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В статье рассмотрены наиболее распространение типы накопителей энергии, используемые для транспортных средств. Показано, что существующие критерии не могут дать полную оценку накопителей энергии для автономных транспортных средств, т.к. не учитывают транспортную составляющую. Предложено дополнить существующие критерии тремя новыми (доработанными) показателями, которые учитывают затраты на транспортировку накопителей энергии. Выполнен анализ накопителей энергии, которые используются на конкретных транспортных средствах, с учетом предложенной системы критериев. At present, in the majority of autonomous vehicles, the energy source is power units based on internal combustion engines. As known, such power units provide optimum economical operation in only one power, speed and temperature operating mode, and in other modes, their energy effi ciency (fuel consumption) is much, sometimes several times, lower than in the optimal mode. Therefore, the greatest prospectives in the fi eld of energy savings lie in the research that will allow the internal combustion engine work in the optimal mode under all motion modes of a vehicle. The coeffi cient of effi ciency of the transport system with non-autonomous vehicles that draw power from a contact network are largely dependent on the relative position of vehicles and traction substation. Being near substations or working in stopping mode and not regenerative braking, traction network losses are low, still in the other modes they can reduce the overall effi ciency of the system by tens of percent’s. One of the solutions to these problems is the use of energy storage devices that ensure economical operation of autonomous power plants, improve the dynamic performance of vehicles, and improve the effi ciency of their support systems. The paper presents the most common types of energy storage devices for vehicles: electrochemical, condensing, mechanical and pneumatic. The substantiation of criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of energy storage for vehicles, taking into account the cost of transporting them. The criteria suggested for assessing the energy storage of vehicles allow conducting comparative analysis of different, at nominal parameters and principles of action, devices, according to their use on vehicles where transport costs can be signifi cant. The conducted analysis of specifi c examples of energy storage devices and vehicles has led to the following conclusions: for the most of considered vehicles, the best performance based on the criterion of specifi c energy costs are gel batteries AGM, and in terms of specifi c power ratings cost - the mechanical energy storage.

Проанализированы результаты расчета обтекания лопастей осевых гидротурбин и пульсаций давления на стенках их камер рабочего колеса. Теоретически определены кинематические параметры для решения прямой задачи для пропеллерного колеса. Получены амплитуды. лопастных пульсаций давления в камерах рабочего колеса в зависимости от приведенного расхода. Показано преимущество поворотнолопастных гидротурбин перед пропеллерными, как с точки зрения экономически обоснованных режимов работы, так и по динамическим нагрузкам на облицовку камеры рабочего колеса. The analysis of the velocity triangles at the inlet and outlet of the impeller axial turbines, as Kaplan and propeller is carried out. From this analysis velocity at the inlet and outlet of driving wheels and circulation of velocity round blades of the propeller water–wheel are received. For a propeller wheel the corner of installation of a profile remains invariable, and the circulation of a stream significantly changes. Therefore kinematic parameters of a propeller wheel have to differ from kinematic parameters of the turbine of Kaplan. Results of calculation of a flow of blades of axial water–wheels are analyzed. Calculation of pressure pulsations in cameras of driving wheels the Kaplan and propeller water–wheels is executed. Amplitudes of bladed pressure pulsations in cameras of the driving wheel depending on the given expense are received. Advantage of Kaplan hydro–turbines before propeller turbines, both from the point of view of economically reasonable operation modes, and on dynamic loads on facing of the camera of the driving wheel is shown.

Предлагается внедрение солнечных батарей, как замену обычному, загрязняющему окружающую среду источнику энергии. В результате проведенного анализа изучались все стороны вопроса. В выводах указано, что современные ученые бьются над тем чтобы увеличить коэффициент полезного действия и тем самым снизить период окупаемости и саму стоимость оборудования в целом. Экономическая целесообразность установки солнечных батарей может занять от нескольких до десятков лет. All known earth's resources are not unlimited and whether exhaust themselves sooner or later. Therefore it is necessary to think about the alternative energy form. One of these sources are solar panels convert the sun's energy in a person familiar electric current. They are perfectly mounted on the roofs of houses, on the walls, on the ground, they are silent, do not require special care for themselves, but today they are quite expensive, and thus prolong the economic payback. After analyzing, I note that at the moment, scientists from around the world working to increase the efficiency, and thus the efficiency of the battery and its feasibility. In developed countries, there is a public support program to switch to alternative solar energy, in consequence of which the government wants in the future to reduce the cost of energy production by conventional methods and improve the ecological situation. However, the battery is really environmentally friendly nuclear and thermal power stations, but the solar cells that make up the panel contain toxic substances such as lead, cadmium, gallium, arsenic. As well as the installation of solar station on the ground, occupies a large area and, accordingly, the land shadowing, which leads to a lack of sunlight and due to changes in the soil. The findings highlighted the economic feasibility, so to speak "in numbers" and as a consequence the result that not all countries today can afford this type of alternative energy.

The purpose of the study is the creation of a new generation of evaporative air coolers, providing a reduction in the limit of evaporative cooling from the temperature of the wet thermometer to the dew point of the incoming air stream. The goal was achieved due to the exclusion of traditional refrigeration vapor compression equipment from air conditioning systems. The result of theoretical and experimental studies of low-temperature evaporative air coolers was the development of circuit solutions for evaporative low-temperature coolers in an autonomous form. The analysis was carried out taking into account modern solutions (patents) and publications in leading foreign scientific publications of recent years. The authors carried out an analysis of the danger of moisture "recondensation" that is characteristic specifically for the processes of low-temperature evaporative cooling of air. The authors made recommendations to prevent this phenomenon, leading to a sharp decrease in cooling efficiency. The authors carried out a series of experimental studies of hydroaerodynamics and heat and mass transfer processes in low-temperature air coolers. The values of the "delay" of the liquid in the packed layer were determined. These data make it possible to calculate the real wetting of the surface of the packed layer, which are fundamentally important when switching to multi-channel packed structures of polymer materials. The results obtained allow us to expand the field of practical use of evaporative cooling methods, for example, to achieve air comfort parameters in the air conditioning system with a developed, more effective than the traditional, circuit design.

Проведен анализ тенденций в ветроэнергетике в мире и Украине. Приведена сравнительная характеристика основных видов ветроэнергетических установок. Приведена сравнительная характеристика преобразователей частоты на основе автономных инверторов напряжения и автономных инверторов тока для ветроэнергетических установок. Проведен анализ существующих технических решений на основе автономных инверторов тока для ветроэнергетики и предложены меры по их усовершенствованию. Приведено сравнение силовых полупроводниковых приборов для инверторов тока и предложены конструктивные решения по размещению преобразователей в ветряной турбине. An analysis was performed concerned trends in wind power industry in the world and in Ukraine. A comparison of types of wind turbines on the base of doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG), permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG), electrically exited synchronous generators (EESG) and squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG) was given. SCIGs have good perspectives for application in wind industry. A comparison of frequency converters on the base of voltage source inverters (VSI) and current source inverters (CSI) in operation on the grid and on the generator was performed. CSI has some advantages comparing to VSI. An analysis of existing technical decisions on the base of current source inverters for wind power was performed and proposals for their improvement was proposed. Current decisions have a row of problems caused by low switching frequency. Increasing of switching frequency in the inverter causes reduction of inductance of a choke in DC-link and capacitance of a filter on the grid side. This allows to reduce DC-link power, shift in regulation of reactive power in the grid, increase dynamic performance of the inverter and simplify its control. RB-IGBT allows higher switching frequency than SGCT and open possibilities for practical application of CSI in wind industry. New design of a wind tower with installation of the converter on the platforms in the bottom of the tower allows increase reliability of the wind turbine.

Целью работы является определение зависимостей величины кратковременных превышений мощности на выходе ветроэнергетической установки с аэродинамическим мультиплицированием, возникающих в ходе электромеханических переходных процессов при применении моментного способа управления, от характеристик электромеханической системы и ветрового потока. Решение поставленной задачи проводилось с использованием модельного эксперимента. В качестве инструмента исследования в работе была использована математическая модель электромеханической системы ветроэнергетической установки с аэродинамическим мультиплицированием. В результате получены временные зависимости отклика моделей в виде временных зависимостей мощности на выходе электромеханической системы ВЭУ. Полученные зависимости могут быть использованы при выборе параметров электрооборудования ВЭУ с аэродинамическим мультиплицированием и моментным управлением. The purpose is to determine the dependencies of the value of short-term power excesses at the output of a wind power plant with aerodynamic multiplication that arise during electromechanical transients when applying the moment control method, on the electromechanical system and the wind flow characteristics. The dependence of super nominal emissions of the output power of a wind power plant with aerodynamic multiplication and moment control on the characteristics of the wind flow was studied for the first time. The mathematical models synthesis method of multi-channel wind-generating complexes proposed by the authors was used in the paper. Solution of the problem was carried out with using a model experiment. The wind turbine with aerodynamic multiplication mathematical model synthesized using the technique proposed by the authors earlier. The input of the wind turbine mathematical model was feeding by the wind flow as a function of time, which included a trend component and a sinusoidal component with given parameters. During the model experiment, the models time dependences of the response, as a time dependences of the output power of the wind turbine electromechanical system obtained. The simulation results in the form of graphs and in the form of an approximating expression presented. The obtained results can be used for calculating the installed capacity of electrical equipment for wind power plants with aerodynamic multiplication and moment control, taking into account the overloads that arise during the electromechanical transient process.

В статье рассмотрена модернизация системы подогревателей сиропа сорго перед концентрированием в выпарной установке. Процесс выпаривания является одним из наиболее энергоемких процессов химической технологии, поэтому организация рекуперации тепла в этих процессов – это актуальная задача, особенно при высоких ценах на внешние энергоносители. Для решения поставленной задачи были применены методы пинч-анализа. На основании расчета теплового и материального балансов выпарной установки были выделены тепловые потоки для тепловой интеграции. С помощью составных кривых потоков процесса и сеточной диаграммы был проведен анализ существующего проекта и выявлены недостатки предлагаемой системы рекуперации тепла, а именно, нарушение минимальной разности температур в теплообменных аппаратах и перенос тепла через пинч. Это влечет за собой как увеличение капитальных затрат, так и затрат на внешние энергоносители. The modernization of the sorghum syrup heating process before concentrating in the multi-effect evaporator is considered in the paper. Process of evaporation is one of the most power-intensive processes of chemical technology therefore the organization of heat recovery in these processes is a relevant task, especially taking into account high prices of external energy carriers. Pinch-analysis methods have been applied to the solution of the objective. Thermal and material balances of evaporator system have been calculated, process streams for heat integration have been identified and their data have been extracted. By means of the process streams composite curves and the grid diagram the analysis of the existing project has been carried out and shortcomings of the offered system of heat recover, namely, violation of the minimum temperature difference in heat exchange equipment and heat transfer across the pinch has been revealed. It involves both increase in capital expenditure, and costs of external energy carriers. On the basis of the pinch-analysis principles the alternative design of the process streams heat integration, that realizes the maximum energy recovery for economically and technologically reasonable value of the minimum temperature difference in heat exchange network Tmin = 5 С, has been developed. For technical implementation of the upgraded scheme additional plate heat exchangers have been chosen and calculated. Propositions for improving the heat scheme include saving of the hot utility (steam) and cold utility (cooling water) consumptions, increasing overall efficiency by using the upgraded scheme have been made.The technical and economic analysis of the proposed design showed a 1.43-fold decrease in the of external energy consumption in comparison with the initial design. At almost identical payback period, the alternative design will allow to get net annual profit 42 % more, than the existing design.

The analysis of scientific works shows that the development of technology is ahead of the level of development of energy management. There are no clear comparisons of the energy efficiency of electrical technologies and heat technologies. Objective indicators of energy efficiency in various technologies of dehydration of raw materials not developed yet. In that article assumed that objective results for comparing energy efficiency in the processing of raw materials is obtained by the basis of system analysis of the entire energy conversion chain from fuel to finished product. The purpose of the work is experimentally proving the objectivity of this hypothesis. To achieve this goal, it is proposing to use the indicator of the energy share of fuel in the finished product and the amount of moisture removed when burning 1 kg of fuel, which does not depend on fluctuations in energy prices, which can vary and differ for different countries. The most important result of the work is the comparison of these parameters with the data for innovative equipment samples developed by the authors. The significance of the results obtained is that the evaporating devices developed by the authors are not inferior in efficiency to traditional ones, and make it possible to obtain concentrates up to 90 ° brix. Thus, for fuels with an oil equivalent of 40 MJ per 1 kg, traditional dryers can remove no more than 3 kg of moisture, cryoconcentrators – 20 kg.

The article considers mathematical approach to environmental quality management to improve the ecological comfort of living for the population. The problem of environmental management is described using a multi-factor model of quality of the environment with the weight coefficients of the importance of its components: atmospheric air, acoustic impact, soil, water resources, and green spaces, accessibility of natural and recreational areas. The values of weight coefficients of importance of influencing factors for environmentally comfortable living are determined by the method of expert assessment. A multi-factor model is used for detailed assessment of the ecological quality of the urban environment. The proposed quantitative approach also allows to compare the environmental comfort of the different residential districts or to study the dynamics of environmental comfort of specific urban area. Much attention is paid to scientific and methodological principles of management and the formation of the concept of «environmental quality». The strategy of environmental management with ecological foundation of various practical solution is shown. The plan of measures on organization of optimal management of quality of the environment to improve comfort of living for the population of the residential microdistrict of Tiraspol is presented. Graphical scheme of the results of integral analysis of various environmental indicators and assessments for improving the comfort of the environment is given. Realization of environmental quality management of the urban areas on the basis of a multi-factor model contributes to the gradual change of dangerous ecological conditions of environmental factors, to increase a comfort of the territory taking into account the real preferences and needs of the population.