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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Alexander-Haw, Abigail; Dütschke, Elisabeth; Helferich, Marvin; Preuß, Sabine; +1 Authors

    This dataset and codebook correspond to the initial round of survey data gathered in Germany in 2022, within the project FULFILL - Fundamental Decarbonisation Through Sufficiency By Lifestyle Changes. As part of Work Package 3 (WP3) in the FULFILL project, we collected quantitative data from six countries: Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Latvia, and India. In the first round of the survey, we recruited a representative sample of approximately 2000 households in each country, taking into account both the individual and household perspectives. The survey includes a quantitative assessment of the carbon footprint in various domains of life, such as housing, mobility, and diet. In addition to this, the survey also measures socio-economic factors such as age, gender, income, education, household size, life stage, and political orientation. Furthermore, the survey includes measures of quality of life, encompassing aspects such as health and well-being, environmental quality, financial security, and comfort.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ZENODOarrow_drop_down
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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2024
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2024
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2024
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: ZENODO
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ZENODOarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2024
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
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      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2024
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2024
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: ZENODO
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao

    Qualitative data set, containing formal and informal interviews field notes from non-participant observations archival documents from a case study of sustainability implementation (spec. living wages, BSCI, DETOX) along a footwear value chain between Germany and China. Data was collected with four parties of the value chain between 2015 and 2020. Languages: German, English, Mandarin (interpreted) Collected and analyzed for the dissertation (doc. rer. pol.) by Stephanie Schrage at Universität Hamburg (defended in October 2020)

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao https://dx.doi.org/1...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    B2FIND
    Dataset . 2021
    Data sources: B2FIND
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao https://dx.doi.org/1...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      B2FIND
      Dataset . 2021
      Data sources: B2FIND
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  • Authors: Frondel, Manuel; Vance, Colin; Andor, Mark; Kussel, Gerhard; +4 Authors

    Mit einem Anteil von rund 30% am Endenergieverbrauch und etwa 20% an den CO2-Emissionen haben private Haushalte in Deutschland einen großen Einfluss auf die Umwelt. Gleichzeitig sind private Haushalte ein zentraler Adressat für politische Interventionen zur Bekämpfung des Klimawandels. Vor diesem Hintergrund hat die Politik zahlreiche Maßnahmen zur Verringerung des Energiekonsums und zur Förderung regenerativer Energietechnologien ergriffen. Diese politischen Maßnahmen bedürfen einer sorgfältigen Evaluierung ihrer Effektivität und Kosteneffizienz, um kostspielige Redundanzen durch sich überlappende Instrumente zu vermeiden. Eine solche Evaluation umwelt- und energiepolitischer Maßnahmen erfordert eine umfangreiche Datenbasis. Besonders im Bereich der privaten Haushalte waren solche Daten in Deutschland bislang nicht verfügbar. Die Reagibilität deutscher Haushalte auf Maßnahmen zur Bekämpfung des Klimawandels war daher weitgehend unbekannt. Das Sozial-Ökologische Panel stellt zu diesem Zweck umfangreiche, frei verfügbare Informationen zum Energieverbrauch und Umweltverhalten privater Haushalte bereit. Die Befragung wurde in vier Wellen durchgeführt. Es liegen Daten für die Jahre 2012, 2013, 2014 und 2015 vor. Diese Daten können anhand einer ID aneinander gespielt werden. Darauf aufbauend können ökonometrische Schätzungen und Analysen verschiedener Präferenzindikatoren sowie des Anpassungsverhaltens privater Haushalte an den Klimawandel durchgeführt werden. Dieser Datensatz umfasst die Daten der Erhebung im Jahr 2012. With a share of 30% in total final energy consumption and around 20% in CO2 emissions, private households in Germany strongly affect the environment. At the same time private households are an important target group for policy interventions to fight climate change. Against this background, numerous policy measures that intend to decrease energy consumption and to support renewable energy technologies have been introduced. These policy measures call for accurate evaluation to avoid expensive redundancies due to overlapping policy instruments. The evaluation of energy and environmental policy measures requires comprehensive and reliable data. So far such data was unavailable in Germany, especially in the context of private households. Hence, the responsiveness of German households to climate protection policies was unknown. For this purpose, the Socio-Ecological Panel offers rich information on household’s energy consumption and environmental behavior. The data was gathered in four household surveys conducted in 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015. The survey waves can be merged using the household ID. The data builds the basis for empirical analyses of households’ adaptation to climate change and the evaluation of environmental and climate policy measures. This data set comprises the information gathered in the 2012 survey wave and is labelled in German. It is available in German and English. Offline Rekrutierung für das repräsentative forsa omninet panel Selbst ausgefüllter Fragebogen Self-completed questionnaire 10.000 deutsche Haushalte Green-SÖP Green-SÖP

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    Authors: Boer, Lukas;

    Diese Dissertation beantwortet verschiedene politikrelevante ökonomische Fragen in den Bereichen Handelspolitik, Geldpolitik, sowie Rohstoffmärkte und Energieökonomik mit Hilfe von strukturellen Vektorautoregressionsmodellen (SVAR). SVARs stellen eine effektive Möglichkeit dar, die Beziehungen zwischen verschiedenen makroökonomischen und/oder Finanzmarkt-Variablen zu modellieren und werden verwendet, um die dynamischen kausalen Effekte von ökonomischen Schocks zu schätzen. Für jede ökonomische Fragestellung wird eine Identifikationsstrategie angewandt, die auf die betrachteten Daten und ihre statistischen Eigenschaften sowie die zugrundeliegenden Annahmen über ökonomische Mechanismen zwischen den betrachteten Zeitreihen zugeschnitten ist. Im Einzelnen besteht diese Dissertation aus vier Kapiteln. In den ersten beiden Kapiteln werden die Auswirkungen von Handelspolitik auf Finanzmärkte und auf die Makroökonomie geschätzt. Das dritte Kapitel liefert einen methodischen Beitrag zur SVAR-Literatur, der in einer Anwendung zu den Effekten von Geldpolitik dargestellt wird. Das letzte Kapitel verlässt die Felder der Handels- und Geldpolitik und wendet sich Rohstoffmärkten und der Energiewirtschaft zu, stützt sich dabei aber ebenfalls auf Zeitreihenmethoden. Es analysiert die Rolle von Metallen in der Energiewende. This dissertation answers various policy relevant economic questions in the fields of trade policy, monetary policy, and commodity markets and energy economics using structural vector autoregression (SVAR) models. SVARs constitute a parsimonious way to model the relations between different macroeconomic and/or financial variables and they are used to estimate the dynamic causal effects of economic shocks. For each economic question, this dissertation applies an identification strategy that is tailored to the relevant data and its statistical properties as well as the underlying assumptions about economic mechanisms among the regarded time series. Specifically, this dissertation consists of four chapters. The first two chapters estimate the effects of trade policy on financial markets and on the macroeconomy. The third chapter makes a methodological contribution to the SVAR literature in an application to monetary policy shocks. The final chapter moves away from trade and monetary policy to commodity markets and energy economics but also relies on time series methods. It analyzes the role of metals for the clean energy transition.

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    Authors: Kruck, Christoph;

    Die Stromerzeugung aus Windenergie hat in den vergangenen Jahren, insbesondere unterstützt durch das Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz (EEG), stark zugenommen und belief sich im Jahr 2006 auf einen Anteil von rund 4,8 % an der Bruttostromerzeugung. Aufgrund des fluktuierenden Charakters der Windstromerzeugung ist die Integration und Einspeisung dieses Anteils in das Netz der öffentlichen Versorgung bereits heute mit teilweise erheblichen Problemen verbunden. Diese werden sich in Zukunft weiter verstärken, wenn der geplante Einstieg in die Offshore-Windenergienutzung wie geplant stattfindet und in den kommenden Jahren einige GW Leistung Offshore installiert werden. Grundsätzlich bieten sich zwei Lösungsansätze für die angesprochene Problematik an, die sich gegenseitig ergänzen: Zum einen können durch exaktere Prognoseverfahren die zu erwartenden Windstrommengen besser vorhergesagt und damit zugleich die Fahrpläne der konventionellen (Schatten-)Kraftwerke genauer erstellt werden. Der Bedarf an Ausgleichsenergie wird durch dieses Verfahren minimiert. Im Fall von Windflauten muss jedoch die gesamte nachgefragte Leistung durch konventionelle Kraftwerke bereitgestellt werden. Zum anderen kann durch den Einsatz von Speicherkraftwerken eine zeitliche Entkopplung von Energieangebot und –bedarf realisiert werden, indem in Zeiten hohen Windenergieangebots ein Teil des Windstroms zwischengespeichert wird und umgekehrt in Windflauten das Speicherkraftwerk die Strombereitstellung übernimmt. Mit Hilfe dieses Verfahrens erfolgt dementsprechend eine Anpassung des Angebots an die Nachfrage. Die vorliegende Arbeit konzentriert sich auf den zweiten Ansatz und entwickelt ein Simulationsmodell, mit dessen Hilfe ein Windpark-Speicher-System abgebildet und eine Vergleichmäßigung des Windstroms durch Integration verschiedener Speichertechnologen (diabates/adiabates Druckluft-Speicherkraftwerk, Pumpspeicherkraftwerk) simuliert wird. Ziel der Vergleichmäßigung ist die kontinuierliche Bereitstellung einer garantierten Leistung. Die verbleibenden Fluktuationen werden durch einen Abgleich mit der Nachfrageseite in Form der Netzlast berücksichtigt. Für unterschiedliche Systemvarianten werden sowohl die Stromgestehungskosten als auch die spezifischen CO2-Emissionen berechnet, um auf dieser Basis einen Vergleich der einzelnen Systeme zu ermöglichen. Grundlegende Parameter wie beispielsweise die energetische Speicherkapazität, die spezifischen Investitionskosten der Windenergieanlagen und des Speicherkraftwerks oder auch die Bezugskosten für Ausgleichsenergie werden anschließend in Form von Sensitivitätsanalysen und Parametervariation detailliert untersucht. Auf diese Weise können die unter konstant gesetzten Parametern gewonnenen Ergebnisse bestätigt bzw. kritisch hinterfragt werden, wobei insbesondere der Einfluss der verschiedenen Eingangsgrößen auf die Stromgestehungskosten im Detail analysiert wird. In der Folge werden vielversprechende Systemkonfigurationen unter dem Zielkriterium möglichst geringer Stromgestehungskosten identifiziert. Zudem wird geprüft, welche Anforderungen an die Kostenentwicklung speziell von Druckluft-Speicherkraftwerken zu stellen sind, um mit einem konventionellen Vergleichssystem konkurrenzfähig zu werden. Power generation from wind energy has increased significantly in the past years reaching 4.8 % of the gross power generation. This development was especially promoted by the re-newable energy law (Erneuerbares-Energien-Gesetz). The integration and feed-in of this power into the grid is associated with considerable problems as the wind power generation is characterised by its fluctuating nature. These diffi-culties will grow and accelerate if the planned wind parks in the North or Baltic Sea with some GW power are realised in the following years. In principle there are two methods of resolution for this kind of problem which com-plement one another: On the one hand it’s possible to develop better forecasting models in order to forecast the wind power generation more accurately. By this means also the operation of the conventional power plants can be planned more accurately. In the consequence the de-mand for balancing power is minimized. Nevertheless it’s inevitable to provide the total sum of demanded power in times of wind calms by conventional power plants. Concerning the second method the operation of storage facilities is involved in the system in order to realise a temporal decoupling of energy supply and demand. In times with high wind power generation the storage unit is filled and vice versa in wind calms the storage facility is able to provide power. Thus the supply side is adapted to the demand side. The following thesis focuses on the second method. A tool is developed, simulating the operation of a windpark-storage system, in order to equalise the wind power generation by the help of different storage technologies (diabatic/adiabatic compressed air energy storage, pumped hydro). The equalisation aims at the continuous supply of a guaranteed power. Re-maining fluctuations of wind power are considered by a comparison of demand and supply side, whereas the demand side is represented by the system load. The costs of generating electricity as well as the specific CO2-emissions are calculated for different configurations resulting in a comparison of the different systems. Following fun-damental parameters as the energy storage capacity, the specific investment costs of the wind power plants and the storage facility or the price of balancing power are examined in detail by the help of a sensitivity analysis. In so doing it is possible to confirm or to question the results calculated with fixed parameters. In this context especially the influence of different parame-ters on the costs of generating electricity is analysed. Finally promising system configurations with the aim of reducing the costs of generat-ing electricity are identified. Moreover the requirements concerning the reduction of invest-ment costs especially of compressed air energy storage systems in order to achieve competi-tiveness with a conventional system are examined.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18419/op...
    Doctoral thesis . 2008
    Data sources: Datacite
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.18419/op...
      Doctoral thesis . 2008
      Data sources: Datacite
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    The companies of the photovoltaic industry have experienced considerable growth in recent years. And further growth is forecasted for the coming years. By now, nearly two million single photovoltaic (PV) installations generate electricity from sunlight around the world. Thereby, the wafer-based PV products have a market share of about 80-85%. The interim shortage of silicon and the increasing cost pressure in the market give rise to ever thinner and larger wafers. Thus, the "PV Roadmap for Crystalline Silicon" of the German cell producers expects an average wafer thickness of 100 µm until 2020 and the next generation of wafer thickness in 2015. This trend brings about new challenges for the PV industry: due to the manual and automated handling in the manufacturing the silicon-based wafers are exposed to mechanical stress. If the wafers, however, become ever thinner they lose their mechanical stability and might form cracks when exposed to huge forces during the handling.These cracks, however, cause a higher breakage rate and are one of the main reasons for breakdowns of the finished modules. The damage-free handling of the very fragile silicon wafers will gain in importance due to the expected increase in the throughput. Therefore, the handling systems and components must not only handle the sensitive substrates as gently as possible but also with high speed and precision in the µm range. For this purpose, new adjusted handling components are required. This thesis aims at making a contribution to the optimal selection of handling components for the photovoltaic industry. The primary target is the development of an objective and vendor-independent evaluation procedure for grippers especially used in the cell and module manufacturing. The procedure to be developed should be suitable for cell, equipment and machine manufacturers as well as for component suppliers. Furthermore, the procedure should be applicable to identical and variable grippingprinciples. The result of the method should be the optimal decision guidance for the user and should enable an adequate and neutral classification of the tested gripper. Der enorme Ausbau der Produktionskapazitäten der Photovoltaik-Industrie in den vergangenen Jahren hat auch die Anforderungen an den Maschinen- und Anlagenbau erhöht. Die Automatisierung in der Fertigung von Solarzellen spielt dabei zur Sicherung von Qualität und Ausbeute und somit auch für die Kostenreduktion eine entscheidende Rolle. Die sich erhöhenden Materialtransportintensitäten zwischen den einzelnen Prozessschritten stellen dabei eine nicht zu vernachlässigende Herausforderung dar: Die zunehmend dünneren und fragilen Substrate bei verkürzten Zykluszeiten bringen insbesondere die Handhabung an deren physikalische Grenzen. Vor diesem Hintergrund gewinnt eine Bewertung der Leistungsfähigkeit von Handhabungskomponenten verstärkt an Bedeutung. Die Ausgangssituation zeigt, dass in der Zellfertigung aktueller Fertigungslinien insbesondere die greiferbasierte Handhabung mit Pick-and-Place-Charakter bereits parallel eingesetzt wird, um den hohen Durchsätzen gerecht zuwerden. Hierbei muss der Aufnahme- und Ablagevorgang so schnell und schädigungsarm durchgeführt werden, dass sowohl der geforderte Durchsatz, wie auch die erforderliche Qualität erreicht werden können. Durch diese Randbedingungen sind neue und erhöhte Anforderungen an die Greiferauswahl und die optimale Parametereinstellung des eingesetzten Greifers zu stellen. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt ein neues, angepassten Verfahren für die Leistungsbewertung von Greifern für Silizium-Wafer. Im Vordergrund steht die Entwicklung eines objektiven und herstellerunabhängigen Bewertungsverfahrens für Greifer, die insbesonders in der Zell- und Modulfertigung eingesetzt werden. Das zu entwickelnde Verfahren kann sowohl von Zellherstellern, Anlagen- und Maschinenbauern, aber auch von Komponentenlieferanten eingesetzt werden. Das daraus resultierende Ergebnis soll eine optimale Entscheidungshilfe für den Anwender darstellen aber auch eine adäquate, neutrale Klassifizierung der getestetenGreifer ermöglichen.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18419/op...
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.24406/pu...
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.18419/op...
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.24406/pu...
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    Authors: Domnik, Tobias; Kälber, S.; Leible, L.;

    Im Rahmen der Globalisierung der Rohstoffmärkte, der Ausrichtung der Wirtschaft in Richtung Bioökonomie und der Energiewende gewinnt die Biomasse als Nahrungsmittel, Rohstoff und Energieträger für Deutschland zunehmend an Bedeutung. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde für Deutschland auf Basis der Außenhandelsstatistik ein Überblick über die derzeit mengen- und wertmäßig bedeutendsten Biomasseträger und deren Herkunftsländer erstellt, ausgehend von den Importen für das Jahr 2014.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ksp...
    Report . 2016
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ksp...
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Klein, Viktor;

    Jede Gesellschaft hat einen spezifischen Umgang mit Energie, dessen Charakteristika sich am Energieverbrauch ablesen lassen. Gesellschaftliche Veränderungen führen zum Wandel im Umgang mit Energie und sind deshalb durch Energieverbrauchsindikatoren darstellbar. Dieser Grundidee folgend, behandelt die vorliegende Untersuchung die Auswirkungen der Systemtransformation in den postsozialistischen Staaten auf zentrale Indikatoren des Energieverbrauchs. Unter der Prämisse, dass der Transformationsprozess mittelfristig zu einem Wachstum der Wirtschaft führen wird, werden folgende zentrale Thesen formuliert: Durch nachholenden Konsum wächst der Pro-Kopf-Energieverbrauch. Aufgrund von Veränderung der Wirtschaftsstruktur sowie Effizienzverbesserungen sinkt die Energieintensität. Zur Überprüfung dieser Thesen, werden für den Zeitraum 1992-2007 für alle postsozialistischen Transformationsländer Regressionsanalysen durchgeführt. Dabei wird das Verhältnis zwischen Pro-Kopf-Einkommen als Variable für Wirtschaftsentwicklung und den beiden Energieverbrauchindikatoren Pro-Kopf-Verbrauch und Energieintensität analysiert. Danach erfolgt mithilfe von Regressionsanalysen im Länderquerschnitt ein Vergleich der postsozialistischen Staaten im Jahr 2007 untereinander. Hier liegt der Fokus der Untersuchungen auf dem Zusammenhang zwischen ausgewählter Indizes für Entwicklung und Transformation, wie zum Beispiel dem Human Development Index oder dem Bertelsmann Transition Index und den beiden bereits vorgestellten Energieverbrauchsindikatoren. Beim nationalen Fallbeispiel Ukraine werden weiterführende Faktoren wie zum Beispiel die Energieressourcen oder das politische System des Landes zur Untersuchung herangezogen. Zudem erfolgen auf der nationalen Maßstabsebene tiefer gehende Analysen. Die Regressionsanalysen im zeitlichen Längsschnitt ergeben über den gesamten Untersuchungszeitraum oftmals nur einen geringen oder keinen Zusammenhang zwischen den untersuchten Variablen. Werden die Werte hingegen in zwei zeitlich unterschiedlichen Phasen betrachtet, so beschreiben die gefundenen Regressionsgleichungen bei einigen Staaten den Zusammenhang zwischen den untersuchten Variablen sehr gut. Die Zweigliedrigkeit der Entwicklung wird als Zeichen der Wirksamkeit des Transformationsprozesses verstanden: Erst nach einer gewissen Zeit können die Strukturen des alten Systems überwunden werden. Danach erfolgt ein deutlicher Bruch zur Vergangenheit, der sich sichtbar in den Energieverbrauchsindikatoren auswirkt. Die Untersuchungen im Länderquerschnitt zeigen insgesamt wesentlich weniger klare Ergebnisse als die im zeitlichen Längsschnitt durchgeführten Regressionsanalysen. Die deutlichste Tendenz ist, dass die Verteilung der Energieintensität, sich am besten durch die politische Dimension der Systemtransformation erklären lässt. So ist die Höhe der Energieintensität zu einem bestimmten Anteil von Faktoren wie der Wahrung der Bürgerrechte oder der regulatorischen Qualität der Regierungen abhängig. Beim nationalen Fallbeispiel der Ukraine macht die Entwicklung der verbrauchsbeeinflussenden Größen und Energieverbrauchsindikatoren deutlich, wie stark das Land vom Transformationsschock betroffen ist und dass diese Phase mehrere Jahre andauern kann. Der Tiefpunkt der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung wurde erst spät erreicht. Die Energieintensität der Ukraine ist in dieser Phase trotz sinkendem Primärenergieverbrauch stark gestiegen und sinkt erst während der Wachstumsphase des Landes wieder. Sie befindet sich im Vergleich zu anderen Staaten auch am Ende des Untersuchungszeitraums weiterhin auf einem hohen Niveau. Die für die Ukraine durchgeführten Regressionsanalysen zeigen ebenfalls eine deutliche Zweiteilung der Entwicklung. Somit ist auch in der Ukraine ein transformationsbedingter Wandel feststellbar. Die Wirtschaftsstruktur des Landes verändert sich allerdings nur langsam. Ein Großteil des Bruttoinlandsprodukts wird weiterhin in der Industrie generiert, die immer noch überdurchschnittlich stark von energieintensiven Branchen geprägt ist. Aus diesem Grund sank die Energieintensität im industriellen Sektor wesentlich weniger, als im ohnehin wenig energieintensiven Dienstleistungssektor. Zudem stieg der Energieverbrauch der Privathaushalte deutlich an, was die Energieintensität des Landes zusätzlich verschlechtert. Die Betrachtung der Querschnittsuntersuchungen in Bezug auf die Position der Ukraine im internationalen Vergleich zeigt, dass das Land bei den meisten Analyseschritten eine Sonderposition hinsichtlich der Energieintensität belegt. Relativ zur Beurteilung des Transformationserfolgs sind die Intensitätswerte des Landes im Jahr 2007 im Vergleich zu den meisten anderen postsozialistischen Staaten deutlich zu hoch. Die Ukraine zeigt in diesen Untersuchungen mehr Ähnlichkeiten zu energiereichen Autokratien wie Turkmenistan oder Usbekistan, als zu den europäischen Transformationsstaaten. Every society has a specific way of handling energy, the characteristics of which are represented in energy consumption indicators. Societal changes lead to changes in the use of energy and can therefore be described in terms of these indicators. Following this basic idea, the study at hand examines the effects of the system transformation in the post-socialist states on the key indicators of energy consumption. Assuming that the transformation process will lead to midterm economic growth, the following central theses are formulated: Due to a catch-up development, the increase in consumption per capita leads to a growing energy consumption per capita. As a consequence of the changes in the economic structure and efficiency improvements, energy intensity decreases. To verify these theses, regression analyses for all post-socialist transition countries are performed over the 1997-2007 period. These analyses examine the relationship between the income per capita as a proxy for economic development and the two main energy consumption indicators: energy consumption per capita and energy intensity. Furthermore the post-socialist countries are compared with each other for the year 2007 using a regression analysis. In this case the focus is on the relationship between selected indices for development and transformation, such as the Human Development Index (HDI) or the Bertelsmann Transition Index (BTI) and the aforementioned energy consumption indicators. In the national case study of Ukraine additional factors such as energy resources or the political system of the country are included. Besides, the analyses can be deepened on a national scale. The regression analyses over the entire period investigated often show little or no relationship between the variables. However, if the values are considered for two distinct periods, the found regression equations describe the relationship between the variables almost perfectly for some countries. The bipartite development is understood as a sign of the effectiveness of the transformation process: after a certain time, the persistence of the old system can be overcome. Then a sharp break with the past is having an impact which is visible in the energy consumption indicators. The cross-section analyses of all post-socialist countries for the year 2007 have not returned such clear results. The most obvious trend is that the distribution of energy intensity can be best explained by the political dimension of the transformation process. Thus, in states where civil rights are respected and where the regulatory quality of the government is on a high level, the probability of a lower energy intensity is relatively high compared to countries which do not meet these criteria. In the national case study of Ukraine the developments of both the variables influencing consumption and of the energy consumption indicators clearly show how much the country is affected by the transition shock and that this phase can last for several years. The low point of the economic development was not achieved until the late 1990s. The energy intensity of Ukraine has increased sharply over this period despite falling primary energy consumption. It only starts to decrease in the growth phase of the country. However, compared to most other post-socialist states, even at the end of the period investigated, Ukraine’s energy intensity still remains at a high level. The regression analyses carried out for Ukraine show a bipartite development. Thus, transformation-related changes are also apparent in Ukraine. Nevertheless, the economic structure of the country changes only slowly. A large proportion of the gross domestic product is still generated in the industry, which is characterized by above-average energy-intensive industries. For this reason, the energy intensity in the industrial sector declined significantly less than in the already non-energy-intensive service sector. In addition, the increased energy consumption of households rises significantly, contributing to the high level of energy intensity in the country. Therefore, the studies of the position of Ukraine in international comparison show that that in many cases the country occupies a very special position in terms of energy intensity. Compared to most other post-socialist states in 2007 the energy intensity values of Ukraine were clearly too high with regard to the assessment of the success in the transformation process. In this respect Ukraine shows more similarities to the energy-rich autocracies such as Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, rather than to the other European transformation states.

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  • Authors: Harrer, Christian;

    Hydrokinetische Anlagen sind für die energiewirtschaftliche Nutzung der kinetischen Energie einer freien Wasserströmung konstruiert. Grundsätzlich arbeiten sie ähnlich wie Windkraftanlagen. Da die Dichte von Wasser allerdings um das ca. 800-fache größer ist als die von Luft, können hydrokinetische Anlagen um ein Vielfaches kleiner sein. Da hydrokinetische Anlagen in jeder Wasserströmung verortet werden können, welche eine ausreichende Wassertiefe und Mindestfließgeschwindigkeit aufweist, besteht für diese Art der Energiegewinnung ein hohes Potenzial. Zu geeigneten Einsatzorten zählen natürliche Fließgewässer, gezeitenbeeinflusste Fließgewässer, Meeresströmungen und künstliche Fließgewässer, wie beispielsweise Kanäle und Abflüsse. Allerdings wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit ausschließlich auf die Verwendung hydrokinetischer Anlagen in Meeresströmungen eingegangen, wenn wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse und Erfahrungen auf hydrokinetische Anlagen angewendet werden können, die im Inland eingesetzt werden. Da es sich um eine relativ neue Technologie handelt, sind Entwicklungen und Forschungen diesbezüglich finanziell noch unterrepräsentiert. Viele der umweltbezogenen Fragen sind zurzeit noch nicht ausreichend beantwortet worden. Deswegen sollen Demonstrationsprojekte dem Monitoring möglicher Umwelteinwirkungen dienen. Die Schwierigkeit liegt allerdings in der Extrapolation der Umwelteinwirkung eines Prototyps auf die Anwendung einer Vielzahl hydrokinetischer Turbinen an einem Gewässerabschnitt. Die vorliegende Arbeit bietet einen Überblick über die derzeit verfügbaren hydrokinetischen Energieumwandlungssysteme, deren Klassifikation sowie Einblicke in technische Überlegungen und mögliche Umwelteinwirkungen und deren Minderung. ; Hydrokinetic energy conversion devices are designed to capture the kinetic energy while deployed in a stream or current. Conceptually most of them are working similar to wind energy conversion devices. Due to the fact that the density of water is approximately 800 times larger than the density of air, hydrokinetic devices can be much smaller than wind energy conversion devices. There is a significant energy generation potential, given that hydrokinetic devices can be deployed in any water resource having sufficient flow velocity and amount of water to be driven. Water resources that could be used include tidal estuaries, ocean currents, natural streams, and men made constructions like spillways and aqueducts. In the present paper ocean currents are excluded in order to give a specific overview about technologies used for inland streams. Scientific findings in the field of ocean currents were also taken into consideration, when they suited the examined devices. Since this is a relatively new technology, developing companies are small and undercapitalized. Many of the environmental questions havent been addressed sufficiently. Thats why demonstration projects should be deployed for monitoring potential environmental impacts. Although these new technologies seem to have fewer environmental impacts than conventional hydroelectric power plants they require attention relating to the environmental point of view. The challenge lies in extrapolating the effects of a single demonstration device to a full scale build-out. This work offers an overview and classification of available hydrokinetic energy conversion devices around the globe and is giving an insight into technical considerations and potential environmental impacts. ; Christian Harrer ; Zsfassung in engl. Sprache ; Wien, Univ. für Bodenkultur, Masterarb., 2014 ; (VLID)1127141

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  • Authors: Aschauer, Dominik;

    In the described case, the dust and ash particles are removed in a product gas filter. A scrubber with packed bed was used to clean the product gas from the tar components. The solvent of the scrubber was RME (rapeseed methyl ester), a biodiesel. RME is used because of its good tar separating characteristics. To investigate these tar separation characteristics of RME and the separation efficiency of the scrubber, four enrichment experiments were carried out during this work. These experiments took place at the 'Technikum' nearby the biomass steam gasification plant G��ssing. There, a pilot-scale scrubber and product gas from the gasification plant were used to perform the enrichment experiments. The four experiments are long term experiments with duration of approximately 120 hours each to obtain comparable results, it is necessary to make sure most of parameters are constant during the experiments. Only the RME temperature was changed from 0��C in the first experiment to 40��C in the last experiment. The task of this master thesis was to investigate the removal efficiency of the scrubber for the tar components benzene, toluene and xylene from the gas. During the enrichment experiments, a continuing data recording was fulfilled and in addition discontinuous tar sampling was accomplished. The discontinuous tar samples were taken 0:15h, 1h, 5h, 25h, 120h after the start of the experiments. The tar samples were analyzed in a laboratory and the results give the opportunity to evaluate the efficiency of the scrubber to eliminate benzene, toluene and xylene from the product gas. Using an exponential model, the results were fitted as scrubber efficiency as function of dry product gas volume at standard pressure and temperature. The results give good information about the behavior of toluene and xylene, because they show a good correlation between the temperature of RME and the separation efficiency. The results of benzene do not show this clear correlation. The results show, that, if fresh RME is used, a very good, nearly 100% tar separation is possible. Comparing the results to the CHP's scrubber, it can be concluded, that only a very little fraction of the tar components, which were investigated in this work, are actually removed there. Es wurde im Technikumsma��stab ein Versuchsw��scher mit Produktgas aus dem Biomasseheizkraftwerk G��ssing betrieben. Es wurden vier 120h Anreicherungsversuche bei Temperaturen von 0��C bis 40��C durchgef��hrt, um das Abscheideverhalten zu untersuchen. Die bei den Versuchen betrachteten Teerkomponenten waren Benzol, Toluol und Xylol. Sie wurden ausgew��hlt, da sie die am schwersten abzutrennende Teerfraktion sind. W��hrend der Anreicherungsversuche wurden s��mtliche Parameter m��glichst konstant gehalten, einzig die Temperatur des W��schermediums wurde variiert. Neben einer kontinuierlichen Datenaufzeichnung wurden 0:15h, 1h, 5h, 25h und 120h nach Versuchsstart Teerproben vor und nach dem Versuchsw��scher genommen. Diese Probenahme liefert Messpunkte, um die Effizient des Versuchsw��schers zu beurteilen. Durch ein exponentielles Modell wurden die ermittelten Daten in eine kontinuierliche Funktion des Abscheidegrades umgerechnet. Um die Vergleichbarkeit mit ��hnlichen, mit dem gleichen L��sungsmittel betriebenen W��scher zu gew��hrleisten, wurde das durch den W��scher gereinigte Produktgasnormvolumen in eine Beladung des L��sungsmittels umgerechnet. Somit erh��lt man einen Zusammenhang zwischen dem Abscheidegrad und der Beladung des L��sungsmittels. Die Ergebnisse liefern f��r die Teerkomponenten Toluol und Xylol einen eindeutig erkennbaren Zusammenhang zwischen L��sungsmitteltemperatur und Abscheidegrad. Benzol zeigt diesen Zusammenhang ohne ausf��hrliche Fehlerbetrachtung nicht. Bei geringer Beladung des L��sungsmittels kann ein Abscheidegrad von 100% f��r alle betrachteten Komponenten erreicht werden, mit steigender Beladung nimmt der Abscheidegrad f��r alle Komponenten jedoch stark ab. Die Ergebnisse zeigen des Weiteren, dass sich mit steigender L��sungsmitteltemperatur der Abscheidegrad bei gleicher betrachteter Teerkomponente verschlechtert. Diese Gegebenheiten deuten darauf hin, dass Absorptionsprozesse f��r die Teerabscheidung in einem Biodieselw��scher verantwortlich sind und Kondensation eine untergeordnete Rolle spielt. Ein Vergleich mit dem Kraftwerksw��scher zeigt, dass dieser die beobachteten Teerkomponenten nur zu einem geringen Teil abscheidet.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Alexander-Haw, Abigail; Dütschke, Elisabeth; Helferich, Marvin; Preuß, Sabine; +1 Authors

    This dataset and codebook correspond to the initial round of survey data gathered in Germany in 2022, within the project FULFILL - Fundamental Decarbonisation Through Sufficiency By Lifestyle Changes. As part of Work Package 3 (WP3) in the FULFILL project, we collected quantitative data from six countries: Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Latvia, and India. In the first round of the survey, we recruited a representative sample of approximately 2000 households in each country, taking into account both the individual and household perspectives. The survey includes a quantitative assessment of the carbon footprint in various domains of life, such as housing, mobility, and diet. In addition to this, the survey also measures socio-economic factors such as age, gender, income, education, household size, life stage, and political orientation. Furthermore, the survey includes measures of quality of life, encompassing aspects such as health and well-being, environmental quality, financial security, and comfort.

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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2024
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2024
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2024
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: ZENODO
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      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2024
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      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2024
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      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2024
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao

    Qualitative data set, containing formal and informal interviews field notes from non-participant observations archival documents from a case study of sustainability implementation (spec. living wages, BSCI, DETOX) along a footwear value chain between Germany and China. Data was collected with four parties of the value chain between 2015 and 2020. Languages: German, English, Mandarin (interpreted) Collected and analyzed for the dissertation (doc. rer. pol.) by Stephanie Schrage at Universität Hamburg (defended in October 2020)

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    B2FIND
    Dataset . 2021
    Data sources: B2FIND
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      B2FIND
      Dataset . 2021
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  • Authors: Frondel, Manuel; Vance, Colin; Andor, Mark; Kussel, Gerhard; +4 Authors

    Mit einem Anteil von rund 30% am Endenergieverbrauch und etwa 20% an den CO2-Emissionen haben private Haushalte in Deutschland einen großen Einfluss auf die Umwelt. Gleichzeitig sind private Haushalte ein zentraler Adressat für politische Interventionen zur Bekämpfung des Klimawandels. Vor diesem Hintergrund hat die Politik zahlreiche Maßnahmen zur Verringerung des Energiekonsums und zur Förderung regenerativer Energietechnologien ergriffen. Diese politischen Maßnahmen bedürfen einer sorgfältigen Evaluierung ihrer Effektivität und Kosteneffizienz, um kostspielige Redundanzen durch sich überlappende Instrumente zu vermeiden. Eine solche Evaluation umwelt- und energiepolitischer Maßnahmen erfordert eine umfangreiche Datenbasis. Besonders im Bereich der privaten Haushalte waren solche Daten in Deutschland bislang nicht verfügbar. Die Reagibilität deutscher Haushalte auf Maßnahmen zur Bekämpfung des Klimawandels war daher weitgehend unbekannt. Das Sozial-Ökologische Panel stellt zu diesem Zweck umfangreiche, frei verfügbare Informationen zum Energieverbrauch und Umweltverhalten privater Haushalte bereit. Die Befragung wurde in vier Wellen durchgeführt. Es liegen Daten für die Jahre 2012, 2013, 2014 und 2015 vor. Diese Daten können anhand einer ID aneinander gespielt werden. Darauf aufbauend können ökonometrische Schätzungen und Analysen verschiedener Präferenzindikatoren sowie des Anpassungsverhaltens privater Haushalte an den Klimawandel durchgeführt werden. Dieser Datensatz umfasst die Daten der Erhebung im Jahr 2012. With a share of 30% in total final energy consumption and around 20% in CO2 emissions, private households in Germany strongly affect the environment. At the same time private households are an important target group for policy interventions to fight climate change. Against this background, numerous policy measures that intend to decrease energy consumption and to support renewable energy technologies have been introduced. These policy measures call for accurate evaluation to avoid expensive redundancies due to overlapping policy instruments. The evaluation of energy and environmental policy measures requires comprehensive and reliable data. So far such data was unavailable in Germany, especially in the context of private households. Hence, the responsiveness of German households to climate protection policies was unknown. For this purpose, the Socio-Ecological Panel offers rich information on household’s energy consumption and environmental behavior. The data was gathered in four household surveys conducted in 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015. The survey waves can be merged using the household ID. The data builds the basis for empirical analyses of households’ adaptation to climate change and the evaluation of environmental and climate policy measures. This data set comprises the information gathered in the 2012 survey wave and is labelled in German. It is available in German and English. Offline Rekrutierung für das repräsentative forsa omninet panel Selbst ausgefüllter Fragebogen Self-completed questionnaire 10.000 deutsche Haushalte Green-SÖP Green-SÖP

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    Authors: Boer, Lukas;

    Diese Dissertation beantwortet verschiedene politikrelevante ökonomische Fragen in den Bereichen Handelspolitik, Geldpolitik, sowie Rohstoffmärkte und Energieökonomik mit Hilfe von strukturellen Vektorautoregressionsmodellen (SVAR). SVARs stellen eine effektive Möglichkeit dar, die Beziehungen zwischen verschiedenen makroökonomischen und/oder Finanzmarkt-Variablen zu modellieren und werden verwendet, um die dynamischen kausalen Effekte von ökonomischen Schocks zu schätzen. Für jede ökonomische Fragestellung wird eine Identifikationsstrategie angewandt, die auf die betrachteten Daten und ihre statistischen Eigenschaften sowie die zugrundeliegenden Annahmen über ökonomische Mechanismen zwischen den betrachteten Zeitreihen zugeschnitten ist. Im Einzelnen besteht diese Dissertation aus vier Kapiteln. In den ersten beiden Kapiteln werden die Auswirkungen von Handelspolitik auf Finanzmärkte und auf die Makroökonomie geschätzt. Das dritte Kapitel liefert einen methodischen Beitrag zur SVAR-Literatur, der in einer Anwendung zu den Effekten von Geldpolitik dargestellt wird. Das letzte Kapitel verlässt die Felder der Handels- und Geldpolitik und wendet sich Rohstoffmärkten und der Energiewirtschaft zu, stützt sich dabei aber ebenfalls auf Zeitreihenmethoden. Es analysiert die Rolle von Metallen in der Energiewende. This dissertation answers various policy relevant economic questions in the fields of trade policy, monetary policy, and commodity markets and energy economics using structural vector autoregression (SVAR) models. SVARs constitute a parsimonious way to model the relations between different macroeconomic and/or financial variables and they are used to estimate the dynamic causal effects of economic shocks. For each economic question, this dissertation applies an identification strategy that is tailored to the relevant data and its statistical properties as well as the underlying assumptions about economic mechanisms among the regarded time series. Specifically, this dissertation consists of four chapters. The first two chapters estimate the effects of trade policy on financial markets and on the macroeconomy. The third chapter makes a methodological contribution to the SVAR literature in an application to monetary policy shocks. The final chapter moves away from trade and monetary policy to commodity markets and energy economics but also relies on time series methods. It analyzes the role of metals for the clean energy transition.

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    Authors: Kruck, Christoph;

    Die Stromerzeugung aus Windenergie hat in den vergangenen Jahren, insbesondere unterstützt durch das Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz (EEG), stark zugenommen und belief sich im Jahr 2006 auf einen Anteil von rund 4,8 % an der Bruttostromerzeugung. Aufgrund des fluktuierenden Charakters der Windstromerzeugung ist die Integration und Einspeisung dieses Anteils in das Netz der öffentlichen Versorgung bereits heute mit teilweise erheblichen Problemen verbunden. Diese werden sich in Zukunft weiter verstärken, wenn der geplante Einstieg in die Offshore-Windenergienutzung wie geplant stattfindet und in den kommenden Jahren einige GW Leistung Offshore installiert werden. Grundsätzlich bieten sich zwei Lösungsansätze für die angesprochene Problematik an, die sich gegenseitig ergänzen: Zum einen können durch exaktere Prognoseverfahren die zu erwartenden Windstrommengen besser vorhergesagt und damit zugleich die Fahrpläne der konventionellen (Schatten-)Kraftwerke genauer erstellt werden. Der Bedarf an Ausgleichsenergie wird durch dieses Verfahren minimiert. Im Fall von Windflauten muss jedoch die gesamte nachgefragte Leistung durch konventionelle Kraftwerke bereitgestellt werden. Zum anderen kann durch den Einsatz von Speicherkraftwerken eine zeitliche Entkopplung von Energieangebot und –bedarf realisiert werden, indem in Zeiten hohen Windenergieangebots ein Teil des Windstroms zwischengespeichert wird und umgekehrt in Windflauten das Speicherkraftwerk die Strombereitstellung übernimmt. Mit Hilfe dieses Verfahrens erfolgt dementsprechend eine Anpassung des Angebots an die Nachfrage. Die vorliegende Arbeit konzentriert sich auf den zweiten Ansatz und entwickelt ein Simulationsmodell, mit dessen Hilfe ein Windpark-Speicher-System abgebildet und eine Vergleichmäßigung des Windstroms durch Integration verschiedener Speichertechnologen (diabates/adiabates Druckluft-Speicherkraftwerk, Pumpspeicherkraftwerk) simuliert wird. Ziel der Vergleichmäßigung ist die kontinuierliche Bereitstellung einer garantierten Leistung. Die verbleibenden Fluktuationen werden durch einen Abgleich mit der Nachfrageseite in Form der Netzlast berücksichtigt. Für unterschiedliche Systemvarianten werden sowohl die Stromgestehungskosten als auch die spezifischen CO2-Emissionen berechnet, um auf dieser Basis einen Vergleich der einzelnen Systeme zu ermöglichen. Grundlegende Parameter wie beispielsweise die energetische Speicherkapazität, die spezifischen Investitionskosten der Windenergieanlagen und des Speicherkraftwerks oder auch die Bezugskosten für Ausgleichsenergie werden anschließend in Form von Sensitivitätsanalysen und Parametervariation detailliert untersucht. Auf diese Weise können die unter konstant gesetzten Parametern gewonnenen Ergebnisse bestätigt bzw. kritisch hinterfragt werden, wobei insbesondere der Einfluss der verschiedenen Eingangsgrößen auf die Stromgestehungskosten im Detail analysiert wird. In der Folge werden vielversprechende Systemkonfigurationen unter dem Zielkriterium möglichst geringer Stromgestehungskosten identifiziert. Zudem wird geprüft, welche Anforderungen an die Kostenentwicklung speziell von Druckluft-Speicherkraftwerken zu stellen sind, um mit einem konventionellen Vergleichssystem konkurrenzfähig zu werden. Power generation from wind energy has increased significantly in the past years reaching 4.8 % of the gross power generation. This development was especially promoted by the re-newable energy law (Erneuerbares-Energien-Gesetz). The integration and feed-in of this power into the grid is associated with considerable problems as the wind power generation is characterised by its fluctuating nature. These diffi-culties will grow and accelerate if the planned wind parks in the North or Baltic Sea with some GW power are realised in the following years. In principle there are two methods of resolution for this kind of problem which com-plement one another: On the one hand it’s possible to develop better forecasting models in order to forecast the wind power generation more accurately. By this means also the operation of the conventional power plants can be planned more accurately. In the consequence the de-mand for balancing power is minimized. Nevertheless it’s inevitable to provide the total sum of demanded power in times of wind calms by conventional power plants. Concerning the second method the operation of storage facilities is involved in the system in order to realise a temporal decoupling of energy supply and demand. In times with high wind power generation the storage unit is filled and vice versa in wind calms the storage facility is able to provide power. Thus the supply side is adapted to the demand side. The following thesis focuses on the second method. A tool is developed, simulating the operation of a windpark-storage system, in order to equalise the wind power generation by the help of different storage technologies (diabatic/adiabatic compressed air energy storage, pumped hydro). The equalisation aims at the continuous supply of a guaranteed power. Re-maining fluctuations of wind power are considered by a comparison of demand and supply side, whereas the demand side is represented by the system load. The costs of generating electricity as well as the specific CO2-emissions are calculated for different configurations resulting in a comparison of the different systems. Following fun-damental parameters as the energy storage capacity, the specific investment costs of the wind power plants and the storage facility or the price of balancing power are examined in detail by the help of a sensitivity analysis. In so doing it is possible to confirm or to question the results calculated with fixed parameters. In this context especially the influence of different parame-ters on the costs of generating electricity is analysed. Finally promising system configurations with the aim of reducing the costs of generat-ing electricity are identified. Moreover the requirements concerning the reduction of invest-ment costs especially of compressed air energy storage systems in order to achieve competi-tiveness with a conventional system are examined.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18419/op...
    Doctoral thesis . 2008
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    The companies of the photovoltaic industry have experienced considerable growth in recent years. And further growth is forecasted for the coming years. By now, nearly two million single photovoltaic (PV) installations generate electricity from sunlight around the world. Thereby, the wafer-based PV products have a market share of about 80-85%. The interim shortage of silicon and the increasing cost pressure in the market give rise to ever thinner and larger wafers. Thus, the "PV Roadmap for Crystalline Silicon" of the German cell producers expects an average wafer thickness of 100 µm until 2020 and the next generation of wafer thickness in 2015. This trend brings about new challenges for the PV industry: due to the manual and automated handling in the manufacturing the silicon-based wafers are exposed to mechanical stress. If the wafers, however, become ever thinner they lose their mechanical stability and might form cracks when exposed to huge forces during the handling.These cracks, however, cause a higher breakage rate and are one of the main reasons for breakdowns of the finished modules. The damage-free handling of the very fragile silicon wafers will gain in importance due to the expected increase in the throughput. Therefore, the handling systems and components must not only handle the sensitive substrates as gently as possible but also with high speed and precision in the µm range. For this purpose, new adjusted handling components are required. This thesis aims at making a contribution to the optimal selection of handling components for the photovoltaic industry. The primary target is the development of an objective and vendor-independent evaluation procedure for grippers especially used in the cell and module manufacturing. The procedure to be developed should be suitable for cell, equipment and machine manufacturers as well as for component suppliers. Furthermore, the procedure should be applicable to identical and variable grippingprinciples. The result of the method should be the optimal decision guidance for the user and should enable an adequate and neutral classification of the tested gripper. Der enorme Ausbau der Produktionskapazitäten der Photovoltaik-Industrie in den vergangenen Jahren hat auch die Anforderungen an den Maschinen- und Anlagenbau erhöht. Die Automatisierung in der Fertigung von Solarzellen spielt dabei zur Sicherung von Qualität und Ausbeute und somit auch für die Kostenreduktion eine entscheidende Rolle. Die sich erhöhenden Materialtransportintensitäten zwischen den einzelnen Prozessschritten stellen dabei eine nicht zu vernachlässigende Herausforderung dar: Die zunehmend dünneren und fragilen Substrate bei verkürzten Zykluszeiten bringen insbesondere die Handhabung an deren physikalische Grenzen. Vor diesem Hintergrund gewinnt eine Bewertung der Leistungsfähigkeit von Handhabungskomponenten verstärkt an Bedeutung. Die Ausgangssituation zeigt, dass in der Zellfertigung aktueller Fertigungslinien insbesondere die greiferbasierte Handhabung mit Pick-and-Place-Charakter bereits parallel eingesetzt wird, um den hohen Durchsätzen gerecht zuwerden. Hierbei muss der Aufnahme- und Ablagevorgang so schnell und schädigungsarm durchgeführt werden, dass sowohl der geforderte Durchsatz, wie auch die erforderliche Qualität erreicht werden können. Durch diese Randbedingungen sind neue und erhöhte Anforderungen an die Greiferauswahl und die optimale Parametereinstellung des eingesetzten Greifers zu stellen. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt ein neues, angepassten Verfahren für die Leistungsbewertung von Greifern für Silizium-Wafer. Im Vordergrund steht die Entwicklung eines objektiven und herstellerunabhängigen Bewertungsverfahrens für Greifer, die insbesonders in der Zell- und Modulfertigung eingesetzt werden. Das zu entwickelnde Verfahren kann sowohl von Zellherstellern, Anlagen- und Maschinenbauern, aber auch von Komponentenlieferanten eingesetzt werden. Das daraus resultierende Ergebnis soll eine optimale Entscheidungshilfe für den Anwender darstellen aber auch eine adäquate, neutrale Klassifizierung der getestetenGreifer ermöglichen.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18419/op...
    Doctoral thesis . 2014
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.24406/pu...
    Other literature type . 2014
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.18419/op...
      Doctoral thesis . 2014
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.24406/pu...
      Other literature type . 2014
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    Authors: Domnik, Tobias; Kälber, S.; Leible, L.;

    Im Rahmen der Globalisierung der Rohstoffmärkte, der Ausrichtung der Wirtschaft in Richtung Bioökonomie und der Energiewende gewinnt die Biomasse als Nahrungsmittel, Rohstoff und Energieträger für Deutschland zunehmend an Bedeutung. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde für Deutschland auf Basis der Außenhandelsstatistik ein Überblick über die derzeit mengen- und wertmäßig bedeutendsten Biomasseträger und deren Herkunftsländer erstellt, ausgehend von den Importen für das Jahr 2014.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ksp...
    Report . 2016
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.5445/ksp...
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    Authors: Klein, Viktor;

    Jede Gesellschaft hat einen spezifischen Umgang mit Energie, dessen Charakteristika sich am Energieverbrauch ablesen lassen. Gesellschaftliche Veränderungen führen zum Wandel im Umgang mit Energie und sind deshalb durch Energieverbrauchsindikatoren darstellbar. Dieser Grundidee folgend, behandelt die vorliegende Untersuchung die Auswirkungen der Systemtransformation in den postsozialistischen Staaten auf zentrale Indikatoren des Energieverbrauchs. Unter der Prämisse, dass der Transformationsprozess mittelfristig zu einem Wachstum der Wirtschaft führen wird, werden folgende zentrale Thesen formuliert: Durch nachholenden Konsum wächst der Pro-Kopf-Energieverbrauch. Aufgrund von Veränderung der Wirtschaftsstruktur sowie Effizienzverbesserungen sinkt die Energieintensität. Zur Überprüfung dieser Thesen, werden für den Zeitraum 1992-2007 für alle postsozialistischen Transformationsländer Regressionsanalysen durchgeführt. Dabei wird das Verhältnis zwischen Pro-Kopf-Einkommen als Variable für Wirtschaftsentwicklung und den beiden Energieverbrauchindikatoren Pro-Kopf-Verbrauch und Energieintensität analysiert. Danach erfolgt mithilfe von Regressionsanalysen im Länderquerschnitt ein Vergleich der postsozialistischen Staaten im Jahr 2007 untereinander. Hier liegt der Fokus der Untersuchungen auf dem Zusammenhang zwischen ausgewählter Indizes für Entwicklung und Transformation, wie zum Beispiel dem Human Development Index oder dem Bertelsmann Transition Index und den beiden bereits vorgestellten Energieverbrauchsindikatoren. Beim nationalen Fallbeispiel Ukraine werden weiterführende Faktoren wie zum Beispiel die Energieressourcen oder das politische System des Landes zur Untersuchung herangezogen. Zudem erfolgen auf der nationalen Maßstabsebene tiefer gehende Analysen. Die Regressionsanalysen im zeitlichen Längsschnitt ergeben über den gesamten Untersuchungszeitraum oftmals nur einen geringen oder keinen Zusammenhang zwischen den untersuchten Variablen. Werden die Werte hingegen in zwei zeitlich unterschiedlichen Phasen betrachtet, so beschreiben die gefundenen Regressionsgleichungen bei einigen Staaten den Zusammenhang zwischen den untersuchten Variablen sehr gut. Die Zweigliedrigkeit der Entwicklung wird als Zeichen der Wirksamkeit des Transformationsprozesses verstanden: Erst nach einer gewissen Zeit können die Strukturen des alten Systems überwunden werden. Danach erfolgt ein deutlicher Bruch zur Vergangenheit, der sich sichtbar in den Energieverbrauchsindikatoren auswirkt. Die Untersuchungen im Länderquerschnitt zeigen insgesamt wesentlich weniger klare Ergebnisse als die im zeitlichen Längsschnitt durchgeführten Regressionsanalysen. Die deutlichste Tendenz ist, dass die Verteilung der Energieintensität, sich am besten durch die politische Dimension der Systemtransformation erklären lässt. So ist die Höhe der Energieintensität zu einem bestimmten Anteil von Faktoren wie der Wahrung der Bürgerrechte oder der regulatorischen Qualität der Regierungen abhängig. Beim nationalen Fallbeispiel der Ukraine macht die Entwicklung der verbrauchsbeeinflussenden Größen und Energieverbrauchsindikatoren deutlich, wie stark das Land vom Transformationsschock betroffen ist und dass diese Phase mehrere Jahre andauern kann. Der Tiefpunkt der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung wurde erst spät erreicht. Die Energieintensität der Ukraine ist in dieser Phase trotz sinkendem Primärenergieverbrauch stark gestiegen und sinkt erst während der Wachstumsphase des Landes wieder. Sie befindet sich im Vergleich zu anderen Staaten auch am Ende des Untersuchungszeitraums weiterhin auf einem hohen Niveau. Die für die Ukraine durchgeführten Regressionsanalysen zeigen ebenfalls eine deutliche Zweiteilung der Entwicklung. Somit ist auch in der Ukraine ein transformationsbedingter Wandel feststellbar. Die Wirtschaftsstruktur des Landes verändert sich allerdings nur langsam. Ein Großteil des Bruttoinlandsprodukts wird weiterhin in der Industrie generiert, die immer noch überdurchschnittlich stark von energieintensiven Branchen geprägt ist. Aus diesem Grund sank die Energieintensität im industriellen Sektor wesentlich weniger, als im ohnehin wenig energieintensiven Dienstleistungssektor. Zudem stieg der Energieverbrauch der Privathaushalte deutlich an, was die Energieintensität des Landes zusätzlich verschlechtert. Die Betrachtung der Querschnittsuntersuchungen in Bezug auf die Position der Ukraine im internationalen Vergleich zeigt, dass das Land bei den meisten Analyseschritten eine Sonderposition hinsichtlich der Energieintensität belegt. Relativ zur Beurteilung des Transformationserfolgs sind die Intensitätswerte des Landes im Jahr 2007 im Vergleich zu den meisten anderen postsozialistischen Staaten deutlich zu hoch. Die Ukraine zeigt in diesen Untersuchungen mehr Ähnlichkeiten zu energiereichen Autokratien wie Turkmenistan oder Usbekistan, als zu den europäischen Transformationsstaaten. Every society has a specific way of handling energy, the characteristics of which are represented in energy consumption indicators. Societal changes lead to changes in the use of energy and can therefore be described in terms of these indicators. Following this basic idea, the study at hand examines the effects of the system transformation in the post-socialist states on the key indicators of energy consumption. Assuming that the transformation process will lead to midterm economic growth, the following central theses are formulated: Due to a catch-up development, the increase in consumption per capita leads to a growing energy consumption per capita. As a consequence of the changes in the economic structure and efficiency improvements, energy intensity decreases. To verify these theses, regression analyses for all post-socialist transition countries are performed over the 1997-2007 period. These analyses examine the relationship between the income per capita as a proxy for economic development and the two main energy consumption indicators: energy consumption per capita and energy intensity. Furthermore the post-socialist countries are compared with each other for the year 2007 using a regression analysis. In this case the focus is on the relationship between selected indices for development and transformation, such as the Human Development Index (HDI) or the Bertelsmann Transition Index (BTI) and the aforementioned energy consumption indicators. In the national case study of Ukraine additional factors such as energy resources or the political system of the country are included. Besides, the analyses can be deepened on a national scale. The regression analyses over the entire period investigated often show little or no relationship between the variables. However, if the values are considered for two distinct periods, the found regression equations describe the relationship between the variables almost perfectly for some countries. The bipartite development is understood as a sign of the effectiveness of the transformation process: after a certain time, the persistence of the old system can be overcome. Then a sharp break with the past is having an impact which is visible in the energy consumption indicators. The cross-section analyses of all post-socialist countries for the year 2007 have not returned such clear results. The most obvious trend is that the distribution of energy intensity can be best explained by the political dimension of the transformation process. Thus, in states where civil rights are respected and where the regulatory quality of the government is on a high level, the probability of a lower energy intensity is relatively high compared to countries which do not meet these criteria. In the national case study of Ukraine the developments of both the variables influencing consumption and of the energy consumption indicators clearly show how much the country is affected by the transition shock and that this phase can last for several years. The low point of the economic development was not achieved until the late 1990s. The energy intensity of Ukraine has increased sharply over this period despite falling primary energy consumption. It only starts to decrease in the growth phase of the country. However, compared to most other post-socialist states, even at the end of the period investigated, Ukraine’s energy intensity still remains at a high level. The regression analyses carried out for Ukraine show a bipartite development. Thus, transformation-related changes are also apparent in Ukraine. Nevertheless, the economic structure of the country changes only slowly. A large proportion of the gross domestic product is still generated in the industry, which is characterized by above-average energy-intensive industries. For this reason, the energy intensity in the industrial sector declined significantly less than in the already non-energy-intensive service sector. In addition, the increased energy consumption of households rises significantly, contributing to the high level of energy intensity in the country. Therefore, the studies of the position of Ukraine in international comparison show that that in many cases the country occupies a very special position in terms of energy intensity. Compared to most other post-socialist states in 2007 the energy intensity values of Ukraine were clearly too high with regard to the assessment of the success in the transformation process. In this respect Ukraine shows more similarities to the energy-rich autocracies such as Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, rather than to the other European transformation states.

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  • Authors: Harrer, Christian;

    Hydrokinetische Anlagen sind für die energiewirtschaftliche Nutzung der kinetischen Energie einer freien Wasserströmung konstruiert. Grundsätzlich arbeiten sie ähnlich wie Windkraftanlagen. Da die Dichte von Wasser allerdings um das ca. 800-fache größer ist als die von Luft, können hydrokinetische Anlagen um ein Vielfaches kleiner sein. Da hydrokinetische Anlagen in jeder Wasserströmung verortet werden können, welche eine ausreichende Wassertiefe und Mindestfließgeschwindigkeit aufweist, besteht für diese Art der Energiegewinnung ein hohes Potenzial. Zu geeigneten Einsatzorten zählen natürliche Fließgewässer, gezeitenbeeinflusste Fließgewässer, Meeresströmungen und künstliche Fließgewässer, wie beispielsweise Kanäle und Abflüsse. Allerdings wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit ausschließlich auf die Verwendung hydrokinetischer Anlagen in Meeresströmungen eingegangen, wenn wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse und Erfahrungen auf hydrokinetische Anlagen angewendet werden können, die im Inland eingesetzt werden. Da es sich um eine relativ neue Technologie handelt, sind Entwicklungen und Forschungen diesbezüglich finanziell noch unterrepräsentiert. Viele der umweltbezogenen Fragen sind zurzeit noch nicht ausreichend beantwortet worden. Deswegen sollen Demonstrationsprojekte dem Monitoring möglicher Umwelteinwirkungen dienen. Die Schwierigkeit liegt allerdings in der Extrapolation der Umwelteinwirkung eines Prototyps auf die Anwendung einer Vielzahl hydrokinetischer Turbinen an einem Gewässerabschnitt. Die vorliegende Arbeit bietet einen Überblick über die derzeit verfügbaren hydrokinetischen Energieumwandlungssysteme, deren Klassifikation sowie Einblicke in technische Überlegungen und mögliche Umwelteinwirkungen und deren Minderung. ; Hydrokinetic energy conversion devices are designed to capture the kinetic energy while deployed in a stream or current. Conceptually most of them are working similar to wind energy conversion devices. Due to the fact that the density of water is approximately 800 times larger than the density of air, hydrokinetic devices can be much smaller than wind energy conversion devices. There is a significant energy generation potential, given that hydrokinetic devices can be deployed in any water resource having sufficient flow velocity and amount of water to be driven. Water resources that could be used include tidal estuaries, ocean currents, natural streams, and men made constructions like spillways and aqueducts. In the present paper ocean currents are excluded in order to give a specific overview about technologies used for inland streams. Scientific findings in the field of ocean currents were also taken into consideration, when they suited the examined devices. Since this is a relatively new technology, developing companies are small and undercapitalized. Many of the environmental questions havent been addressed sufficiently. Thats why demonstration projects should be deployed for monitoring potential environmental impacts. Although these new technologies seem to have fewer environmental impacts than conventional hydroelectric power plants they require attention relating to the environmental point of view. The challenge lies in extrapolating the effects of a single demonstration device to a full scale build-out. This work offers an overview and classification of available hydrokinetic energy conversion devices around the globe and is giving an insight into technical considerations and potential environmental impacts. ; Christian Harrer ; Zsfassung in engl. Sprache ; Wien, Univ. für Bodenkultur, Masterarb., 2014 ; (VLID)1127141

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  • Authors: Aschauer, Dominik;

    In the described case, the dust and ash particles are removed in a product gas filter. A scrubber with packed bed was used to clean the product gas from the tar components. The solvent of the scrubber was RME (rapeseed methyl ester), a biodiesel. RME is used because of its good tar separating characteristics. To investigate these tar separation characteristics of RME and the separation efficiency of the scrubber, four enrichment experiments were carried out during this work. These experiments took place at the 'Technikum' nearby the biomass steam gasification plant G��ssing. There, a pilot-scale scrubber and product gas from the gasification plant were used to perform the enrichment experiments. The four experiments are long term experiments with duration of approximately 120 hours each to obtain comparable results, it is necessary to make sure most of parameters are constant during the experiments. Only the RME temperature was changed from 0��C in the first experiment to 40��C in the last experiment. The task of this master thesis was to investigate the removal efficiency of the scrubber for the tar components benzene, toluene and xylene from the gas. During the enrichment experiments, a continuing data recording was fulfilled and in addition discontinuous tar sampling was accomplished. The discontinuous tar samples were taken 0:15h, 1h, 5h, 25h, 120h after the start of the experiments. The tar samples were analyzed in a laboratory and the results give the opportunity to evaluate the efficiency of the scrubber to eliminate benzene, toluene and xylene from the product gas. Using an exponential model, the results were fitted as scrubber efficiency as function of dry product gas volume at standard pressure and temperature. The results give good information about the behavior of toluene and xylene, because they show a good correlation between the temperature of RME and the separation efficiency. The results of benzene do not show this clear correlation. The results show, that, if fresh RME is used, a very good, nearly 100% tar separation is possible. Comparing the results to the CHP's scrubber, it can be concluded, that only a very little fraction of the tar components, which were investigated in this work, are actually removed there. Es wurde im Technikumsma��stab ein Versuchsw��scher mit Produktgas aus dem Biomasseheizkraftwerk G��ssing betrieben. Es wurden vier 120h Anreicherungsversuche bei Temperaturen von 0��C bis 40��C durchgef��hrt, um das Abscheideverhalten zu untersuchen. Die bei den Versuchen betrachteten Teerkomponenten waren Benzol, Toluol und Xylol. Sie wurden ausgew��hlt, da sie die am schwersten abzutrennende Teerfraktion sind. W��hrend der Anreicherungsversuche wurden s��mtliche Parameter m��glichst konstant gehalten, einzig die Temperatur des W��schermediums wurde variiert. Neben einer kontinuierlichen Datenaufzeichnung wurden 0:15h, 1h, 5h, 25h und 120h nach Versuchsstart Teerproben vor und nach dem Versuchsw��scher genommen. Diese Probenahme liefert Messpunkte, um die Effizient des Versuchsw��schers zu beurteilen. Durch ein exponentielles Modell wurden die ermittelten Daten in eine kontinuierliche Funktion des Abscheidegrades umgerechnet. Um die Vergleichbarkeit mit ��hnlichen, mit dem gleichen L��sungsmittel betriebenen W��scher zu gew��hrleisten, wurde das durch den W��scher gereinigte Produktgasnormvolumen in eine Beladung des L��sungsmittels umgerechnet. Somit erh��lt man einen Zusammenhang zwischen dem Abscheidegrad und der Beladung des L��sungsmittels. Die Ergebnisse liefern f��r die Teerkomponenten Toluol und Xylol einen eindeutig erkennbaren Zusammenhang zwischen L��sungsmitteltemperatur und Abscheidegrad. Benzol zeigt diesen Zusammenhang ohne ausf��hrliche Fehlerbetrachtung nicht. Bei geringer Beladung des L��sungsmittels kann ein Abscheidegrad von 100% f��r alle betrachteten Komponenten erreicht werden, mit steigender Beladung nimmt der Abscheidegrad f��r alle Komponenten jedoch stark ab. Die Ergebnisse zeigen des Weiteren, dass sich mit steigender L��sungsmitteltemperatur der Abscheidegrad bei gleicher betrachteter Teerkomponente verschlechtert. Diese Gegebenheiten deuten darauf hin, dass Absorptionsprozesse f��r die Teerabscheidung in einem Biodieselw��scher verantwortlich sind und Kondensation eine untergeordnete Rolle spielt. Ein Vergleich mit dem Kraftwerksw��scher zeigt, dass dieser die beobachteten Teerkomponenten nur zu einem geringen Teil abscheidet.

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