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The effects of clinostating on physiological processes and biochemical characteristics of wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) both healthy and infected by the wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) were studied. In six experiments, each lasting over 30 days, healthy and infected plants of the dwarf Apogee variety were grown under conditions of continuous horizontal and vertical clinostating with 2 rpm at 21 +/- 2 degrees C and 6000 1x (the optimal moisture of a substrate being maintained). The control variants (healthy and infected) were simultaneously grown under the same conditions of temperature and illumination in stationary containers and in open pots. During the experiment, visual observations were carried out over the state of tested plants. After completing the experiment, biometric indices, pigment, carbohydrate and dry matter contents were determined in all the plants. It was shown that clinostating sharply reduced the reproductive function of healthy plants and considerably affected their biomass (productivity) and concentration of chlorophylls and sugars. The viral infection resulted in further reduction of these characteristics. In control variants the viral effect was more significant. We speculate that clinostating reduced the rate of reproduction and spread of the virus.

A model of conductivity of nanocomposite ceramics consisting of solid-electrolyte and dielectric phases is proposed based on the assumption that the conductivity of grain boundaries between the solid-electrolyte and dielectric phases is higher than the conductivity of the volume of particles in the solid-electrolyte phase and its grain boundaries. Taking into account the size of particles, the thickness of grain boundaries, and the bulk and grain-boundary conductivities, the grain size of composite ceramics for which the conductivity may exceed the conductivity of single-phase solid-electrolyte ceramics is assessed. For testing this model, the composite samples are synthesized based on dielectric magnesium oxide and solid-electrolyte cerium oxide doped with samarium oxide. It is shown that introduction of 50 mol % magnesium oxide into composite ceramics has virtually no effect on its conductivity as compared with single-phase solid-electrolyte ceramics. This result can be explained by assuming the appearance of accelerated transport routes for oxygen ions in grain boundaries between dielectric and solid-electrolyte phases. Further dispersion, optimization of the ratio, and increase in distribution homogeneity of components can confirm the validity of the proposed conductivity model and open up the possibility of preparation of oxide solid-electrolyte materials with higher conductivity.

X-ray structural analysis and electron microscopy have been employed to study the sizes and crystalline structures of particles of very fine iron powders produced in a two-layer bath using direct and pulsed currents and in a bath with an ultrasound-emitting cathode. The study has demonstrated that the superposition of an additional perturbance (an ultrasonic field or a pulsed current supply) on the electrolysis process restricts the growth of microcrystals and decrease their size variation compared with particles produced by electrolysis using a direct current. The character of curves of some structural characteristics of very fine iron powders plotted against the parameters of electrolysis in a two-layer bath with the use of a direct current, an ultrasound emitting cathode, and a pulsed current is evidence that iron particle formation in these variants of the electrolytic process occurs through different mechanisms.

A prospective class of intramolecular fluorescence energy transfer substrates (IFETS) is described. In contrast to the known chromogenic and fluorogenic substrates that are used widely in the scientific and medical research, IFETS allow to control the enzymatic cleavage at any point of the peptide chain and thus permit simultaneous studies of enzymes of different specificity. We discuss the main types of donor and acceptor, their advantages and drawbacks and the effectiveness of exited-state energy transfer between them. High sensitivity and selectivity of IFETS in the assay of proteinases was demonstrated. They prove to be a very useful and very promising instrument for enzymology and medicine.

We established the chemical composition, current efficiency, and corrosion properties of CoW and CoRe binary alloys and CoWRe ternary alloys obtained from electrolytes of two types: citrate and citrate-pyrophosphate. It was discovered that the alloys deposited from citrate electrolyte contain much more refractory metals [51.0 at.% Re and 46.2 (W + Re)] for the same current density of deposition (10 mA ⋅ cm–2) than the alloys deposited from citrate pyrophosphate electrolytes [13.5 at.% Re and 23.9 at.% (W + Re)]. The main advantage of application of citrate-pyrophosphate electrolytes is their high current efficiency (of up to 85.7%). The results of corrosion investigations carried out in a 3.5% NaCl solution show that the corrosion resistance of CoWRe alloys is higher than the corrosion resistance of CoRe alloys. Actually, they are equal to 3.2 and 2.8 k Ω ⋅ cm2 for citrate electrolytes and 5.4 and 3.6 k Ω ⋅ cm2 for citrate-pyrophosphate electrolytes, respectively. The corrosion resistances of the coatings depend on their phase compositions, in particular, on the formation of a solid solution of rhenium in cobalt for the CoRe alloy and appearance of a nanocrystalline coating for the CoWRe alloy.

Electrolytic (e) cobalt oxide of a spinel structure, e-Co3O4, is obtained from the sulfate and nitrate (aqueous, water-alcohol) solutions containing Co2+ with the aim of using it in thin-layer anodes of lithium-ion batteries. The physicochemical and structural properties of the synthesized compounds are examined using thermal and x-ray diffraction analyses, absorption IR spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The electrochemical characteristics of e-Co3O4 are determined in breadboards of lithium power sources and in the lithiumion system LiCoO2/e-Co3O4.

Molecular dynamics simulation of ultrathin carbon disulfide film confined between atomically flat stiff diamond plates is exposed. While calculating the radial distribution functions, we specify three site-site distribution functions that are possible to measure experimentally: gCC,gCS and gSS. Films with one and two molecular layers are detailed and TIP4P model is applied for carbon disulfide molecules. The radial distribution function is also calculated as a function of the load on the substrate. Internal energy is calculated, for one-layer film with a zero load, such a dependency is irregular with considerable fluctuations. For a higher value of load, periodic spikes are observed. Similar spikes are inherent in experiments when the film is in a solid-like state and they are characteristic to the stick-slip friction. In general, the pattern of the studied model is in agreement with the experiments with simple fluids from spherical molecules.

Before 1986, the development of tissue banking in China has been slow and relatively uncoordinated. Under the support of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Tissue Banking in China experienced rapid development. In this period, China Institute for Radiation Protection tissue bank mastered systematic and modern tissue banking technique by IAEA training course and gradually developed the first regional tissue bank (Shanxi Provincial Tissue Bank, SPTB) to provide tissue allograft. Benefit from training course, SPTB promoted the development of tissue transplantation by ways of training, brochure, advertisement and meeting. Tissue allograft transplantation acquired recognition from clinic and supervision and administration from government. Quality system gradually is developing and perfecting. Tissue allograft transplantation and tissue bank are developing rapidly and healthy.

We report a multienzymatic cascade for the synthesis of 1,6-hexamethylenediamine (HMD) and related α,ω-diamines from corresponding cycloalkanols.