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In this study, the characterization of several bacterial diseases affecting silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.), common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), white poplar (Populus alba L.), and white willow (Salix alba L.) in Ukraine were described. The typical symptoms, features of pathogenesis, and characteristics of the causative agents of the most common bacterial diseases of these tree species were shown. The following types of bacterioses were noted to be especially dangerous, namely, bacterial wetwood, fire blight, bacterial canker, and tuberculosis. Bacterial necrosis of the bark was a less dangerous disease. At the same time, all of the listed types of bacterioses were registered within the forest areas of the investigated region. The study revealed that bacterial wetwood of birch and poplar was caused by Lelliottia nimipressuralis; the bacterial canker of poplar is Pseudomonas syringae (Pseudomonas syringae f. populi and Pseudomonas cerasi); the fire poplar blight is caused by Pseudomonas cerasi (P. syringae); the common ash tuberculosis is caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. savastanoi; and the bacterial wilt of the willow is caused by Brenneria salicis. The phenomenon of the introduction of microorganisms of different functional orientations as well as the formation of conditions for their activity in the rhizosphere of plants have been studied. In the future, it will provide the development of effective methods for the rapid identification of causative agents of bacterioses and plant protection measures based on multi-functional microbiological preparations based on highly effective strains of microorganisms.

Abstract The possibility of using RAS waste water as a cultivation medium for Desmodesmus armatus (Chod.) Hegew. was investigated. Algal biomass increased continuously reaching its maximum on the day 40 of cultivation. D. armatus culture was characterized by a maximum content of total proteins of 23% on day 40 of cultivation. At the same time, 17 proteinogenic amino acids, including 9 replaceable and 8 essential acids, were detected and identified in D. armatus biomass. Among these amino acids, maximum contents of asparagine and glutamine were noted. A gradual increase in the number of total photosynthetic pigments until day 40 of cultivation was also observed. On day 40, the content of chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids in D. armatus cells was maximal at 11.17, 7.07, and 12.05 mg g-1 dry weight, respectively. Therefore, cultivating microalgae D. armatus in RAS waste water permits obtaining an active growing culture that is characterized by a constant increase of biomass and high nutrient contents.

Anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have generated rapid variations in atmospheric composition which drives major climate changes. Climate change related effects include changes in physico-chemical proprieties of sea and freshwater, such as variations in water temperature, salinity, pH/pCO2 and oxygen content, which can impact fish critical physiological functions including reproduction. In this context, the main aim of the present review is to discuss how climate change related effects (variation in water temperature and salinity, increases in duration and frequency of hypoxia events, water acidification) would impact reproduction by affecting the neuroendocrine axis (brain-pituitary-gonad axis). Variations in temperature and photoperiod regimes are known to strongly affect sex differentiation and the timing and phenology of spawning period in several fish species. Temperature mainly acts at the level of gonad by interfering with steroidogenesis, (notably on gonadal aromatase activity) and gametogenesis. Temperature is also directly involved in the quality of released gametes and embryos development. Changes in salinity or water acidification are especially associated with reduction of sperm quality and reproductive output. Hypoxia events are able to interact with gonad steroidogenesis by acting on the steroids precursor cholesterol availability or directly on aromatase action, with an impact on the quality of gametes and reproductive success. Climate change related effects on water parameters likely influence also the reproductive behavior of fish. Although the precise mechanisms underlying the regulation of these effects are not always understood, in this review we discuss different hypothesis and propose future research perspectives.

The article considers the main challenges facing the forest sector of European part of Mid-Latitude zone in connection with climate change. The main aim was to systematize available scientific information on climate change influence on forests in the research region. The methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison and generalization of available scientific information were applied. Environmental results of climate changeimpact on forests are represented by future worsening stability and sanitary state of forest stands of Ukraine's main forest-forming tree species. This becomes more and more noticeable for Scots pine dominated stands across Ukraine, and the future for forests composed by other tree species is no longer optimistic in the long run. It is stated that the changing environment will lead to alteration of growth, productivity and bioproductivity of Ukrainian forests, and, consequently,to the necessity to rethink approaches to selection of tree species, forest caring and growing, assessment of ecosystem functions and so on. Economic consequences of climate change for forestry will manifest themselves in the loss of resources, loss of income, as well as expenditures for implementing environmental stabilizing measures. The attention is drawn to significant volumes of normative and information support as well as unique empirical data accumulated in Ukraine during a prolonged period of forest management, forest science and practice. Those are actively used to describe dynamics of various characteristics of forest ecosystems within scientific research, management planning and forest industry.The importance of improving the information support of the forestry sector is emphasized, which will ensure the possibility of forecasting the state of forests under climate change conditions and making sound managerial decisions, and possible pathways for this are highlighted. Characterized are necessary prerequisites and possible ways of transition to the paradigm of sustainable development on the basis of risk-resilient forest management in Ukraine and in geographically greater region.

This paper aims at presenting HydroShoot, a functional-structural plant model (FSPM) that is developed to simulate gas-exchange rates of complex plant canopies under water deficit conditions, by scaling up gas-exchange rates from the leaf to the canopy levels. The main hypothesis is that simulating both the hydraulic structure of the shoot together with the energy budget of individual leaves is the asset for successfully achieving this up-scaling task. HydroShoot was hence built as the ensemble of three interacting modules: hydraulic which calculates the distribution of xylem water potential across shoot hydraulic segments, energy which calculates the complete energy budget of individual leaves, and exchange which calculates net assimilation and transpiration rates of individual leaves. HydroShoot was coupled with irradiance interception and soil water balance models, and was evaluated on virtual and real grapevines having strongly contrasted canopies, under well-watered and water-deficit conditions. HydroShoot captured accurately the impact of canopy architecture and the varying soil water deficit conditions on plant-scale gas-exchange rates and leaf-scale temperature and water potential distributions. Both shoot hydraulic structure and leaf energy budget simulations were, as postulated, required to adequately scaling-up leaf to canopy gas-exchange rates. Notwithstanding, simulating the hydraulic structure of the shoot was found far more necessary to adequately performing this scaling task than simulating leaf energy balance. That is, the intra-canopy variability of leaf water potential was a better predictor of the reduction of whole plant gas-exchange rates under water deficit than the intra-canopy variability of leaf temperature. We conclude therefore that simulating the shoot hydraulic structure is a prerequisite if FSPM's are to be used to assess gas-exchange rates of complex plant canopies as those of grapevines. Finally HydroShoot is available through the OpenAlea platform (https://github.com/openalea/hydroshoot) as a set of reusable modules.

AbstractInternational trade in plants and climate change are two of the main factors causing damaging tree pests (i.e. fungi and insects) to spread into new areas. To mitigate these risks, a large-scale assessment of tree-associated fungi and insects is needed. We present records of endophytic fungi and insects in twigs of 17 angiosperm and gymnosperm genera, from 51 locations in 32 countries worldwide. Endophytic fungi were characterized by high-throughput sequencing of 352 samples from 145 tree species in 28 countries. Insects were reared from 227 samples of 109 tree species in 18 countries and sorted into taxonomic orders and feeding guilds. Herbivorous insects were grouped into morphospecies and were identified using molecular and morphological approaches. This dataset reveals the diversity of tree-associated taxa, as it contains 12,721 fungal Amplicon Sequence Variants and 208 herbivorous insect morphospecies, sampled across broad geographic and climatic gradients and for many tree species. This dataset will facilitate applied and fundamental studies on the distribution of fungal endophytes and insects in trees.