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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Heral, Maurice; Razet, Daniel; Deslous-paoli, Jean-marc; Berthome, Jean-paul; +1 Authors

    Les grandes caractéristiques hydrobiologiques du bassin de Marennes-Oléron sont définies par quatre campagnes saisonnières de 120 prélèvements chacune effectuée-, en 15 stations en demi-cycle de marée. Les salinités y fluctuent de 10 '/rr. et ce secteur peut donc être assimilé à un vaste estuaire contrôlé principalement par les apports fluviaux de la Charente. La turbidité reste élevée souvent supérieure à 100 mg.I"', les teneurs en oxygène dissous montrent un déficit en amont de la Charente et de la Seudre de 4 mg.L1 tandis que les sels nutritifs sont apportés par la Charente pour les nitrates, phosphates et silicates. Ces derniers suivent les courbes de dilution théorique excepté lors des poussées phytoplanctoniques et lors des crues hivernales. Lors de ces crues, les nitrates semblent soit apportés par la Gironde, soit dus à une minéralisation organique. Au même moment, les phosphates pourraient être absorbés sur les particules et être piégés dans les sédiments. Les biomasses phytoplanctoniques exprimées par les teneurs en chlorophylle a sont supésieures à 30 f^-g.1 ' en amont des estuaires au printemps avec des teneurs en phéopigmenls pouvants dépasser 200 IUJ.1 . par contre, dans le bassin, les teneurs ne dépassent guère 10 fig.l ''. Les concentrations en ATP montrent que peu de phytoplancton est physiologiquement actif en particulier dans les estuaires, tandis que les dosages de protéines permettent de quantifier la part des apports allochtone - par rapport à la production autochtone des estuaires. Line analyse factorielle des correspondances définit le schéma général hydrobiologique du bassin estuarien en précisant que 'e rôle de la Charente ne se limite pas à l'apport en sels minéraux azotés et phosphatés, mais aussi à l'apport d'une biomasse phytoplanctonique d'eau douce en voie de dégénérescence. Les auteurs proposent qu'une nouvelle stratégie d'échantillonnage, mieux adaptée aux objectifs recherchés, soit suivie ultérieurement en assurant des prélèvements en cycle de marée mais avec une périodicité la plus élevée possible. Four seasonal compaigns providing a sampling of 15 stations each followed during half a tide cycle, i.e. 120 water samples permit the definition of the main hydrobiological features of Marennes-Oleron Bay: salinity and turbidity, phytoplanktonic biomasses, ATP concentrations. The authors suggest that a new way of adapted sampling to their objectives, will work out in the future by sampling during tidal cycles but as frequently as possible.

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    Authors: Gohin, Alexandre; Gohin, Alexandre;

    [Paper in French] The European public policy in favor of the biodiesel consumption is highly debated. Available estimates of the induced land use changes conclude that this policy is inefficient to reduce emissions of GreenHouse Gas. We show that the crop yield evolutions in these estimates are significantly lower than the observed and expected evolutions. This difference is directly related to biased calibration choice of behavioral parameters. We show using the GTAP-BIO framework that a consistent calibration of these parameters leads to a strong reduction (by around 80% in the long run) of the land use changes and induced emissions.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
    Other literature type . 2013
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      ProdInra
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
      Other literature type . 2013
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    Authors: Tamini, Lota D.; Clerkson, Frédérick; Doyon, Maurice; Debailleul, Guy; +4 Authors

    Climate change will affect agricultural production conditions, which will translate in impacts on yield and cost of production for Quebec farmers. This would likely affect the relative competitive position of Quebec in North America. Using the Delphi technique and partial budgets, climate change scenarios for the 2050 period were elaborated and their impact on relative competitiveness assessed for Quebec and its competitors in North America. Results indicate that Quebec competitive position would improve due to more favorable conditions for corn and apple production and due to worsen conditions for the competitors in maple syrup production.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
    Other literature type . 2014
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
      Other literature type . 2014
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    Authors: Maestrini, S; Rochet, M; Legendre, L; Demers, S;

    Nutrient analyses were done in melted ice, frazil and sea water of the upper part of the water column, where as major constitutive elements of micro-algae were analysed. Measurements of nutrient uptake were carried out with frazil algae incubated at -1.5 degree C in a field incubator. Differential-enrichment bioassays and mean N/P ratio (5.9) demonstrated that actual growth of the cultures was nutrient-limited. Nitrogen governed the algal yield when illumination and grazing allowed the microalgae to grow. It concluded that the epontic dynamics is not only controlled from above, by the seasonal (climatic) changes in light intensity as generally assumed, but also from below, by the short-term (hydrodynamic) events of vertical mixing that replenish the ice-water interface in nutrients.

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    Authors: Brunel, Thomas;

    Le recrutement - nombre de jeunes individus issus de la reproduction qui contribuent annuellement au renouvellement des stocks de poissons exploités - est un facteur clé de la dynamique de ces stocks. La forte variabilité du recrutement de la plupart des populations est liée en grande partie à l'influence des facteurs de l'environnement sur la survie lors des premiers stades de développement. La compréhension du déterminisme de cette variabilité est primordiale pour une gestion efficace des stocks. Cette thèse avait pour objectif de généraliser un certain nombre de points concernant l'influence de l'environnement sur le recrutement, par l'utilisation d'une approche macroécologique portant sur l'ensemble des populations exploitées de l'Atlantique Nord-Est. Le premier chapitre de la thèse répertorie les différentes sources de données de recrutement disponibles, évalue leur cohérence et leur fiabilité. Les estimations du recrutement issues des modèles d'analyse de cohortes, concernant plus de 60 populations de 18 espèces, sont finalement retenues pour l'analyse de la variabilité du recrutement. Le second chapitre présente les concepts et les méthodes d'analyse de la variabilité du recrutement. La synthèse des grandes hypothèses du déterminisme du recrutement permet de préciser les influences respectives des facteurs environnementaux et des autres facteurs sur la variabilité du recrutement. Les relations stock/recrutement sont ensuite présentées, en partant du cas concret des populations considérées dans cette étude. Le chapitre se termine par la présentation des différentes voies d'étude de la variabilité du recrutement et la justification du choix d'une approche macroécologique. Le troisième chapitre analyse les corrélations des variations du recrutement entre les populations et met en évidence des ensembles de populations dont les variations du recrutement ont été synchrones. Ces synchronismes représentent des communautés de réponse du recrutement des populations à l'influence des facteurs environnementaux et témoignent donc du contrôle environnemental des variations du recrutement. Le quatrième chapitre analyse les différences de variabilité du recrutement entre les populations. Il est notamment montré que les populations situées près des limites Nord et Sud des aires de répartition géographique des espèces présentent une variabilité du recrutement plus forte que celles situées au centre de ces aires. Cette relation est cohérente avec les théories de la macroécologie, selon lesquelles les populations en limite de distribution seraient affectées de façon plus marquée par les fluctuations des conditions environnementales qu'elles rencontrent. Le cinquième chapitre examine la correspondance entre les variations à long terme du recrutement et les changements récents du climat dans l'Atlantique Nord. La tendance dominante du recrutement de 40 populations durant les trente dernières années est fortement corrélée au signal dominant des variations de la température de surface du Nord-Est Atlantique, lui-même corrélé à la cinétique globale du réchauffement climatique. Ce chapitre suggère également que la réponse des populations à ce réchauffement pourrait dépendre de leur position dans les aires de répartition des espèces. Recruitment - the number of young fishes that integrate each year the exploitable stock¿ has a central importance for stock dynamics. The high temporal variability in recruitment is a result of the environmental influence on survival during early life stages. Understanding the determinism of the influence of environment on recruitment remains one of the most important question in fisheries ecology. The present work aimed at answering some general questions about the influence of environment on fish recruitment using a macroecological approach. The study focused on the exploited fish populations of the Northeastern Atlantic. The first chapter of the thesis makes a review of the different methods used to estimate recruitment, compares recruitment estimates from these different methods, and discusses their reliability. Recruitment estimates from cohort analysis models, concerning more than 60 populations of 18 species, are finally retained to study recruitment variability. The second chapter presents the main concepts and the different approaches to the study of recruitment variability. A review of the major hypotheses concerning recruitment determinism is first made in order to detail the respective influence of environmental factors and of other factors on recruitment variability. The link between stock size and recruitment is then presented, based on the analysis of the data concerning the populations considered in this work. The chapter ends with a presentation of the different approaches used to study recruitment variability, and the justification of the choice of a macroecological approach. The third chapter analyses correlations in recruitment variations among Northeast Atlantic fish stocks, and shows the existence of groups of populations with synchronous recruitment variations. Such synchronies in recruitment correspond to similar responses of recruitment to environmental factors and hence indicate an environmental control of recruitment variations. The fourth chapter analyses the differences in recruitment variability among populations. Recruitment variability for populations living near the borders of species distribution ranges is higher than for populations living at the centre of these ranges. According to macroecological theories this pattern of recruitment variability within species geographical ranges suggests that populations on the border of species range are more strongly influenced by environmental variability than populations at the centre of the range. The fifth chapter investigates coherence between long term trends in recruitment and the changes in the North Atlantic climate during the last three decades. The dominant trend of recruitment variations for 40 populations, extracted by a principal component analysis, is strongly negatively correlated with the dominant signal in sea surface temperature in the North-East Atlantic, which is highly correlated to the global increase in temperature related to global warming. The chapter also suggests that the impact of the global warming on fish recruitment may depend on population position in species range.

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  • La macro��conomie keyn��sienne a connu depuis les ann��es 2000 des d��veloppements importants sur la th��matique du r��chauffement climatique et des contraintes environnementales pesant sur l�����conomie. L���objet de cet article est de r��aliser une synth��se des enseignements de ces principaux mod��les qui partent pour la plupart d���une critique radicale de l���approche n��oclassique sur la question ��cologique. Les post-keyn��siens mettent en ��vidence la n��cessit�� d���une intervention publique forte pour modifier notre mod��le de croissance actuel. Les autres keyn��siens soulignent la modification des effets des politiques ��conomiques lorsqu���elles sont coupl��es �� une politique climatique. Keynesian macroeconomics has known since the 2000s important developments on the theme of global warming and more broadly environmental constraints weighing on the economy. The purpose of this article is to synthesize the lessons learned from these main models which mostly start from a radical critique of the neoclassical approach on the ecological question. Post-Keynesians highlight the need for strong public intervention to modify our current growth model. The other Keynesians underline the modification of the effects of economic policies when they are coupled with a climate policy.

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    Authors: Paquotte, Philippe;

    Aquaculture is an economic activity which is characterised by a great dependence on environmental conditions. Therefore aquaculture development is subdued to institutional context which defines the rules for use and conservation of the environment. This paper analyses the impact of marine environment regulations on economic operating of aquaculture enterprises and on industrial dynamics. Because aquaculture enterprises use a collective good, an economic approach of aquaculture has to take into account not only the relations between enterprises and environment, but also the relations between the enterprises themselves, through production externalities. In this study, several economic tools are considered in order to incite enterprises to integrate pad of the cost of their effects on the environment. But these public policies have to take into account the youth of the activity, the specific economic situation of the enterprises and the place of aquaculture in global coastal management. [NOT CONTROLLED OCR] L'aquaculture est confrontée à un cadre institutionnel définissant les conditions d'accès d'utilisation et de protection du milieu marin. La réglementation sur l'environnement va avoir un impact sur le fonctionnement économique des entreprises et sur la dynamique sectorielle de l'aquaculture. A partir de l'étude de la nature des relations entre entreprises et milieu, on peut proposer un certain nombre d'outils économiques permettant de faire prendre en compte par les entreprises une partie du coût de leurs effets sur l'environnement. Dans le cas particulier de l'aquaculture marine, cette réglementation doit cependant tenir compte de la jeunesse de l'activité, de la situation économique des entreprises et de leur rôle dans une politique d'aménagement du littoral. [OCR NON CONTRÔLE]

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Roux, M;

    On the bathyal slope for continental margins, steep and rocky substrates punctuated with cliffs and collapsing zones are frequently found. As survey and sampling with the classical technics from the sea surface is practically impossible in such an environment, in situ exploration with a submersible allows significant advances in ecology, with implications in paleoenvironment reconstruction. Mixing of material from shallow-water and deep-sea origins into bathyal sedimentation suggests that the so-called "fossil assemblages of outer platform" were frequently misinterpreted. Dense populations of animals closely related to fossil groups which were only considered as relict of the Past ("living fossils") and previously interpreted as shallow-water inhabitants during geological times can be discovered living in such bathyal communities. The role of bathyal ecological niches during global bioevents brings a new vision of the history of life in the Ocean through geological time and has to be further investigated. Examples from cruises monitoring the diving saucer Cyana (SP 3000) in the Bay of Biscay and off New Caledonia are given.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Plante-cuny, Marie-reine; Bodoy, Alain;

    The primary production (phytoplankton and microphytobenthos) of a coastaL shallow water ecosystem (0.5 m) was investigated in two sandy areas, differing by their wave exposure. The physical and chemical parameters, the functional chlorophyll and pheopigments as well as the primary production were measured monthly, throughout a two-year study. The bivalve Ruditapes decussatus was the dominant species in the sheltered station (RD), whereas Donax trlmcu/us inhabited the other station (DT) which was exposed to the open-sea waves. Microphytic biomasses were determined after extracting chlorophyll a and pheopigments in 90% acetone. by spectrophotometric measurements before and after acidification. Gross hourly primary production was estimated by measuring the oxygen balance in light and dark enclosures. The mlcrophytobenthos was considered in the upper centimetre. The main characteristics of the water. temperature. salinity and dissolved oxygen were more variable in the sheltered area; the redox potential was generally lower in this sediment and the vertical profile revealed a "redox potential discontinuity"• which usually did not appear in the open site. In the water column (phytoplankton seasonal fluctuations were similar in both stations. The annual average values of Chla and primary production were equivalent (1.40±0.56 and 1.94±078 mg Chla.m2: 19.60±11.09 and 20.29±8.45mgCm- 2.h- 1 in RD and DT respectively). On the other hand. for the microphytobenthos. the autumn blooms were more pronounced in the sheltered station (RD) than in the wave-exposed one (DT). The annual average value of the biomass (ChIa in upper cm of sediment) was Il times higher at the RD than the DT station (42.89 ± 6.86 and 3.87 ± 1.84 mg Chla.m• 2) and the annual average of primary production 4 limes higher (19.94±6.13 and 4.77 ± 3.12 mgC m-2 .h-1). The benthic biomass was 30 times higher at the sheltered station (RD) than the planktonic one. whereas the primary production values were similar. In the wave-exposed station (DT), the benthic biomass was only twice that of the planktonic one and the planktonic primary production 4 times higher than the benthic one. The P/E ratios (assimilation numbers) indicated a better efficiency at the planktonic level [14 mgC(mg ChIa) -1.h-1 for the sheltered site and 10.46 for the open station]. They were only of 0.46 and 1.23 mgC(mg Chla) -1 - h-1 for the benthos. Such results revealed that the primary production did not exhibit the same difference between the two stations as the chlorophylI A correlation analysis gave evidence of strong relationships between both stations for the pelagic parameters, but no correlations were found between the two sites at the benthic level. When considering the primary producers (plankton + benthos) as a whole. the sheltered station was richer and more productive than the wave-exposed one. The waters were similar in both sites. indicating a common origin, but the productivity was more important in the sheltered area. due to the richness of the benthic microflora On a comparé durant deux années la biomasse (Chla fonctionnelle) et la production primaire (bilans d'oxygène) des microphytes benthiques et planctoniques de deux plages de sables fins (0,5 m de profondeur), soumises à des conditions hydrodynamiques différentes. La station de mode calme (RD) abrite notamment un peuplement de Ruditapes decussatus (pélécypode) tandis que la station de mode agité (DT) soumise à l'influence du large, est habitée par des peuplements d'un autre pélécypode, Donax trunculus. Dans le compartiment pélagique (phytoplancton) les variations saisonnières sont à peu près identiques dans les deux stations. Les moyennes annuelles de la biomasse et de la production primaire sont sensiblement équivalentes (1.40 ± 0,56 et 1,94 ± 0,78 mg Chla.m - 2: 19,60 ± 11.09 et 20,29 ± 8.45 mgc.m - 2.h -1 respectivement en RD et DT). En revanche, dans le compartiment benthique (microphytobenthos), des floraisons d'automne sont plus accentuées à la station de mode calme (RD) qu'à la station de mode agité (DT). La moyenne annuelle de biomasse (1er cm d'épaisseur du sédiment) est Il fois plus élevée à la station RD qu'à la station DT (42,89 ± 6,86 et 3,87 ± 1,84 mg Chla.m- 2) et la moyenne de la production primaire 4 fois supérieure (19,94 ± 6,13 contre 4,77 ± 3,12 mgC.m- 2.h- 1). Dans la station RD (calme), la biomasse benthique (1er centimètre) est 30 fois supérieure à la biomasse planctonique, alors que les productions primaires sont équivalentes. Dans la station de mode agité (DT) la biomasse benthique est seulement double de la biomasse planctonique et la production primaire planctonique est 4 fois supérieure à la production benthique. L'étude des corrélations montre que des liaisons étroites existent entre les deux stations pour les paramètres du domaine pélagique, alors que dans le domaine benthique, les moyennes et les évolutions sont différentes dans les deux sites. La station de sables fins de mode calme est, au total. à l'échelon primaire (plancton + benthos), plus riche et plus productive que la station de mode agité.

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  • Cet article s’intéresse aux méthodes de comptabilités socio-environnementales (CSE) afin de contribuer à éclairer le choix des praticiens comme du normalisateur. Au travers d’une analyse comparée des principales approches de CSE, ce papier met en exergue leurs différentes représentations du monde et ce que cela implique en matière de soutenabilité. Nous montrons alors que les choix de techniques comptables sont le reflet de représentations sous-jacentes du monde et configurent la nature de la responsabilité. This paper focuses on socio-environmental accounting (SEA) methods in order to help inform the choice of both practitioners and standard setters. Through a comparative analysis of the main SES approaches, this paper highlights their different representations of the world and their implications for sustainability. We then show that the choices of accounting techniques reflect underlying representations of the world and shape the nature of accountability.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Heral, Maurice; Razet, Daniel; Deslous-paoli, Jean-marc; Berthome, Jean-paul; +1 Authors

    Les grandes caractéristiques hydrobiologiques du bassin de Marennes-Oléron sont définies par quatre campagnes saisonnières de 120 prélèvements chacune effectuée-, en 15 stations en demi-cycle de marée. Les salinités y fluctuent de 10 '/rr. et ce secteur peut donc être assimilé à un vaste estuaire contrôlé principalement par les apports fluviaux de la Charente. La turbidité reste élevée souvent supérieure à 100 mg.I"', les teneurs en oxygène dissous montrent un déficit en amont de la Charente et de la Seudre de 4 mg.L1 tandis que les sels nutritifs sont apportés par la Charente pour les nitrates, phosphates et silicates. Ces derniers suivent les courbes de dilution théorique excepté lors des poussées phytoplanctoniques et lors des crues hivernales. Lors de ces crues, les nitrates semblent soit apportés par la Gironde, soit dus à une minéralisation organique. Au même moment, les phosphates pourraient être absorbés sur les particules et être piégés dans les sédiments. Les biomasses phytoplanctoniques exprimées par les teneurs en chlorophylle a sont supésieures à 30 f^-g.1 ' en amont des estuaires au printemps avec des teneurs en phéopigmenls pouvants dépasser 200 IUJ.1 . par contre, dans le bassin, les teneurs ne dépassent guère 10 fig.l ''. Les concentrations en ATP montrent que peu de phytoplancton est physiologiquement actif en particulier dans les estuaires, tandis que les dosages de protéines permettent de quantifier la part des apports allochtone - par rapport à la production autochtone des estuaires. Line analyse factorielle des correspondances définit le schéma général hydrobiologique du bassin estuarien en précisant que 'e rôle de la Charente ne se limite pas à l'apport en sels minéraux azotés et phosphatés, mais aussi à l'apport d'une biomasse phytoplanctonique d'eau douce en voie de dégénérescence. Les auteurs proposent qu'une nouvelle stratégie d'échantillonnage, mieux adaptée aux objectifs recherchés, soit suivie ultérieurement en assurant des prélèvements en cycle de marée mais avec une périodicité la plus élevée possible. Four seasonal compaigns providing a sampling of 15 stations each followed during half a tide cycle, i.e. 120 water samples permit the definition of the main hydrobiological features of Marennes-Oleron Bay: salinity and turbidity, phytoplanktonic biomasses, ATP concentrations. The authors suggest that a new way of adapted sampling to their objectives, will work out in the future by sampling during tidal cycles but as frequently as possible.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Gohin, Alexandre; Gohin, Alexandre;

    [Paper in French] The European public policy in favor of the biodiesel consumption is highly debated. Available estimates of the induced land use changes conclude that this policy is inefficient to reduce emissions of GreenHouse Gas. We show that the crop yield evolutions in these estimates are significantly lower than the observed and expected evolutions. This difference is directly related to biased calibration choice of behavioral parameters. We show using the GTAP-BIO framework that a consistent calibration of these parameters leads to a strong reduction (by around 80% in the long run) of the land use changes and induced emissions.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
    Other literature type . 2013
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
      Other literature type . 2013
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Tamini, Lota D.; Clerkson, Frédérick; Doyon, Maurice; Debailleul, Guy; +4 Authors

    Climate change will affect agricultural production conditions, which will translate in impacts on yield and cost of production for Quebec farmers. This would likely affect the relative competitive position of Quebec in North America. Using the Delphi technique and partial budgets, climate change scenarios for the 2050 period were elaborated and their impact on relative competitiveness assessed for Quebec and its competitors in North America. Results indicate that Quebec competitive position would improve due to more favorable conditions for corn and apple production and due to worsen conditions for the competitors in maple syrup production.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
    Other literature type . 2014
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
      Other literature type . 2014
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    Authors: Maestrini, S; Rochet, M; Legendre, L; Demers, S;

    Nutrient analyses were done in melted ice, frazil and sea water of the upper part of the water column, where as major constitutive elements of micro-algae were analysed. Measurements of nutrient uptake were carried out with frazil algae incubated at -1.5 degree C in a field incubator. Differential-enrichment bioassays and mean N/P ratio (5.9) demonstrated that actual growth of the cultures was nutrient-limited. Nitrogen governed the algal yield when illumination and grazing allowed the microalgae to grow. It concluded that the epontic dynamics is not only controlled from above, by the seasonal (climatic) changes in light intensity as generally assumed, but also from below, by the short-term (hydrodynamic) events of vertical mixing that replenish the ice-water interface in nutrients.

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    Authors: Brunel, Thomas;

    Le recrutement - nombre de jeunes individus issus de la reproduction qui contribuent annuellement au renouvellement des stocks de poissons exploités - est un facteur clé de la dynamique de ces stocks. La forte variabilité du recrutement de la plupart des populations est liée en grande partie à l'influence des facteurs de l'environnement sur la survie lors des premiers stades de développement. La compréhension du déterminisme de cette variabilité est primordiale pour une gestion efficace des stocks. Cette thèse avait pour objectif de généraliser un certain nombre de points concernant l'influence de l'environnement sur le recrutement, par l'utilisation d'une approche macroécologique portant sur l'ensemble des populations exploitées de l'Atlantique Nord-Est. Le premier chapitre de la thèse répertorie les différentes sources de données de recrutement disponibles, évalue leur cohérence et leur fiabilité. Les estimations du recrutement issues des modèles d'analyse de cohortes, concernant plus de 60 populations de 18 espèces, sont finalement retenues pour l'analyse de la variabilité du recrutement. Le second chapitre présente les concepts et les méthodes d'analyse de la variabilité du recrutement. La synthèse des grandes hypothèses du déterminisme du recrutement permet de préciser les influences respectives des facteurs environnementaux et des autres facteurs sur la variabilité du recrutement. Les relations stock/recrutement sont ensuite présentées, en partant du cas concret des populations considérées dans cette étude. Le chapitre se termine par la présentation des différentes voies d'étude de la variabilité du recrutement et la justification du choix d'une approche macroécologique. Le troisième chapitre analyse les corrélations des variations du recrutement entre les populations et met en évidence des ensembles de populations dont les variations du recrutement ont été synchrones. Ces synchronismes représentent des communautés de réponse du recrutement des populations à l'influence des facteurs environnementaux et témoignent donc du contrôle environnemental des variations du recrutement. Le quatrième chapitre analyse les différences de variabilité du recrutement entre les populations. Il est notamment montré que les populations situées près des limites Nord et Sud des aires de répartition géographique des espèces présentent une variabilité du recrutement plus forte que celles situées au centre de ces aires. Cette relation est cohérente avec les théories de la macroécologie, selon lesquelles les populations en limite de distribution seraient affectées de façon plus marquée par les fluctuations des conditions environnementales qu'elles rencontrent. Le cinquième chapitre examine la correspondance entre les variations à long terme du recrutement et les changements récents du climat dans l'Atlantique Nord. La tendance dominante du recrutement de 40 populations durant les trente dernières années est fortement corrélée au signal dominant des variations de la température de surface du Nord-Est Atlantique, lui-même corrélé à la cinétique globale du réchauffement climatique. Ce chapitre suggère également que la réponse des populations à ce réchauffement pourrait dépendre de leur position dans les aires de répartition des espèces. Recruitment - the number of young fishes that integrate each year the exploitable stock¿ has a central importance for stock dynamics. The high temporal variability in recruitment is a result of the environmental influence on survival during early life stages. Understanding the determinism of the influence of environment on recruitment remains one of the most important question in fisheries ecology. The present work aimed at answering some general questions about the influence of environment on fish recruitment using a macroecological approach. The study focused on the exploited fish populations of the Northeastern Atlantic. The first chapter of the thesis makes a review of the different methods used to estimate recruitment, compares recruitment estimates from these different methods, and discusses their reliability. Recruitment estimates from cohort analysis models, concerning more than 60 populations of 18 species, are finally retained to study recruitment variability. The second chapter presents the main concepts and the different approaches to the study of recruitment variability. A review of the major hypotheses concerning recruitment determinism is first made in order to detail the respective influence of environmental factors and of other factors on recruitment variability. The link between stock size and recruitment is then presented, based on the analysis of the data concerning the populations considered in this work. The chapter ends with a presentation of the different approaches used to study recruitment variability, and the justification of the choice of a macroecological approach. The third chapter analyses correlations in recruitment variations among Northeast Atlantic fish stocks, and shows the existence of groups of populations with synchronous recruitment variations. Such synchronies in recruitment correspond to similar responses of recruitment to environmental factors and hence indicate an environmental control of recruitment variations. The fourth chapter analyses the differences in recruitment variability among populations. Recruitment variability for populations living near the borders of species distribution ranges is higher than for populations living at the centre of these ranges. According to macroecological theories this pattern of recruitment variability within species geographical ranges suggests that populations on the border of species range are more strongly influenced by environmental variability than populations at the centre of the range. The fifth chapter investigates coherence between long term trends in recruitment and the changes in the North Atlantic climate during the last three decades. The dominant trend of recruitment variations for 40 populations, extracted by a principal component analysis, is strongly negatively correlated with the dominant signal in sea surface temperature in the North-East Atlantic, which is highly correlated to the global increase in temperature related to global warming. The chapter also suggests that the impact of the global warming on fish recruitment may depend on population position in species range.

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  • La macro��conomie keyn��sienne a connu depuis les ann��es 2000 des d��veloppements importants sur la th��matique du r��chauffement climatique et des contraintes environnementales pesant sur l�����conomie. L���objet de cet article est de r��aliser une synth��se des enseignements de ces principaux mod��les qui partent pour la plupart d���une critique radicale de l���approche n��oclassique sur la question ��cologique. Les post-keyn��siens mettent en ��vidence la n��cessit�� d���une intervention publique forte pour modifier notre mod��le de croissance actuel. Les autres keyn��siens soulignent la modification des effets des politiques ��conomiques lorsqu���elles sont coupl��es �� une politique climatique. Keynesian macroeconomics has known since the 2000s important developments on the theme of global warming and more broadly environmental constraints weighing on the economy. The purpose of this article is to synthesize the lessons learned from these main models which mostly start from a radical critique of the neoclassical approach on the ecological question. Post-Keynesians highlight the need for strong public intervention to modify our current growth model. The other Keynesians underline the modification of the effects of economic policies when they are coupled with a climate policy.

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    Authors: Paquotte, Philippe;

    Aquaculture is an economic activity which is characterised by a great dependence on environmental conditions. Therefore aquaculture development is subdued to institutional context which defines the rules for use and conservation of the environment. This paper analyses the impact of marine environment regulations on economic operating of aquaculture enterprises and on industrial dynamics. Because aquaculture enterprises use a collective good, an economic approach of aquaculture has to take into account not only the relations between enterprises and environment, but also the relations between the enterprises themselves, through production externalities. In this study, several economic tools are considered in order to incite enterprises to integrate pad of the cost of their effects on the environment. But these public policies have to take into account the youth of the activity, the specific economic situation of the enterprises and the place of aquaculture in global coastal management. [NOT CONTROLLED OCR] L'aquaculture est confrontée à un cadre institutionnel définissant les conditions d'accès d'utilisation et de protection du milieu marin. La réglementation sur l'environnement va avoir un impact sur le fonctionnement économique des entreprises et sur la dynamique sectorielle de l'aquaculture. A partir de l'étude de la nature des relations entre entreprises et milieu, on peut proposer un certain nombre d'outils économiques permettant de faire prendre en compte par les entreprises une partie du coût de leurs effets sur l'environnement. Dans le cas particulier de l'aquaculture marine, cette réglementation doit cependant tenir compte de la jeunesse de l'activité, de la situation économique des entreprises et de leur rôle dans une politique d'aménagement du littoral. [OCR NON CONTRÔLE]

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    Authors: Roux, M;

    On the bathyal slope for continental margins, steep and rocky substrates punctuated with cliffs and collapsing zones are frequently found. As survey and sampling with the classical technics from the sea surface is practically impossible in such an environment, in situ exploration with a submersible allows significant advances in ecology, with implications in paleoenvironment reconstruction. Mixing of material from shallow-water and deep-sea origins into bathyal sedimentation suggests that the so-called "fossil assemblages of outer platform" were frequently misinterpreted. Dense populations of animals closely related to fossil groups which were only considered as relict of the Past ("living fossils") and previously interpreted as shallow-water inhabitants during geological times can be discovered living in such bathyal communities. The role of bathyal ecological niches during global bioevents brings a new vision of the history of life in the Ocean through geological time and has to be further investigated. Examples from cruises monitoring the diving saucer Cyana (SP 3000) in the Bay of Biscay and off New Caledonia are given.

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    Authors: Plante-cuny, Marie-reine; Bodoy, Alain;

    The primary production (phytoplankton and microphytobenthos) of a coastaL shallow water ecosystem (0.5 m) was investigated in two sandy areas, differing by their wave exposure. The physical and chemical parameters, the functional chlorophyll and pheopigments as well as the primary production were measured monthly, throughout a two-year study. The bivalve Ruditapes decussatus was the dominant species in the sheltered station (RD), whereas Donax trlmcu/us inhabited the other station (DT) which was exposed to the open-sea waves. Microphytic biomasses were determined after extracting chlorophyll a and pheopigments in 90% acetone. by spectrophotometric measurements before and after acidification. Gross hourly primary production was estimated by measuring the oxygen balance in light and dark enclosures. The mlcrophytobenthos was considered in the upper centimetre. The main characteristics of the water. temperature. salinity and dissolved oxygen were more variable in the sheltered area; the redox potential was generally lower in this sediment and the vertical profile revealed a "redox potential discontinuity"• which usually did not appear in the open site. In the water column (phytoplankton seasonal fluctuations were similar in both stations. The annual average values of Chla and primary production were equivalent (1.40±0.56 and 1.94±078 mg Chla.m2: 19.60±11.09 and 20.29±8.45mgCm- 2.h- 1 in RD and DT respectively). On the other hand. for the microphytobenthos. the autumn blooms were more pronounced in the sheltered station (RD) than in the wave-exposed one (DT). The annual average value of the biomass (ChIa in upper cm of sediment) was Il times higher at the RD than the DT station (42.89 ± 6.86 and 3.87 ± 1.84 mg Chla.m• 2) and the annual average of primary production 4 limes higher (19.94±6.13 and 4.77 ± 3.12 mgC m-2 .h-1). The benthic biomass was 30 times higher at the sheltered station (RD) than the planktonic one. whereas the primary production values were similar. In the wave-exposed station (DT), the benthic biomass was only twice that of the planktonic one and the planktonic primary production 4 times higher than the benthic one. The P/E ratios (assimilation numbers) indicated a better efficiency at the planktonic level [14 mgC(mg ChIa) -1.h-1 for the sheltered site and 10.46 for the open station]. They were only of 0.46 and 1.23 mgC(mg Chla) -1 - h-1 for the benthos. Such results revealed that the primary production did not exhibit the same difference between the two stations as the chlorophylI A correlation analysis gave evidence of strong relationships between both stations for the pelagic parameters, but no correlations were found between the two sites at the benthic level. When considering the primary producers (plankton + benthos) as a whole. the sheltered station was richer and more productive than the wave-exposed one. The waters were similar in both sites. indicating a common origin, but the productivity was more important in the sheltered area. due to the richness of the benthic microflora On a comparé durant deux années la biomasse (Chla fonctionnelle) et la production primaire (bilans d'oxygène) des microphytes benthiques et planctoniques de deux plages de sables fins (0,5 m de profondeur), soumises à des conditions hydrodynamiques différentes. La station de mode calme (RD) abrite notamment un peuplement de Ruditapes decussatus (pélécypode) tandis que la station de mode agité (DT) soumise à l'influence du large, est habitée par des peuplements d'un autre pélécypode, Donax trunculus. Dans le compartiment pélagique (phytoplancton) les variations saisonnières sont à peu près identiques dans les deux stations. Les moyennes annuelles de la biomasse et de la production primaire sont sensiblement équivalentes (1.40 ± 0,56 et 1,94 ± 0,78 mg Chla.m - 2: 19,60 ± 11.09 et 20,29 ± 8.45 mgc.m - 2.h -1 respectivement en RD et DT). En revanche, dans le compartiment benthique (microphytobenthos), des floraisons d'automne sont plus accentuées à la station de mode calme (RD) qu'à la station de mode agité (DT). La moyenne annuelle de biomasse (1er cm d'épaisseur du sédiment) est Il fois plus élevée à la station RD qu'à la station DT (42,89 ± 6,86 et 3,87 ± 1,84 mg Chla.m- 2) et la moyenne de la production primaire 4 fois supérieure (19,94 ± 6,13 contre 4,77 ± 3,12 mgC.m- 2.h- 1). Dans la station RD (calme), la biomasse benthique (1er centimètre) est 30 fois supérieure à la biomasse planctonique, alors que les productions primaires sont équivalentes. Dans la station de mode agité (DT) la biomasse benthique est seulement double de la biomasse planctonique et la production primaire planctonique est 4 fois supérieure à la production benthique. L'étude des corrélations montre que des liaisons étroites existent entre les deux stations pour les paramètres du domaine pélagique, alors que dans le domaine benthique, les moyennes et les évolutions sont différentes dans les deux sites. La station de sables fins de mode calme est, au total. à l'échelon primaire (plancton + benthos), plus riche et plus productive que la station de mode agité.

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  • Cet article s’intéresse aux méthodes de comptabilités socio-environnementales (CSE) afin de contribuer à éclairer le choix des praticiens comme du normalisateur. Au travers d’une analyse comparée des principales approches de CSE, ce papier met en exergue leurs différentes représentations du monde et ce que cela implique en matière de soutenabilité. Nous montrons alors que les choix de techniques comptables sont le reflet de représentations sous-jacentes du monde et configurent la nature de la responsabilité. This paper focuses on socio-environmental accounting (SEA) methods in order to help inform the choice of both practitioners and standard setters. Through a comparative analysis of the main SES approaches, this paper highlights their different representations of the world and their implications for sustainability. We then show that the choices of accounting techniques reflect underlying representations of the world and shape the nature of accountability.

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