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Moral panic, our predisposition to exaggerate threats against our livelihood and start blaming ourselves, is as old as human history. We always feared “others”, people with skin colors or ethnicity other than ours, people coming from other corners of the globe, and the infectious diseases the strangers might bring along. This paper deals with a new version of such moral panics which is arguably even more intense than the previous ones, but which relates to a new dimension of human experience, namely globalization. The health, economic and environmental challenges we are now faced with are posed globally. The moral panic today stems from this triple challenge. Our central thesis is that these three emergencies are interrelated, but there is no simple causal relationship between them. They can only be addressed in a global manner, while we still live in a world which is segmented into sovereign nation-states.

To more accurately treat severe accidents in fast reactors, a program has been set up to investigate new computational models and approaches. The product of this effort is a computer code, the Advanced Fluid Dynamics Model (AFDM). This paper describes some of the basic features of the numerical algorithm used in AFDM. Aspects receiving particular emphasis are the fractional-step method of time integration, the semi-implicit pressure iteration, the virtual mass inertial terms, the use of three velocity fields, higher order differencing, convection of interfacial area with source and sink terms, multicomponent diffusion processes in heat and mass transfer, the SESAME equation of state, and vectorized programming. A calculated comparison with an isothermal tetralin/ammonia experiment is performed. We conclude that significant improvements are possible in reliably calculating the progression of severe accidents with further development.

This paper describes the modeling used in the Advanced Fluid Dynamics Model (AFDM), a computer code to investigate new approaches to simulating severe accidents in fast reactors. The AFDM code has 12 topologies describing what material contacts are possible depending on the presence or absence of a given material in a computational cell, the dominant liquid, and the continuous phase. Single-phase, bubbly, churn-turbulent, cellular, and dispersed flow are permitted for the pool situations modeled. Interfacial areas between the continuous and discontinuous phases are convected to allow some tracking of phenomenological histories. Interfacial areas also are modified by models of nucleation, dynamic forces, turbulence, flashing, coalescence, and mass transfer. Heat transfer generally is treated using engineering correlations. Liquid/vapor phase transitions are handled with a nonequililbrium heat-transfer-limited model, whereas melting and freezing processes are based on equilibrium considerations. The Los Alamos SESAME equation of state (EOS) has been inplemented using densities and temperatures as the independent variables. A summary description of the AFDM numerical algorithm is provided. The AFDM code currently is being debugged and checked out. Two sample three-field calculations also are presented. The first is a three-phase bubble column mixing experiment performed at Argonne National Laboratory; the second is a liquid-liquid mixing experiment performed at Kernforschungszentrum, Karlsruhe, that resulted in rapid vapor production. We conclude that only qualitative comparisons currently are possible for complex multiphase situations. Many further model developments can be pursued, but there are limits because of the lack of a comprehensive theory, the lack of detailed multicomponent experimental data, and the difficulties in keeping the resulting model complexities tractable.

Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use (AFOLU) is unique among the sectors considered in this volume, since the mitigation potential is derived from both an enhancement of removals of greenhouse gases (GHG), as well as reduction of emissions through management of land and livestock (robust evidence; high agreement). The land provides food that feeds the Earth’s human population of ca. 7 billion, fibre for a variety of purposes, livelihoods for billions of people worldwide, and is a critical resource for sustainable development in many regions. Agriculture is frequently central to the livelihoods of many social groups, especially in developing countries where it often accounts for a significant share of production. In addition to food and fibre, the land provides a multitude of ecosystem services; climate change mitigation is just one of many that are vital to human well-being (robust evidence; high agreement). Mitigation options in the AFOLU sector, therefore, need to be assessed, as far as possible, for their potential impact on all other services provided by land. [Section 11.1]

Tropical country economies are still based on agro-industries and wood industries. These industries generate a urge amount of waste which create damage to the environment when they are incinerated. In the same time conventional energies and technologies hardly cover their energy requirements. The rational use of these residues through biomass energy technology would be an appropriate solution. The scope of this work has consisted in the setting up of a simple decision making methodology adapted to tropical country economies. The economic framework of the Asean countries has been selected as case study. Figures show that agro- based industries offer a large potential of renewable energy sources. It has also enlighten that due to the economic growth of the region, the energy demand is skyrocketing with subsequent supply problems. Meanwhile, the different proven biomass energy technologies available are able to match with the energy requirement of the endusers and the technical constraints of the biofuel. Due to the number of technical options, decision makers are facing a choice problem. It consist in the selection of the best technology available between competing and alternative solutions. This choice constitute a real deadlock to biomass energy technology dissemination. Therefore, a decision making methodology tool adapted to tropical countries is proposed. Technical, micro-economic and also macro-economic criteria have been considered and a computer application developed. Seven technologies, for heat generation, power generation with or without cogeneration, using sugar cane residues, rice husk, wood wastes, palm oil residues in substitution to conventional technologies (coal, gas and petroleum products fired) are compared and ranked. Criteria considered are : cost/benefit ratio, environmental benefit vis a vis greenhouse gas emission impact (CO, C02, NOx, S02, COV and total C02 equivalent). Results have been validated through figures gathered from the demonstration projects supported by the European Union in Asean and will be discussed in the present paper. (Résumé d'auteur)

Smallholder natural rubber area covers 3 milions ha in Indonesia, among it 2 million ha are rubber agroforests (locally called "jungle rubber") in Sumatra and Kalimantan. These rubber agroforests are the most widespread complex agroforestry system in Indonesia combining production (however productivity is low) and environmental benefits, as well as a certain biodiversity conservation, due to agroforestry practices. Beside being the key to Indonesia's future competitive advantage in natural rubber production, a workable strategy to raise productivity of these rubber smallholders also could play an important role in both poverty alleviation and environment conservation. The "jungle rubber" system is a low-input agroforestry system in which rubber competes with the regrowth of the natural forest. The system is inexpensive and requires little labour to establish and maintain. From the viewpoint of environmental conservation, a rubber jungle with a planting scheme similar to a secondary forest has a positive value, because its habitat is good for environmental conservation. Its good hydro-orology characteristics will resist erosion and enrich plant biodiversity. It positively supports the "green movement", which has acquired a lot of interest from big industrial countries who are also the major consumers of natural rubber. The Rubber Association of Indonesia (GAPKINDO) in collaboration with the International Center of Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF), Southeast Asia Program and CIRAD-CP-TERA (France), have been conducting o -farm trials with participatory approach and economic analysis of improved smallholder agroforest system, funded by a grant from USAID, as well as socio economic surveys in order to identify pros and cons of RAS technology adoption (improved Rubber Agroforestry Systems) . The network has been developed in West Kalimantan (Sanggau and Sintang), Jambi (Muara Bungo) and West Sumatra (Pasaman). The objective is to manage the rubber jungles more intensively by planting high yielding clones which are suitable for the rubber jungle system with different degrees of intensification in inputs and labour. Hard-wood and fruit trees, pulp trees fro shading against Imperara, annual crops and various type of covercrops are combined with rubber trees, in different trials, to identify the best and more adoptable combinations as well as maintaining a certain level of biodiversity. Biodiversity is considered as an interesting by-product with no cost . The secondary forest regrowth in between rubber lines is even considered as a labour saving pratice and the best anti Imperata strategy. RAS systems aim also to rehabilitate Imperata grasslands. Rubber Agroforestry systems do have both economically and environmental sustainability. (Résumé d'auteur)

Producing ions from large molecules is of distinguished importance in mass spectrometry. In our present study we survey different laser desorption methods in view of their virtues and drawbacks in volatilization and ion generation. Laser induced thermal desorption and matrix assisted laser desorption are assessed with special emphasis to the recent breakthrough in the field (m/z > 100,000 ions produced by matrix assisted laser desorption). Efforts to understand and describe laser desorption and ionization are also reported. We emphasize the role of restricted energy transfer pathways as a possible explanation to the volatilization of non-degraded large molecules.

Lalang (Imperata cylindrica) is known to be the most noxious weed in the tropics and a major constraint for food and tree crop development. Estates developed technologies to suppress Imperata using chemical herbicides and promoting the establishment of legume cover crops (LCC). These technologies have been also used in assisted smallholder schemes but such methods are too costly to be widely adopted by farmers in self-help development. In SRAP (Smallholder Rubber Agroforestry Project) a different approach for the suppression of Imperata was tested. The association of various cover crops, shrubs and fast growing trees (FGT) with rubber is used to control Imperata by shading. The system was called "Rubber Agroforestry System-type 3" (RAS 3). All experiments were conducted in smallholders' fields with participatory approach. The association of different species with rubber aims to assess the ability of various plants to control Imperata and to evaluate the impact of the association on rubber growth. Legume shrubs like Flemingia congesta were found effective to control Imperata as the rubber growth in RAS type-3 was found similar to growth with conventional technologies using Pueraria phaseoloides after 3 years of experiment. Fast Growing Trees (FGT) like Acacia mangium, Acacia Crassicarpa, Paraserianthes falcalaria, Gmelina arborea did not affect rubber growth after a period of 42 months. Before experiment establishment, all the plots were infested by Imperata but during trial implementation, flora composition changed and some plots were invaded by Chromolaena odorata and Melastoma affine reducing Imperata extend. Acacia mangium was founded as the most effective tree to suppress Imperata by shading. As Acacia trees become competitive to rubber at the age of 42 months, they must be pruned or felled to prevent a depressive effect on rubber growth due to competition for light. Fast Growing Trees (FGT) associated with rubber can help Imperata control reducing maintenance cost in rubber farms however, the planting pattern of associated trees with rubber must be adapted using wider inter-row if an income from pulpwood sales is expected. (Résumé d'auteur)