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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Lyubov Pyha; Juraj Durove; Yevhen Ogorodnyk; Hennadii Haiko;

    The concept and a new method for the shielded development of bottom gas hydrates have been proposed, the technological phases and constructive elements of their implementation have been substantiated. The research provides for the realization of the idea suggesting the simultaneous dissociation of the vast areas of a gas hydrate deposit, management of the targeted process of the penetration of methane recovered from gas hydrates into water space and its accumulation under the extensive gas-collecting shield wherefrom it is removed by bottom pipe transportation facilities. To do hydraulic fracturing, a well is drilled into the plane of the junction of the surface of a gas hydrate deposit and the rocks of a roof, the open system of fissures in the rocks of a roof is made through which produced gas is released to a gas-collecting blanket in a water.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Solid State Phenomen...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Solid State Phenomena
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Trans Tech Publications Copyright and Content Usage Policy
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Solid State Phenomen...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Solid State Phenomena
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Trans Tech Publications Copyright and Content Usage Policy
      Data sources: Crossref
      addClaim

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Lyubov Pyha; Juraj Durove; Yevhen Ogorodnyk; Hennadii Haiko;

    The concept and a new method for the shielded development of bottom gas hydrates have been proposed, the technological phases and constructive elements of their implementation have been substantiated. The research provides for the realization of the idea suggesting the simultaneous dissociation of the vast areas of a gas hydrate deposit, management of the targeted process of the penetration of methane recovered from gas hydrates into water space and its accumulation under the extensive gas-collecting shield wherefrom it is removed by bottom pipe transportation facilities. To do hydraulic fracturing, a well is drilled into the plane of the junction of the surface of a gas hydrate deposit and the rocks of a roof, the open system of fissures in the rocks of a roof is made through which produced gas is released to a gas-collecting blanket in a water.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Solid State Phenomen...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Solid State Phenomena
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Trans Tech Publications Copyright and Content Usage Policy
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Solid State Phenomen...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Solid State Phenomena
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Trans Tech Publications Copyright and Content Usage Policy
      Data sources: Crossref
      addClaim

      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

      You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: E. A. Pronskii; A. N. Molchanov; A. K. Kirillov; T. A. Vasilenko;

    Theoretical and experimental data on the concentrations of methane in different phase states in the porous structure of coals from the Donets Basin are reported. On the saturation of coal samples with methane, the natural conditions of the occurrence of methane in coal beds were simulated for the equilibrium coal–gas system. The amounts of methane dissolved in a solid matrix and adsorbed on the pore surfaces of coal matter were measured by broad-band NMR spectroscopy. The values obtained did not exceed 20% of the total methane absorbed by the sample in an equilibrium state at a pressure of 10 MPa. Sorbed methane was the predominant phase state only upon the opening of a high-pressure chamber after the emission of methane from filtration channels.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Solid Fuel Chemistryarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Solid Fuel Chemistry
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Springer TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Solid Fuel Chemistryarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Solid Fuel Chemistry
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Springer TDM
      Data sources: Crossref
      addClaim

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      You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: E. A. Pronskii; A. N. Molchanov; A. K. Kirillov; T. A. Vasilenko;

    Theoretical and experimental data on the concentrations of methane in different phase states in the porous structure of coals from the Donets Basin are reported. On the saturation of coal samples with methane, the natural conditions of the occurrence of methane in coal beds were simulated for the equilibrium coal–gas system. The amounts of methane dissolved in a solid matrix and adsorbed on the pore surfaces of coal matter were measured by broad-band NMR spectroscopy. The values obtained did not exceed 20% of the total methane absorbed by the sample in an equilibrium state at a pressure of 10 MPa. Sorbed methane was the predominant phase state only upon the opening of a high-pressure chamber after the emission of methane from filtration channels.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Solid Fuel Chemistryarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Solid Fuel Chemistry
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Springer TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Solid Fuel Chemistryarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Solid Fuel Chemistry
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Springer TDM
      Data sources: Crossref
      addClaim

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Santa Celma; Marina Sanz; Pilar Ciria; Oksana Maliarenko; +4 Authors

    Agricultural land abandonment due to biophysical and socioeconomic constraints is increasing across Europe. Meanwhile there is also an increase in bioenergy demand. This study assessed woody crop performance on several relevant types of marginal agricultural land in Europe, based on field experiments in Latvia, Spain and Ukraine. In Latvia, hybrid aspen was more productive than birch and alder species, and after eight years produced 4.8 Mg ha−1 y−1 on stony soil with sandy loam texture, when best clone and treatment combination was selected. In Spain, Siberian elm produced up to 7.1 Mg ha−1 y−1 on stony, sandy soil with low organic carbon content after three triennial rotations. In Ukraine, willow plantations produced a maximum of 10.8 Mg ha−1 y−1 on a soil with low soil organic carbon after second triennial rotation. The productivity was higher when management practices were optimized specifically to address the limiting factors of a site. Longer rotations and lower biomass yields compared to high-value land can be expected when woody crops are grown on similar marginal agricultural land shown in this study. Future studies should start here and investigate to what extent woody crops can contribute to rural development under these conditions.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Agronomyarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Agronomy
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Agronomy
    Article . 2022
    Data sources: DOAJ
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Agronomyarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Agronomy
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Agronomy
      Article . 2022
      Data sources: DOAJ
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Santa Celma; Marina Sanz; Pilar Ciria; Oksana Maliarenko; +4 Authors

    Agricultural land abandonment due to biophysical and socioeconomic constraints is increasing across Europe. Meanwhile there is also an increase in bioenergy demand. This study assessed woody crop performance on several relevant types of marginal agricultural land in Europe, based on field experiments in Latvia, Spain and Ukraine. In Latvia, hybrid aspen was more productive than birch and alder species, and after eight years produced 4.8 Mg ha−1 y−1 on stony soil with sandy loam texture, when best clone and treatment combination was selected. In Spain, Siberian elm produced up to 7.1 Mg ha−1 y−1 on stony, sandy soil with low organic carbon content after three triennial rotations. In Ukraine, willow plantations produced a maximum of 10.8 Mg ha−1 y−1 on a soil with low soil organic carbon after second triennial rotation. The productivity was higher when management practices were optimized specifically to address the limiting factors of a site. Longer rotations and lower biomass yields compared to high-value land can be expected when woody crops are grown on similar marginal agricultural land shown in this study. Future studies should start here and investigate to what extent woody crops can contribute to rural development under these conditions.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Agronomyarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Agronomy
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Agronomy
    Article . 2022
    Data sources: DOAJ
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Agronomyarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Agronomy
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Agronomy
      Article . 2022
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    Authors: Yevheniia Tykhomyrova;

    У статті зазначено, що сьогодні в українському науковому дискурсі вкрай недостатньо наукових праць, у яких би розглядались основні аспекти теорії й практики кліматичної дипломатії. Дослідження стосовно розв’язання проблем зміни клімату в політологічному значенні, як їх презентує сучасна західна політична наука, відсутні. Нами здійснено аналіз особливостей кліматичної дипломатії, які випливають із тих змін, що відбулись у світі сучасної дипломатії, зокрема зростання кількості учасників світових справ і типів суб’єктів міжнародних відносин; зміна рівнів залучення дипломатії та дипломатичної діяльності – від місцевого, внутрішньодержавного, до двостороннього, регіонального та глобального; розширення сфери й обсягу об’єктів дипломатії; зміна апарату та механізмів зовнішніх зв’язків і дипломатів; зміна режимів, типів та техніки дипломатії. У статті констатовано, що держави залишаються одним із головних суб’єктів кліматичної дипломатії, хоча кожна з них має різне значення й різні стратегії переговорів із кліматичного питання. Водночас у форму­ванні та реалізації політики з актуальних питань важливу роль відіграють недержавні суб’єкти: глобальні банки, регіональні, міжнародні та наднаціональні організації, неурядові організації та навіть субнаціональні державні органи. Саме серед них стає дедалі більше активних учасників архітектури зміни клімату, а отже, суб’єктів кліматичної дипломатії. У багатостороннє розв’язання глобальних проблем, зокрема й проблеми зміни клімату, зробили свій внесок також учасники громадянського суспільства, а відтак вони належать до суб’єктів сучасної кліматичної дипломатії. Вважаємо, що варто враховувати те, що кліматична дипломатія здійснюється на різних рівнях – від місцевого до глобального; зараз настав час інтегрувати екологічну політику загалом і, зокрема, кліматичну в класичну зовнішню політику; кліматична дипломатія увібрала в себе фактично всі канали, що передбачають сучасні напрями дипломатії, перетворившись на інструментарій прийняття колективних рішень, пошуку компромісів, які задовольняють усі сторони переговорів щодо кліматичних змін.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Міжнародні відносини...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Yevheniia Tykhomyrova;

    У статті зазначено, що сьогодні в українському науковому дискурсі вкрай недостатньо наукових праць, у яких би розглядались основні аспекти теорії й практики кліматичної дипломатії. Дослідження стосовно розв’язання проблем зміни клімату в політологічному значенні, як їх презентує сучасна західна політична наука, відсутні. Нами здійснено аналіз особливостей кліматичної дипломатії, які випливають із тих змін, що відбулись у світі сучасної дипломатії, зокрема зростання кількості учасників світових справ і типів суб’єктів міжнародних відносин; зміна рівнів залучення дипломатії та дипломатичної діяльності – від місцевого, внутрішньодержавного, до двостороннього, регіонального та глобального; розширення сфери й обсягу об’єктів дипломатії; зміна апарату та механізмів зовнішніх зв’язків і дипломатів; зміна режимів, типів та техніки дипломатії. У статті констатовано, що держави залишаються одним із головних суб’єктів кліматичної дипломатії, хоча кожна з них має різне значення й різні стратегії переговорів із кліматичного питання. Водночас у форму­ванні та реалізації політики з актуальних питань важливу роль відіграють недержавні суб’єкти: глобальні банки, регіональні, міжнародні та наднаціональні організації, неурядові організації та навіть субнаціональні державні органи. Саме серед них стає дедалі більше активних учасників архітектури зміни клімату, а отже, суб’єктів кліматичної дипломатії. У багатостороннє розв’язання глобальних проблем, зокрема й проблеми зміни клімату, зробили свій внесок також учасники громадянського суспільства, а відтак вони належать до суб’єктів сучасної кліматичної дипломатії. Вважаємо, що варто враховувати те, що кліматична дипломатія здійснюється на різних рівнях – від місцевого до глобального; зараз настав час інтегрувати екологічну політику загалом і, зокрема, кліматичну в класичну зовнішню політику; кліматична дипломатія увібрала в себе фактично всі канали, що передбачають сучасні напрями дипломатії, перетворившись на інструментарій прийняття колективних рішень, пошуку компромісів, які задовольняють усі сторони переговорів щодо кліматичних змін.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Міжнародні відносини...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: StuddertGuillermo; LiuXiaobing; LiuXiaobing; M CruseRichard; +7 Authors

    Liu, X., Burras, C. L., Kravchenko, Y. S., Duran, A., Huffman, T., Morras, H., Studdert, G., Zhang, X., Cruse, R. M. and Yuan, X. 2012. Overview of Mollisols in the world: Distribution, land use and management. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 383–402. Mollisols – a.k.a., Black Soils or Prairie Soils – make up about 916 million ha, which is 7% of the world's ice-free land surface. Their distribution strongly correlates with native prairie ecosystems, but is not limited to them. They are most prevalent in the mid-latitudes of North America, Eurasia, and South America. In North America, they cover 200 million ha of the United States, more than 40 million ha of Canada and 50 million ha of Mexico. Across Eurasia they cover around 450 million ha, extending from the western 148 million ha in southern Russia and 34 million ha in Ukraine to the eastern 35 million ha in northeast China. They are common to South America's Argentina and Uruguay, covering about 89 million and 13 million ha, respectively. Mollisols are often recognized as inherently productive and fertile soils. They are extensively and intensively farmed, and increasingly dedicated to cereals production, which needs significant inputs of fertilizers and tillage. Mollisols are also important soils in pasture, range and forage systems. Thus, it is not surprising that these soils are prone to soil erosion, dehumification (loss of stable aggregates and organic matter) and are suffering from anthropogenic soil acidity. Therefore, soil scientists from all of the world's Mollisols regions are concerned about the sustainability of some of current trends in land use and agricultural practices. These same scientists recommend increasing the acreage under minimum or restricted tillage, returning plant residues and adding organic amendments such as animal manure to maintain or increase soil organic matter content, and more systematic use of chemical amendments such as agricultural limestone to replenish soil calcium reserves.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Canadian Journal of ...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Canadian Journal of Soil Science
    Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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      Canadian Journal of Soil Science
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    Authors: StuddertGuillermo; LiuXiaobing; LiuXiaobing; M CruseRichard; +7 Authors

    Liu, X., Burras, C. L., Kravchenko, Y. S., Duran, A., Huffman, T., Morras, H., Studdert, G., Zhang, X., Cruse, R. M. and Yuan, X. 2012. Overview of Mollisols in the world: Distribution, land use and management. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 383–402. Mollisols – a.k.a., Black Soils or Prairie Soils – make up about 916 million ha, which is 7% of the world's ice-free land surface. Their distribution strongly correlates with native prairie ecosystems, but is not limited to them. They are most prevalent in the mid-latitudes of North America, Eurasia, and South America. In North America, they cover 200 million ha of the United States, more than 40 million ha of Canada and 50 million ha of Mexico. Across Eurasia they cover around 450 million ha, extending from the western 148 million ha in southern Russia and 34 million ha in Ukraine to the eastern 35 million ha in northeast China. They are common to South America's Argentina and Uruguay, covering about 89 million and 13 million ha, respectively. Mollisols are often recognized as inherently productive and fertile soils. They are extensively and intensively farmed, and increasingly dedicated to cereals production, which needs significant inputs of fertilizers and tillage. Mollisols are also important soils in pasture, range and forage systems. Thus, it is not surprising that these soils are prone to soil erosion, dehumification (loss of stable aggregates and organic matter) and are suffering from anthropogenic soil acidity. Therefore, soil scientists from all of the world's Mollisols regions are concerned about the sustainability of some of current trends in land use and agricultural practices. These same scientists recommend increasing the acreage under minimum or restricted tillage, returning plant residues and adding organic amendments such as animal manure to maintain or increase soil organic matter content, and more systematic use of chemical amendments such as agricultural limestone to replenish soil calcium reserves.

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    Canadian Journal of Soil Science
    Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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      Canadian Journal of Soil Science
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    Authors: Huisman, Ronald; Kyritsis, Evangelos; Stet, Cristian;

    The large-scale integration of renewable energy sources requires flexibility from power markets in the sense that the latter should quickly counterbalance the renewable supply variation driven by weather conditions. Most power markets cannot (yet) provide this flexibility effectively as they suffer from inelastic demand and insufficient flexible storage capacity or flexible conventional suppliers. Research accordingly shows that the volume of renewable energy in the supply system affects the mean and volatility of power prices. We extend this view and show that the level of wind and solar energy supply affects the tails of the electricity price distributions as well and that it does so asymmetrically. The higher the supply from wind and solar energy sources, the fatter the left tail of the price distribution and the thinner the right tail. This implies that one cannot rely on symmetric price distributions for risk management and for valuation of (flexible) power assets. The evidence in this paper suggests that we have to rethink the methods of subsidizing variable renewable supply such that they take into consideration also the flexibility needs of power markets.

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    Authors: Huisman, Ronald; Kyritsis, Evangelos; Stet, Cristian;

    The large-scale integration of renewable energy sources requires flexibility from power markets in the sense that the latter should quickly counterbalance the renewable supply variation driven by weather conditions. Most power markets cannot (yet) provide this flexibility effectively as they suffer from inelastic demand and insufficient flexible storage capacity or flexible conventional suppliers. Research accordingly shows that the volume of renewable energy in the supply system affects the mean and volatility of power prices. We extend this view and show that the level of wind and solar energy supply affects the tails of the electricity price distributions as well and that it does so asymmetrically. The higher the supply from wind and solar energy sources, the fatter the left tail of the price distribution and the thinner the right tail. This implies that one cannot rely on symmetric price distributions for risk management and for valuation of (flexible) power assets. The evidence in this paper suggests that we have to rethink the methods of subsidizing variable renewable supply such that they take into consideration also the flexibility needs of power markets.

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    В сучасних умовах розвитку зростає актуальність енергоефективного розвитку країн та інтеграційних об’єднань. Це дозволяє забезпечити економічне зростання, підвищувати добробут населення, а також запобігти глобальним змінам клімату. Країни ЄС розробили особливий підхід до реалізації спільної енергетичної політики, що спрямований на загальне зростання енергоефективності, розвиток відновлювальної енергетики, формування внутрішнього енергетичного ринку, а також дотримання принципів сталого розвитку. Польща активно долучається до реалізації спільної енергетичної політики ЄС, а також розробляє та реалізовує власну енергетичну політику, що спрямована на вирішення національних енергетичних проблем.

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    В сучасних умовах розвитку зростає актуальність енергоефективного розвитку країн та інтеграційних об’єднань. Це дозволяє забезпечити економічне зростання, підвищувати добробут населення, а також запобігти глобальним змінам клімату. Країни ЄС розробили особливий підхід до реалізації спільної енергетичної політики, що спрямований на загальне зростання енергоефективності, розвиток відновлювальної енергетики, формування внутрішнього енергетичного ринку, а також дотримання принципів сталого розвитку. Польща активно долучається до реалізації спільної енергетичної політики ЄС, а також розробляє та реалізовує власну енергетичну політику, що спрямована на вирішення національних енергетичних проблем.

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    Authors: V.S. Ribun; V.I. Kyrychenko; V.V. Kyrychenko; M.B. Skladaniuk;

    Traditional methods of biofuel production using vegetable oils and aliphatic alcohols have a number of disadvantages. A new method of transesterification of vegetable oils with alkyl acetates because they act as promoters of diesel fuel combustion. A method of improving both technology of alcoholysis and esterolysis by modifying the temperature range is proposed. Chemical and technological bases of two-stage process of vegetable oil transesterification are developed. In the first stage, the oils are treated with glycerol in order to convert tri-acyl-glyceros of oil into mono-acyl-glycerols. The second stage is alcoholysis of mono-acyl-glycerols with ethanol or esterolysis of mono-acyl-glycerols with ethyl acetate. The temperature range of the transesterification process is improved using heat-transfer solvents. Comparison of material balances of technologies of one- and two-stage ways of ethanolysis and esterolysis showed a significant increase in the selectivity of the process, yield and quality of biofuels. Analysis of the obtained biofuels and mixtures, which contain 20 % of biofuels and 80% of diesel fuel showed the best physical, chemical and operational characteristics. Therefore, the blended fuels are promising area of ​​biofuel technology.

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    Physics and Chemistry of Solid State
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    Authors: V.S. Ribun; V.I. Kyrychenko; V.V. Kyrychenko; M.B. Skladaniuk;

    Traditional methods of biofuel production using vegetable oils and aliphatic alcohols have a number of disadvantages. A new method of transesterification of vegetable oils with alkyl acetates because they act as promoters of diesel fuel combustion. A method of improving both technology of alcoholysis and esterolysis by modifying the temperature range is proposed. Chemical and technological bases of two-stage process of vegetable oil transesterification are developed. In the first stage, the oils are treated with glycerol in order to convert tri-acyl-glyceros of oil into mono-acyl-glycerols. The second stage is alcoholysis of mono-acyl-glycerols with ethanol or esterolysis of mono-acyl-glycerols with ethyl acetate. The temperature range of the transesterification process is improved using heat-transfer solvents. Comparison of material balances of technologies of one- and two-stage ways of ethanolysis and esterolysis showed a significant increase in the selectivity of the process, yield and quality of biofuels. Analysis of the obtained biofuels and mixtures, which contain 20 % of biofuels and 80% of diesel fuel showed the best physical, chemical and operational characteristics. Therefore, the blended fuels are promising area of ​​biofuel technology.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: A. Kalwar; F. Kurdziel; Stanislaw Gumula; Uliana Marikutsa; +2 Authors

    Abstract The publication presents the impact of using automatic control systems for operating gas engines aimed at a chilled water production. The purpose of the work is to analyse the possibilities of using automation systems to regulate gas flow. An important parameter of fuel supplied to gas engines used in the production of cold is its amount, which depends on the pressure. Unstable operation of gas distribution systems caused by an extensive network, many customers and operation of devices working with different loads causes improper, unpredictable operation of other devices working in the network. Uncertainty of fuel parameters results in unstable operation of gas engines, their load, and variable production of electricity, heat and cold. Ensuring proper and stable production is a key element of production processes. The concept of building a gas pressure regulation system based on its amount in the network will ensure the required, stable operation of gas engines and refrigeration units coupled with them, and thus provide a guarantee of production of generated media. The presented solution provides a solution to existing problems. The system is based on two dampers coupled to each other and controlled by an automation system controlled by a superior SCADA system.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IOP Conference Serie...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: A. Kalwar; F. Kurdziel; Stanislaw Gumula; Uliana Marikutsa; +2 Authors

    Abstract The publication presents the impact of using automatic control systems for operating gas engines aimed at a chilled water production. The purpose of the work is to analyse the possibilities of using automation systems to regulate gas flow. An important parameter of fuel supplied to gas engines used in the production of cold is its amount, which depends on the pressure. Unstable operation of gas distribution systems caused by an extensive network, many customers and operation of devices working with different loads causes improper, unpredictable operation of other devices working in the network. Uncertainty of fuel parameters results in unstable operation of gas engines, their load, and variable production of electricity, heat and cold. Ensuring proper and stable production is a key element of production processes. The concept of building a gas pressure regulation system based on its amount in the network will ensure the required, stable operation of gas engines and refrigeration units coupled with them, and thus provide a guarantee of production of generated media. The presented solution provides a solution to existing problems. The system is based on two dampers coupled to each other and controlled by an automation system controlled by a superior SCADA system.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IOP Conference Serie...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    В роботі пропонується та обґрунтовується можливість впровадження енергоефективних рішень з теплозабезпечення типового навчального закладу в умовах України. На основі розроблених методологічних підходів зроблена кількісна оцінка та оптимізація комплексного рішення, а також алгоритм його реалізації, що враховує і влаштування власного джерела теплоти із використанням біопалива і підсилення теплозахисту огороджувальних конструкцій будівель. This scientific paper proposes and substantiates the possibility of the introduction of energy-intensive solutions for the heat supply to the typical institution of education in Ukraine. For this purpose methodological approaches were developed at first. On the basis of these approaches we obtained the data of the quantitative analysis of the expediency of the realization of the solution on the additional heat insulation of external enclosures of educational buildings and hostels. Then we studied the possibility of the installation of our own source using the biofuel. As a result the integrated solution and the algorithm for its realization were proposed and this solution allows us to take into consideration the installation of our own heat source operating on the biofuel and to increase the heat transfer resistance for external enclosure structures of the buildings.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Electronic National ...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Electronic National ...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    В роботі пропонується та обґрунтовується можливість впровадження енергоефективних рішень з теплозабезпечення типового навчального закладу в умовах України. На основі розроблених методологічних підходів зроблена кількісна оцінка та оптимізація комплексного рішення, а також алгоритм його реалізації, що враховує і влаштування власного джерела теплоти із використанням біопалива і підсилення теплозахисту огороджувальних конструкцій будівель. This scientific paper proposes and substantiates the possibility of the introduction of energy-intensive solutions for the heat supply to the typical institution of education in Ukraine. For this purpose methodological approaches were developed at first. On the basis of these approaches we obtained the data of the quantitative analysis of the expediency of the realization of the solution on the additional heat insulation of external enclosures of educational buildings and hostels. Then we studied the possibility of the installation of our own source using the biofuel. As a result the integrated solution and the algorithm for its realization were proposed and this solution allows us to take into consideration the installation of our own heat source operating on the biofuel and to increase the heat transfer resistance for external enclosure structures of the buildings.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Electronic National ...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Lyubov Pyha; Juraj Durove; Yevhen Ogorodnyk; Hennadii Haiko;

    The concept and a new method for the shielded development of bottom gas hydrates have been proposed, the technological phases and constructive elements of their implementation have been substantiated. The research provides for the realization of the idea suggesting the simultaneous dissociation of the vast areas of a gas hydrate deposit, management of the targeted process of the penetration of methane recovered from gas hydrates into water space and its accumulation under the extensive gas-collecting shield wherefrom it is removed by bottom pipe transportation facilities. To do hydraulic fracturing, a well is drilled into the plane of the junction of the surface of a gas hydrate deposit and the rocks of a roof, the open system of fissures in the rocks of a roof is made through which produced gas is released to a gas-collecting blanket in a water.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Solid State Phenomen...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Solid State Phenomena
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Trans Tech Publications Copyright and Content Usage Policy
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Solid State Phenomen...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Solid State Phenomena
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Trans Tech Publications Copyright and Content Usage Policy
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Lyubov Pyha; Juraj Durove; Yevhen Ogorodnyk; Hennadii Haiko;

    The concept and a new method for the shielded development of bottom gas hydrates have been proposed, the technological phases and constructive elements of their implementation have been substantiated. The research provides for the realization of the idea suggesting the simultaneous dissociation of the vast areas of a gas hydrate deposit, management of the targeted process of the penetration of methane recovered from gas hydrates into water space and its accumulation under the extensive gas-collecting shield wherefrom it is removed by bottom pipe transportation facilities. To do hydraulic fracturing, a well is drilled into the plane of the junction of the surface of a gas hydrate deposit and the rocks of a roof, the open system of fissures in the rocks of a roof is made through which produced gas is released to a gas-collecting blanket in a water.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Solid State Phenomen...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Solid State Phenomena
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Solid State Phenomen...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Solid State Phenomena
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Trans Tech Publications Copyright and Content Usage Policy
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: E. A. Pronskii; A. N. Molchanov; A. K. Kirillov; T. A. Vasilenko;

    Theoretical and experimental data on the concentrations of methane in different phase states in the porous structure of coals from the Donets Basin are reported. On the saturation of coal samples with methane, the natural conditions of the occurrence of methane in coal beds were simulated for the equilibrium coal–gas system. The amounts of methane dissolved in a solid matrix and adsorbed on the pore surfaces of coal matter were measured by broad-band NMR spectroscopy. The values obtained did not exceed 20% of the total methane absorbed by the sample in an equilibrium state at a pressure of 10 MPa. Sorbed methane was the predominant phase state only upon the opening of a high-pressure chamber after the emission of methane from filtration channels.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Solid Fuel Chemistryarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Solid Fuel Chemistry
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Springer TDM
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Solid Fuel Chemistryarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Solid Fuel Chemistry
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: E. A. Pronskii; A. N. Molchanov; A. K. Kirillov; T. A. Vasilenko;

    Theoretical and experimental data on the concentrations of methane in different phase states in the porous structure of coals from the Donets Basin are reported. On the saturation of coal samples with methane, the natural conditions of the occurrence of methane in coal beds were simulated for the equilibrium coal–gas system. The amounts of methane dissolved in a solid matrix and adsorbed on the pore surfaces of coal matter were measured by broad-band NMR spectroscopy. The values obtained did not exceed 20% of the total methane absorbed by the sample in an equilibrium state at a pressure of 10 MPa. Sorbed methane was the predominant phase state only upon the opening of a high-pressure chamber after the emission of methane from filtration channels.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Solid Fuel Chemistryarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Authors: Santa Celma; Marina Sanz; Pilar Ciria; Oksana Maliarenko; +4 Authors

    Agricultural land abandonment due to biophysical and socioeconomic constraints is increasing across Europe. Meanwhile there is also an increase in bioenergy demand. This study assessed woody crop performance on several relevant types of marginal agricultural land in Europe, based on field experiments in Latvia, Spain and Ukraine. In Latvia, hybrid aspen was more productive than birch and alder species, and after eight years produced 4.8 Mg ha−1 y−1 on stony soil with sandy loam texture, when best clone and treatment combination was selected. In Spain, Siberian elm produced up to 7.1 Mg ha−1 y−1 on stony, sandy soil with low organic carbon content after three triennial rotations. In Ukraine, willow plantations produced a maximum of 10.8 Mg ha−1 y−1 on a soil with low soil organic carbon after second triennial rotation. The productivity was higher when management practices were optimized specifically to address the limiting factors of a site. Longer rotations and lower biomass yields compared to high-value land can be expected when woody crops are grown on similar marginal agricultural land shown in this study. Future studies should start here and investigate to what extent woody crops can contribute to rural development under these conditions.

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    Authors: Santa Celma; Marina Sanz; Pilar Ciria; Oksana Maliarenko; +4 Authors

    Agricultural land abandonment due to biophysical and socioeconomic constraints is increasing across Europe. Meanwhile there is also an increase in bioenergy demand. This study assessed woody crop performance on several relevant types of marginal agricultural land in Europe, based on field experiments in Latvia, Spain and Ukraine. In Latvia, hybrid aspen was more productive than birch and alder species, and after eight years produced 4.8 Mg ha−1 y−1 on stony soil with sandy loam texture, when best clone and treatment combination was selected. In Spain, Siberian elm produced up to 7.1 Mg ha−1 y−1 on stony, sandy soil with low organic carbon content after three triennial rotations. In Ukraine, willow plantations produced a maximum of 10.8 Mg ha−1 y−1 on a soil with low soil organic carbon after second triennial rotation. The productivity was higher when management practices were optimized specifically to address the limiting factors of a site. Longer rotations and lower biomass yields compared to high-value land can be expected when woody crops are grown on similar marginal agricultural land shown in this study. Future studies should start here and investigate to what extent woody crops can contribute to rural development under these conditions.

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    Authors: Yevheniia Tykhomyrova;

    У статті зазначено, що сьогодні в українському науковому дискурсі вкрай недостатньо наукових праць, у яких би розглядались основні аспекти теорії й практики кліматичної дипломатії. Дослідження стосовно розв’язання проблем зміни клімату в політологічному значенні, як їх презентує сучасна західна політична наука, відсутні. Нами здійснено аналіз особливостей кліматичної дипломатії, які випливають із тих змін, що відбулись у світі сучасної дипломатії, зокрема зростання кількості учасників світових справ і типів суб’єктів міжнародних відносин; зміна рівнів залучення дипломатії та дипломатичної діяльності – від місцевого, внутрішньодержавного, до двостороннього, регіонального та глобального; розширення сфери й обсягу об’єктів дипломатії; зміна апарату та механізмів зовнішніх зв’язків і дипломатів; зміна режимів, типів та техніки дипломатії. У статті констатовано, що держави залишаються одним із головних суб’єктів кліматичної дипломатії, хоча кожна з них має різне значення й різні стратегії переговорів із кліматичного питання. Водночас у форму­ванні та реалізації політики з актуальних питань важливу роль відіграють недержавні суб’єкти: глобальні банки, регіональні, міжнародні та наднаціональні організації, неурядові організації та навіть субнаціональні державні органи. Саме серед них стає дедалі більше активних учасників архітектури зміни клімату, а отже, суб’єктів кліматичної дипломатії. У багатостороннє розв’язання глобальних проблем, зокрема й проблеми зміни клімату, зробили свій внесок також учасники громадянського суспільства, а відтак вони належать до суб’єктів сучасної кліматичної дипломатії. Вважаємо, що варто враховувати те, що кліматична дипломатія здійснюється на різних рівнях – від місцевого до глобального; зараз настав час інтегрувати екологічну політику загалом і, зокрема, кліматичну в класичну зовнішню політику; кліматична дипломатія увібрала в себе фактично всі канали, що передбачають сучасні напрями дипломатії, перетворившись на інструментарій прийняття колективних рішень, пошуку компромісів, які задовольняють усі сторони переговорів щодо кліматичних змін.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Міжнародні відносини...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Yevheniia Tykhomyrova;

    У статті зазначено, що сьогодні в українському науковому дискурсі вкрай недостатньо наукових праць, у яких би розглядались основні аспекти теорії й практики кліматичної дипломатії. Дослідження стосовно розв’язання проблем зміни клімату в політологічному значенні, як їх презентує сучасна західна політична наука, відсутні. Нами здійснено аналіз особливостей кліматичної дипломатії, які випливають із тих змін, що відбулись у світі сучасної дипломатії, зокрема зростання кількості учасників світових справ і типів суб’єктів міжнародних відносин; зміна рівнів залучення дипломатії та дипломатичної діяльності – від місцевого, внутрішньодержавного, до двостороннього, регіонального та глобального; розширення сфери й обсягу об’єктів дипломатії; зміна апарату та механізмів зовнішніх зв’язків і дипломатів; зміна режимів, типів та техніки дипломатії. У статті констатовано, що держави залишаються одним із головних суб’єктів кліматичної дипломатії, хоча кожна з них має різне значення й різні стратегії переговорів із кліматичного питання. Водночас у форму­ванні та реалізації політики з актуальних питань важливу роль відіграють недержавні суб’єкти: глобальні банки, регіональні, міжнародні та наднаціональні організації, неурядові організації та навіть субнаціональні державні органи. Саме серед них стає дедалі більше активних учасників архітектури зміни клімату, а отже, суб’єктів кліматичної дипломатії. У багатостороннє розв’язання глобальних проблем, зокрема й проблеми зміни клімату, зробили свій внесок також учасники громадянського суспільства, а відтак вони належать до суб’єктів сучасної кліматичної дипломатії. Вважаємо, що варто враховувати те, що кліматична дипломатія здійснюється на різних рівнях – від місцевого до глобального; зараз настав час інтегрувати екологічну політику загалом і, зокрема, кліматичну в класичну зовнішню політику; кліматична дипломатія увібрала в себе фактично всі канали, що передбачають сучасні напрями дипломатії, перетворившись на інструментарій прийняття колективних рішень, пошуку компромісів, які задовольняють усі сторони переговорів щодо кліматичних змін.

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    Authors: StuddertGuillermo; LiuXiaobing; LiuXiaobing; M CruseRichard; +7 Authors

    Liu, X., Burras, C. L., Kravchenko, Y. S., Duran, A., Huffman, T., Morras, H., Studdert, G., Zhang, X., Cruse, R. M. and Yuan, X. 2012. Overview of Mollisols in the world: Distribution, land use and management. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 383–402. Mollisols – a.k.a., Black Soils or Prairie Soils – make up about 916 million ha, which is 7% of the world's ice-free land surface. Their distribution strongly correlates with native prairie ecosystems, but is not limited to them. They are most prevalent in the mid-latitudes of North America, Eurasia, and South America. In North America, they cover 200 million ha of the United States, more than 40 million ha of Canada and 50 million ha of Mexico. Across Eurasia they cover around 450 million ha, extending from the western 148 million ha in southern Russia and 34 million ha in Ukraine to the eastern 35 million ha in northeast China. They are common to South America's Argentina and Uruguay, covering about 89 million and 13 million ha, respectively. Mollisols are often recognized as inherently productive and fertile soils. They are extensively and intensively farmed, and increasingly dedicated to cereals production, which needs significant inputs of fertilizers and tillage. Mollisols are also important soils in pasture, range and forage systems. Thus, it is not surprising that these soils are prone to soil erosion, dehumification (loss of stable aggregates and organic matter) and are suffering from anthropogenic soil acidity. Therefore, soil scientists from all of the world's Mollisols regions are concerned about the sustainability of some of current trends in land use and agricultural practices. These same scientists recommend increasing the acreage under minimum or restricted tillage, returning plant residues and adding organic amendments such as animal manure to maintain or increase soil organic matter content, and more systematic use of chemical amendments such as agricultural limestone to replenish soil calcium reserves.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Canadian Journal of ...arrow_drop_down
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    Canadian Journal of Soil Science
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    Authors: StuddertGuillermo; LiuXiaobing; LiuXiaobing; M CruseRichard; +7 Authors

    Liu, X., Burras, C. L., Kravchenko, Y. S., Duran, A., Huffman, T., Morras, H., Studdert, G., Zhang, X., Cruse, R. M. and Yuan, X. 2012. Overview of Mollisols in the world: Distribution, land use and management. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 383–402. Mollisols – a.k.a., Black Soils or Prairie Soils – make up about 916 million ha, which is 7% of the world's ice-free land surface. Their distribution strongly correlates with native prairie ecosystems, but is not limited to them. They are most prevalent in the mid-latitudes of North America, Eurasia, and South America. In North America, they cover 200 million ha of the United States, more than 40 million ha of Canada and 50 million ha of Mexico. Across Eurasia they cover around 450 million ha, extending from the western 148 million ha in southern Russia and 34 million ha in Ukraine to the eastern 35 million ha in northeast China. They are common to South America's Argentina and Uruguay, covering about 89 million and 13 million ha, respectively. Mollisols are often recognized as inherently productive and fertile soils. They are extensively and intensively farmed, and increasingly dedicated to cereals production, which needs significant inputs of fertilizers and tillage. Mollisols are also important soils in pasture, range and forage systems. Thus, it is not surprising that these soils are prone to soil erosion, dehumification (loss of stable aggregates and organic matter) and are suffering from anthropogenic soil acidity. Therefore, soil scientists from all of the world's Mollisols regions are concerned about the sustainability of some of current trends in land use and agricultural practices. These same scientists recommend increasing the acreage under minimum or restricted tillage, returning plant residues and adding organic amendments such as animal manure to maintain or increase soil organic matter content, and more systematic use of chemical amendments such as agricultural limestone to replenish soil calcium reserves.

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    Authors: Huisman, Ronald; Kyritsis, Evangelos; Stet, Cristian;

    The large-scale integration of renewable energy sources requires flexibility from power markets in the sense that the latter should quickly counterbalance the renewable supply variation driven by weather conditions. Most power markets cannot (yet) provide this flexibility effectively as they suffer from inelastic demand and insufficient flexible storage capacity or flexible conventional suppliers. Research accordingly shows that the volume of renewable energy in the supply system affects the mean and volatility of power prices. We extend this view and show that the level of wind and solar energy supply affects the tails of the electricity price distributions as well and that it does so asymmetrically. The higher the supply from wind and solar energy sources, the fatter the left tail of the price distribution and the thinner the right tail. This implies that one cannot rely on symmetric price distributions for risk management and for valuation of (flexible) power assets. The evidence in this paper suggests that we have to rethink the methods of subsidizing variable renewable supply such that they take into consideration also the flexibility needs of power markets.

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    Authors: Huisman, Ronald; Kyritsis, Evangelos; Stet, Cristian;

    The large-scale integration of renewable energy sources requires flexibility from power markets in the sense that the latter should quickly counterbalance the renewable supply variation driven by weather conditions. Most power markets cannot (yet) provide this flexibility effectively as they suffer from inelastic demand and insufficient flexible storage capacity or flexible conventional suppliers. Research accordingly shows that the volume of renewable energy in the supply system affects the mean and volatility of power prices. We extend this view and show that the level of wind and solar energy supply affects the tails of the electricity price distributions as well and that it does so asymmetrically. The higher the supply from wind and solar energy sources, the fatter the left tail of the price distribution and the thinner the right tail. This implies that one cannot rely on symmetric price distributions for risk management and for valuation of (flexible) power assets. The evidence in this paper suggests that we have to rethink the methods of subsidizing variable renewable supply such that they take into consideration also the flexibility needs of power markets.

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    В сучасних умовах розвитку зростає актуальність енергоефективного розвитку країн та інтеграційних об’єднань. Це дозволяє забезпечити економічне зростання, підвищувати добробут населення, а також запобігти глобальним змінам клімату. Країни ЄС розробили особливий підхід до реалізації спільної енергетичної політики, що спрямований на загальне зростання енергоефективності, розвиток відновлювальної енергетики, формування внутрішнього енергетичного ринку, а також дотримання принципів сталого розвитку. Польща активно долучається до реалізації спільної енергетичної політики ЄС, а також розробляє та реалізовує власну енергетичну політику, що спрямована на вирішення національних енергетичних проблем.

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    В сучасних умовах розвитку зростає актуальність енергоефективного розвитку країн та інтеграційних об’єднань. Це дозволяє забезпечити економічне зростання, підвищувати добробут населення, а також запобігти глобальним змінам клімату. Країни ЄС розробили особливий підхід до реалізації спільної енергетичної політики, що спрямований на загальне зростання енергоефективності, розвиток відновлювальної енергетики, формування внутрішнього енергетичного ринку, а також дотримання принципів сталого розвитку. Польща активно долучається до реалізації спільної енергетичної політики ЄС, а також розробляє та реалізовує власну енергетичну політику, що спрямована на вирішення національних енергетичних проблем.

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    Authors: V.S. Ribun; V.I. Kyrychenko; V.V. Kyrychenko; M.B. Skladaniuk;

    Traditional methods of biofuel production using vegetable oils and aliphatic alcohols have a number of disadvantages. A new method of transesterification of vegetable oils with alkyl acetates because they act as promoters of diesel fuel combustion. A method of improving both technology of alcoholysis and esterolysis by modifying the temperature range is proposed. Chemical and technological bases of two-stage process of vegetable oil transesterification are developed. In the first stage, the oils are treated with glycerol in order to convert tri-acyl-glyceros of oil into mono-acyl-glycerols. The second stage is alcoholysis of mono-acyl-glycerols with ethanol or esterolysis of mono-acyl-glycerols with ethyl acetate. The temperature range of the transesterification process is improved using heat-transfer solvents. Comparison of material balances of technologies of one- and two-stage ways of ethanolysis and esterolysis showed a significant increase in the selectivity of the process, yield and quality of biofuels. Analysis of the obtained biofuels and mixtures, which contain 20 % of biofuels and 80% of diesel fuel showed the best physical, chemical and operational characteristics. Therefore, the blended fuels are promising area of ​​biofuel technology.

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    Physics and Chemistry of Solid State
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    Authors: V.S. Ribun; V.I. Kyrychenko; V.V. Kyrychenko; M.B. Skladaniuk;

    Traditional methods of biofuel production using vegetable oils and aliphatic alcohols have a number of disadvantages. A new method of transesterification of vegetable oils with alkyl acetates because they act as promoters of diesel fuel combustion. A method of improving both technology of alcoholysis and esterolysis by modifying the temperature range is proposed. Chemical and technological bases of two-stage process of vegetable oil transesterification are developed. In the first stage, the oils are treated with glycerol in order to convert tri-acyl-glyceros of oil into mono-acyl-glycerols. The second stage is alcoholysis of mono-acyl-glycerols with ethanol or esterolysis of mono-acyl-glycerols with ethyl acetate. The temperature range of the transesterification process is improved using heat-transfer solvents. Comparison of material balances of technologies of one- and two-stage ways of ethanolysis and esterolysis showed a significant increase in the selectivity of the process, yield and quality of biofuels. Analysis of the obtained biofuels and mixtures, which contain 20 % of biofuels and 80% of diesel fuel showed the best physical, chemical and operational characteristics. Therefore, the blended fuels are promising area of ​​biofuel technology.

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    Physics and Chemistry of Solid State
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      Physics and Chemistry of Solid State
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      Physics and Chemistry of Solid State
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    Authors: A. Kalwar; F. Kurdziel; Stanislaw Gumula; Uliana Marikutsa; +2 Authors

    Abstract The publication presents the impact of using automatic control systems for operating gas engines aimed at a chilled water production. The purpose of the work is to analyse the possibilities of using automation systems to regulate gas flow. An important parameter of fuel supplied to gas engines used in the production of cold is its amount, which depends on the pressure. Unstable operation of gas distribution systems caused by an extensive network, many customers and operation of devices working with different loads causes improper, unpredictable operation of other devices working in the network. Uncertainty of fuel parameters results in unstable operation of gas engines, their load, and variable production of electricity, heat and cold. Ensuring proper and stable production is a key element of production processes. The concept of building a gas pressure regulation system based on its amount in the network will ensure the required, stable operation of gas engines and refrigeration units coupled with them, and thus provide a guarantee of production of generated media. The presented solution provides a solution to existing problems. The system is based on two dampers coupled to each other and controlled by an automation system controlled by a superior SCADA system.

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    IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering
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      IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering
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    Authors: A. Kalwar; F. Kurdziel; Stanislaw Gumula; Uliana Marikutsa; +2 Authors

    Abstract The publication presents the impact of using automatic control systems for operating gas engines aimed at a chilled water production. The purpose of the work is to analyse the possibilities of using automation systems to regulate gas flow. An important parameter of fuel supplied to gas engines used in the production of cold is its amount, which depends on the pressure. Unstable operation of gas distribution systems caused by an extensive network, many customers and operation of devices working with different loads causes improper, unpredictable operation of other devices working in the network. Uncertainty of fuel parameters results in unstable operation of gas engines, their load, and variable production of electricity, heat and cold. Ensuring proper and stable production is a key element of production processes. The concept of building a gas pressure regulation system based on its amount in the network will ensure the required, stable operation of gas engines and refrigeration units coupled with them, and thus provide a guarantee of production of generated media. The presented solution provides a solution to existing problems. The system is based on two dampers coupled to each other and controlled by an automation system controlled by a superior SCADA system.

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    IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering
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    В роботі пропонується та обґрунтовується можливість впровадження енергоефективних рішень з теплозабезпечення типового навчального закладу в умовах України. На основі розроблених методологічних підходів зроблена кількісна оцінка та оптимізація комплексного рішення, а також алгоритм його реалізації, що враховує і влаштування власного джерела теплоти із використанням біопалива і підсилення теплозахисту огороджувальних конструкцій будівель. This scientific paper proposes and substantiates the possibility of the introduction of energy-intensive solutions for the heat supply to the typical institution of education in Ukraine. For this purpose methodological approaches were developed at first. On the basis of these approaches we obtained the data of the quantitative analysis of the expediency of the realization of the solution on the additional heat insulation of external enclosures of educational buildings and hostels. Then we studied the possibility of the installation of our own source using the biofuel. As a result the integrated solution and the algorithm for its realization were proposed and this solution allows us to take into consideration the installation of our own heat source operating on the biofuel and to increase the heat transfer resistance for external enclosure structures of the buildings.

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    В роботі пропонується та обґрунтовується можливість впровадження енергоефективних рішень з теплозабезпечення типового навчального закладу в умовах України. На основі розроблених методологічних підходів зроблена кількісна оцінка та оптимізація комплексного рішення, а також алгоритм його реалізації, що враховує і влаштування власного джерела теплоти із використанням біопалива і підсилення теплозахисту огороджувальних конструкцій будівель. This scientific paper proposes and substantiates the possibility of the introduction of energy-intensive solutions for the heat supply to the typical institution of education in Ukraine. For this purpose methodological approaches were developed at first. On the basis of these approaches we obtained the data of the quantitative analysis of the expediency of the realization of the solution on the additional heat insulation of external enclosures of educational buildings and hostels. Then we studied the possibility of the installation of our own source using the biofuel. As a result the integrated solution and the algorithm for its realization were proposed and this solution allows us to take into consideration the installation of our own heat source operating on the biofuel and to increase the heat transfer resistance for external enclosure structures of the buildings.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Electronic National ...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Electronic National ...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

      You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.
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