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This data set contains monthly mean water temperatures for the Hudson River 1908-2007. The measurements were taken at Poughkeepsie NY. This is one of the longest river temperature data sets on record. The majority of the data are sourced from the Poughkeepsie Water Treatment Facility in Poughkeepsie NY. We averaged daily water temperature values to monthly values and added value by filling gaps within the Poughkeepsie Water Treatment Facility data set using USGS data. We do not own the original daily values and do not provide them here. The original daily water temperature values are in the public domain and should be sought from their source (see methods description). The data provided here are described in detail by: Seekell DA, Pace ML (2011) Climate change drives warming in the Hudson River Estuary, New York (USA). Journal of Environmental Monitoring 13:2321-2327. [doi: 10.1039/c1em10053j]

1. Predicted changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall events in the UK have the potential to disrupt terrestrial ecosystem function. However, responses of different trophic levels to these changes in rainfall patterns, and the underlying mechanisms, are not well characterised. 2. This study aimed to investigate how changes in both the quantity and frequency of rainfall events will affect the outcome of interactions between plants, insect herbivores (above- and below- ground) and natural enemies. 3. Hordeum vulgare L. plants were grown in controlled conditions and in the field, and subjected to three precipitation scenarios: ambient (based on a local 10 year average rainfall); continuous drought (40% reduction compared to ambient); drought/ deluge (40% reduction compared to ambient at a reduced frequency). The effects of these watering regimes and wireworm (Agriotes species) root herbivory on the performance of the plants, aphid herbivores above-ground (Sitobion avenae, Metapolophium dirhodum and Rhopalosiphum padi), and natural enemies of aphids including ladybirds (Harmonia axyridis) were assessed from measurements of plant growth, insect abundance and mass, and assays of feeding behaviour. 4. Continuous drought decreased plant biomass, whereas reducing the frequency of watering events did not affect plant biomass but did alter plant chemical composition. In controlled conditions, continuous drought ameliorated the negative impact of wireworms on plant biomass. 5. Compared to the ambient treatment, aphid mass was increased by 15% when feeding on plants subjected to drought/ deluge; and ladybirds were 66% heavier when feeding on these aphids but this did not affect ladybird prey choice. In field conditions, wireworms feeding below-ground reduced the number of shoot-feeding aphids under ambient and continuous drought conditions but not under drought/ deluge. 6. Predicted changes in both the frequency and intensity of precipitation events under climate change have the potential to limit plant growth, but reduce wireworm herbivory, while simultaneously promoting above-ground aphid numbers and mass, with these effects transferring to the third trophic level. Understanding the effect of future changes in precipitation on species interactions is critical for determining their potential impact on ecosystem functioning and constructing accurate predictions under global change scenarios. Controlled environment and field experimental dataData file containing all data reported in the paper including plant, soil and insect data from controlled environment and field experiments. First spreadsheet in the data file contains a key to explain all abbreviations used throughout the file.Experimental data.xlsx

This dataset underpins the study "Synergies and conflicts of energy development and water security in Africa". The study provides insights into energy supply and demand, power generation, investments and total system costs, water consumption and withdrawal as well as carbon dioxide emissions for the African continent. We developed a model to evaluate energy supply and water requirements to cover the energy needs of the African continent during the period 2015-2065. The model was developed using the open-source modeling system for long-term energy planning OSeMOSYS. The objective function is to minimise total energy system costs, rather than, for example, co-optimise the energy and water sectors. Other energy resources were also included in the model except for adding the water analysis, and the dataset was updated based on the latest available information. The OSeMOSYS model developed to conduct the study “Energy projections for African countries”, itself extended from the Electricity Model Base for Africa (TEMBA), was further extended, included exports for all fuels, water loss due to evaporation in hydropower plants and more scenarios examined. Furthermore, the latest available data on the energy system of Africa was also updated. The TEMBA model produces aggregate energy, and detailed power system results in each country in the African continent. The power sector results are also reported with power pool aggregation. The OSeMOSYS model and input data used to produce these results can be found at KTH-dESA/jrc_temba: TEMBA 2.1 (Version v2.1) [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4889373 (Authors: Ioannis Pappis, Vignesh Sridharan, Will Usher, & Mark Howells. (2021). The initial study was funded by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (contract number C936531 - JRC/PTT/2018/C.7/0038/NC).

# Climate change causes declines and greater extremes in wetland inundation in a region important for wetland birds. [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.wwpzgmsqv](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.wwpzgmsqv) We estimated the number of inundated wetlands in the southern great plains for each year from 1991-2020 using the USGS Dynamic Surface Water Extent Product. The DWSE is a free remote sensing data product that is available online through the USGS. Number of inundated wetlands we estimated for two time periods relevent to migratory birds in each year the spring migration as 1 March - 31 May and fall migration as 1 September - 31 November. Wetlanbds were determined to be inundated at in a given season if they were observed to have water in at least 2 landsat/dswe images. Data was summarised into 10 x 10km grid covering the entire southern great plains in addition to the number of inundated wetlands per grid cell in each year we also recorded a number of variables related to weather and land cover. The weather variables include: total precipitation (mm), mean daily average temperature (oC), precipitation balence (measured over 3 time scales 3-months, 6 months and 12 months prior to migration), and mean daily maximum temperature. Land cover included % cover of crops, grasslands, trees, and development as well as Terrain roughness index and the number of wetland basins. A full description of how each of these variables were derived can be found in the full text of the associated manuscript. ## Description of the data and file structure Included are two Excel files, one for each season with all variables needed to recreate our random forest data-analysis. Each row is associated with a 10x10 km grid cell/ year combination (each cell should occur 30 times, once for each year). Cell ID is recorded as FID\_sample in the spreadsheet and the year is recorded in the year or y1 columns. The Latidude and Longitude of the centroid of each grid cell is recorded in the Lat, Long columns respectively. The number of inundated wetlands in each cell per year is recorded in the wet.num column, rows with NA indicate rows cells where no wetlands occur. Seasonal precipitation, mean temperature and maximum temperature and represented by the variables season\*.ppt, season\*.tmean, season.tmax where season\* corresponds to fall, spring, summer, or winter in the excel sheet. precipitation balance is represented by bal3 (3-month precipitation balance), bal6 (6-month precipitation balance), and bal12 (12-month precipitation balance). Precipitation is in millimeters, temperature is in degrees Celsius and precipitation balance (bal3, bal6, bal12) is a unitless metric that represents the unstandardized difference between precipitation total and evapotranspiration potential. The TRI represents terrain roughness index which was calculated as the average difference between neighboring pixels in a 30 m resolution Digital Elevation Map of the southern Great Plains. The crop10, dev, tree, grass represent the percent cover of croplands, developed areas, forests, and grasslands respectively. All percent cover variables were derived from the USDA NASS cropland dataset. All analyses were conducted at the ecoregion level, with each grid cell's ecoregion being denoted in the ecoregion column. The Area column denotes the area of each grid cell in kilometers squared. ## Sharing/Access information This is a section for linking to other ways to access the data, and for linking to sources the data is derived from, if any. DSWE data can be downloaded from https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ Future climate data is not included here due to file size, but can be accessed at https://gdo-dcp.ucllnl.org/downscaled\_cmip\_projections/dcpInterface.html ## Code/Software Wetland ecosystems are vital for maintaining global biodiversity, as they provide important stopover sites for many species of migrating wetland-associated birds. However, because weather determines their hydrologic cycles, wetlands are highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Although changes in temperature and precipitation resulting from climate change are expected to reduce inundation of wetlands, few efforts have been made to quantify how these changes will influence availability of stopover sites for migratory wetland birds. Additionally, few studies have evaluated how climate change will influence inter-annual variability or the frequency of extremes in wetland availability. For spring and fall bird migration in 7 ecoregions in the south-central Great Plains of North America, we developed predictive models associating abundance of inundated wetlands with a suite of weather and landcover variables. We then used these models to generate predictions of wetland inundation at the end of the century (2069–2099) under future climate change scenarios. Climate models predicted the average number of inundated wetlands will likely decline during both spring and fall migration periods, with declines being greatest in the eastern ecoregions of the Great Plains. However, the magnitude of predicted declines varied considerably across climate models and ecoregions, with uncertainty among climate models being greatest in the High Plains ecoregion. Most ecoregions also were predicted to experience more-frequent extremely dry years (i.e., years with extremely low wetland abundances), but the projected change in inter-annual variability of wetland inundation was relatively small and varied across ecoregions and seasons. Because the south-central Great Plains represents an important link along the migratory routes of many wetland-dependent avian species, future declines in wetland inundation and more frequent periods of only a few wetlands being inundated. resulting in an uncertain future for migratory birds as they experience reduced availability of wetland stopover habitat across their migration pathways.  We estimated the number of inundated wetlands in the southern Great Plains for each year from 1991–2020 using the USGS Dynamic Surface Water Extent Product. The DWSE is a free remote sensing data product that is available online through the USGS. Number of inundated wetlands was estimated for two time periods relevant to migratory birds in each year the spring migration as 1 March–31 May and fall migration as 1 September–31 November. Wetlands were determined to be inundated at in a given season if they were observed to have water in at least 2 Landsat/DSWE images. Data was summarised into 10 x 10km grid covering the entire southern great plains in addition to the number of inundated wetlands per grid cell in each year we also recorded a number of variables related to weather and land cover. The weather variables include: total precipitation (mm), mean daily average temperature (°C), precipitation balance (measured over 3 time scales: 3 months, 6 months and 12 months prior to migration), and mean daily maximum temperature. Land cover included % cover of crops, grasslands, trees, and development as well as terrain roughness index and the number of wetland basins. A full description of how each of these variables was derived can be found in the full text of the associated manuscript.

The expansion of irrigated agriculture has increased global crop production but resulted in widespread stress to freshwater resources. Ensuring that increases in irrigated production only occur in places where water is relatively abundant is a key objective of sustainable agriculture, and knowledge of how irrigated land has evolved is important for measuring progress towards water sustainability. Yet a spatially detailed understanding of the evolution of global area equipped for irrigation (AEI) is missing. Here we utilize the latest sub-national irrigation statistics (covering 17298 administrative units) from various official sources to develop a gridded (5 arc-min resolution) global product of AEI for the years 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015. We find that AEI increased by 11% from 2000 (297 Mha) to 2015 (330 Mha) with locations of both substantial expansion (e.g., northwest India, northeast China) and decline (e.g., Russia). Combining these outputs with information on green (i.e., rainfall) and blue (i.e., surface and ground) water stress, we also examine to what extent irrigation has expanded unsustainably (i.e., in places already experiencing water stress). We find that more than half (52%) of irrigation expansion has taken place in regions that were already water stressed, with India alone accounting for 36% of global unsustainable expansion. These findings provide new insights into the evolving patterns of global irrigation with important implications for global water sustainability and food security. Recommended citation: Mehta, P., Siebert, S., Kummu, M. et al. Half of twenty-first century global irrigation expansion has been in water-stressed regions. Nat Water (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44221-024-00206-9 Open-access peer reviewed publication available at https://www.nature.com/articles/s44221-024-00206-9 Files G_AEI_*.ASC were produced using the GMIA dataset[https://data.apps.fao.org/catalog/iso/f79213a0-88fd-11da-a88f-000d939bc5d8]. Files MEIER_G_AEI_*.ASC were produced using Meier et al. (2018) dataset [https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.884744].

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) has received much attention in the last decade as a promising technology to simultaneously generate electricity and decontaminate wastewater. This study aims to quantitatively review the published literature on MFC, published in the period of 1970–2020, based on the Web of Science (WoS) database. For the first time in literature, a comprehensive quantitative review of MFC has been conducted by employing the technique of bibliometric and content analyses. A total of 11,397 publications have been retrieved from WoS, out of which 81.6% are research articles. The evaluation in the field of MFC has been mapped in various categories, such as publication history, publication distribution, subject category distribution, leading journals, leading countries and leading organizations in MFC research. Additionally, content analysis has been conducted to unearth the research trends in MFC; and some hot research topics in MFC have been spotted. Results depict that the period 2011–2020 has been the most appreciating era for MFC research, as it contributed 87% of the total publications. Among the subject categories, energy fuel and microbiology lead with contributions of 26.5% for each, butthe overall growth of the energy fuel category in the last decade has been the highest. Out of 1,147 journals publishing MFC research, Bioresource Technology is the leading one; and countries like China, USA and India are the main hub of MFC research with 26.47%, 16.95% and 7.69% contributions in publications, respectively. The hottest topics in MFC research are nanoparticles, catalysts, air electrodes, graphene electrodes, power enhancement, air cathode and nitrogen removal. Moreover, major research areas are engineering, energy fuels and biotechnology with each contribution 26.5% of the total publications.

With respect to the ecological relevance of endpoints, biomass as an endpoint might be promising regarding ecotoxicological assessments of benthic communities. In a freshwater microcosm study the effect of two cadmium (Cd) concentrations (50 and 400 mg Cd kg(-1) dw) on biomass and abundance of a benthic community were investigated over a period of seven months. Specifically, the sensitivity of both endpoints in distinguishing differential effects was compared. While bacteria were found to be unaffected by Cd, abundance and biomass of protozoans and metazoans decreased. In a short-term comparison, differences between control and Cd treatments were, overall, more pronounced for flagellate biomass and for metazoan abundance with strong differences between the taxonomic groups; furthermore, over the long-term, the differences among organisms and endpoints changed. Based on toxicant sensitivity, the reasonably low variance of the data and the workload involved, biomass can provide a useful additional endpoint in microcosm studies.

Improving access to safe drinking water can result in multi-dimensional impacts on people's livelihood. This has been aptly reflected in the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) as one of the major objectives. Despite the availability of diverse and complex set of technologies for water purification, pragmatic and cost-effective use of the same is impeding the use of available sources of water. Hence, in country like India simple low-energy technologies such as solar still are likely to succeed. Solar stills would suffice the basic minimum drinking water requirements of man. Solar stills use sunlight, to kill or inactivate many, if not all, of the pathogens found in water. This paper provides an integrated assessment of the suitability of domestic solar still as a viable safe water technology for India. Also an attempt has been made to critically assess the operational feasibility and costs incurred for using this technology in rural India.