship with volume of the height classifications studied and overall across forest variations. This prediction agrees with empirical data collected from conifer and angiosperm forests with plant densities ranging between 10²-10⁶ plants/hectare and heights 6-49 m. Height classifications investigated are potentially linked to radar scattering centers with implications for allometry. These findings may be used to advance forest biomass estimation accuracy through remote sensing. Furthermore, Lorey's height with its specific relationship to remote sensing physics is recommended as a more universal indicator of volume when using remote sensing than achieved using either maximum height or H₁₀₀.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ PLoS ONEarrow_drop_down
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    PLoS ONE
    Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Ashutosh Kumar; orcid Ryosuke Okuno;
    Ryosuke Okuno
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Ryosuke Okuno in OpenAIRE

    Abstract Bitumen recovery by steam-solvent coinjection involves the coupled thermal/compositional mechanisms for reduction of bitumen viscosity. Reliable design of such processes requires reservoir flow simulation based on a proper phase-behavior model so that the oleic-phase viscosity near the steam-chamber edge can be modeled reliably. However, the effect of bitumen characterization (e.g., the number of pseudo components used) on steam-solvent coinjection simulation has not been studied in detail, and can be realized only after running multiple reservoir simulations, which is time consuming. There are two main objectives in this paper. One is to develop a reliable method for bitumen characterization by improving the fluid characterization method that was recently developed based on perturbation from n-alkanes (PnA). The other is to develop a novel analytical method for assessing the sensitivity of a particular coinjection simulation to bitumen characterization without having to perform reservoir simulations. A simulation case study is given to validate this analytical method. A proper number of pseudo components for bitumen characterization cannot be determined without considering the effect of phase behavior on the oleic-phase viscosity at chamber-edge conditions in steam-solvent coinjection simulation. Results show that the analytical method developed in this research can detect the sensitivity of recovery simulation to bitumen characterization without performing multiple flow simulations using different sets of fluid models. The PnA-based method developed for bitumen characterization gives reliable predictions of phase behavior for bitumen/solvent mixtures with a small amount of experimental data.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Fuelarrow_drop_down
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    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Stephen Joseph; Stephen Joseph; Stephen Joseph; Genxing Pan; +6 Authors

    AbstractChina is under pressure to improve its agricultural productivity to keep up with the demands of a growing population with increasingly resource‐intensive diets. This productivity improvement must occur against a backdrop of carbon intensity reduction targets, and a highly fragmented, nutrient‐inefficient farming system. Moreover, the Chinese government increasingly recognizes the need to rationalize the management of the 800 million tonnes of agricultural crop straw that China produces each year, up to 40% of which is burned in‐field as a waste. Biochar produced from these residues and applied to land could contribute to China's agricultural productivity, resource use efficiency and carbon reduction goals. However competing uses for China's straw residues are rapidly emerging, particularly from bioenergy generation. Therefore it is important to understand the relative economic viability and carbon abatement potential of directing agricultural residues to biochar rather than bioenergy. Using cost‐benefit analysis (CBA) and life‐cycle analysis (LCA), this paper therefore compares the economic viability and carbon abatement potential of biochar production via pyrolysis, with that of bioenergy production via briquetting and gasification. Straw reincorporation and in‐field straw burning are used as baseline scenarios. We find that briquetting straw for heat energy is the most cost‐effective carbon abatement technology, requiring a subsidy of $7 MgCO2e−1 abated. However China's current bioelectricity subsidy scheme makes gasification (NPV $12.6 million) more financially attractive for investors than both briquetting (NPV $7.34 million), and pyrolysis ($−1.84 million). The direct carbon abatement potential of pyrolysis (1.06 MgCO2e per odt straw) is also lower than that of briquetting (1.35 MgCO2e per odt straw) and gasification (1.16 MgCO2e per odt straw). However indirect carbon abatement processes arising from biochar application could significantly improve the carbon abatement potential of the pyrolysis scenario. Likewise, increasing the agronomic value of biochar is essential for the pyrolysis scenario to compete as an economically viable, cost‐effective mitigation technology.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ GCB Bioenergyarrow_drop_down
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    GCB Bioenergy
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
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    GCB Bioenergy
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ GCB Bioenergyarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      GCB Bioenergy
      Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Tarek A. Hamad; Sushrut G. Bapat; Abdulhakim Amer A. Agll; Yousif M. Hamad; +3 Authors

    Abstract To address the problem of fossil fuel usage at the Missouri University of Science and Technology campus, using of alternative fuels and renewable energy sources can lower energy consumption and hydrogen use. Biogas, produced by anaerobic digestion of wastewater, organic waste, agricultural waste, industrial waste, and animal by-products is a potential source of renewable energy. In this work, we have discussed Hydrogen production and End-Uses from CHHP system for the campus using local resources. Following the resource assessment study, the team selects FuelCell Energy DFC1500™ unit as a molten carbonate fuel cell to study of combined heat, hydrogen and power (CHHP) system based on a molten carbonate fuel cell fed by biogas produced by anaerobic digestion. The CHHP system provides approximately 650 kg/day. The total hydrogen usage 123 kg/day on the university campus including personal transportation applications, backup power applications, portable power applications, and other mobility applications are 56, 16, 29, 17, and 5 respectively. The excess hydrogen could be sold to a gas retailer. In conclusion, the CHHP system will be able to reduce fossil fuel usage, greenhouse gas emissions and hydrogen generated is used to power different applications on the university campus.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Renewable Energyarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Renewable Energy
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Renewable Energyarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Renewable Energy
      Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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