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A prototype air cycle cooling system, designed for forced cooling of HPOF pipe-type cable, was built under an EPRI contract. Its main components are a turbine and compressor operated on a single high speed shaft and a compact cable. oil to air heat exchanger. Air cooling is supplemented by a spray water system. Tests were conducted on the prototype unit at the EPRI Waltz Mill Cable Test Facility to evaluate its performance and operating characteristics. This paper briefly describes this equipment and presents the results of the test program.

Climate change is a global problem, which affects the various geographical regions at different levels. It is also associated with a wide range of human health problems, which pose a burden to health systems, especially in regions such as Africa. Indeed, across the African continent public health systems are under severe pressure, partly due to their fragile socioeconomic conditions. This paper reports on a cross-sectional study in six African countries (Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa, Namibia, Ethiopia, and Kenya) aimed at assessing their vulnerabilities to climate change, focusing on its impacts on human health. The study evaluated the levels of information, knowledge, and perceptions of public health professionals. It also examined the health systems’ preparedness to cope with these health hazards, the available resources, and those needed to build resilience to the country’s vulnerable population, as perceived by health professionals. The results revealed that 63.1% of the total respondents reported that climate change had been extensively experienced in the past years, while 32% claimed that the sampled countries had experienced them to some extent. Nigerian respondents recorded the highest levels (67.7%), followed by Kenya with 66.6%. South Africa had the lowest level of impact as perceived by the respondents (50.0%) when compared with the other sampled countries. All respondents from Ghana and Namibia reported that health problems caused by climate change are common in the two countries. As perceived by the health professionals, the inadequate resources reiterate the need for infrastructural resources, medical equipment, emergency response resources, and technical support. The study’s recommendations include the need to improve current policies at all levels (i.e., national, regional, and local) on climate change and public health and to strengthen health professionals’ skills. Improving the basic knowledge of health institutions to better respond to a changing climate is also recommended. The study provides valuable insights which may be helpful to other nations in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Abstract. The impact of multiphase reactions involving nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and aromatic compounds was simulated in this study. A mechanism (CAPRAM 2.4, MODAC Mechanism) was applied for the aqueous phase reactions, whereas RACM was applied for the gas phase chemistry. Liquid droplets were considered as monodispersed with a mean radius of 0.1 µm and a liquid content (LC) of 50 µg m-3. The multiphase mechanism has been further extended to the chemistry of aromatics, i.e. reactions involving benzene, toluene, xylene, phenol and cresol have been added. In addition, reaction of NO2 with dissociated hydroxyl substituted aromatic compounds has also been implemented. These reactions proceed through charge exchange leading to nitrite ions and therefore to nitrous acid formation. The strength of this source was explored under urban polluted conditions. It was shown that it may increase gas phase HONO levels under some conditions and that the extent of this effect is strongly pH dependent. Especially under moderate acidic conditions (i.e. pH above 4) this source may represent more than 75% of the total HONO/NO2 - production rate, but this contribution drops down close to zero in acidic droplets (as those often encountered in urban environments).

This paper addresses some questions that climate change raises for international law. It focuses in particular on the request for an advisory opinion submitted by the United Nations General Assembly to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on 29 March 2023. This request is analysed as a further manifestation of the international community’s concern to clarify the international responsibility of states to prevent, mitigate and remedy the damage caused by climate change. The study argues that the ICJ could clarify obligations under existing treaties. There may also be a particular opportunity for the Court to expand its jurisprudence on other sources of international law. In particular, it asks whether the ICJ could confirm the emergence of a specific customary rule on the issue.

Straw and other biomasses can cause severe problems when used as fuel in combustion systems. Some of the major problems include high emission of alkalis, HCl, and especially SO2 to the gas phase. T...

Datacenter power demand has been continuously growing and is the key driver of its cost. An accurate mapping of compute resources (CPU, RAM, etc.) and hardware types (servers, accelerators, etc.) to power consumption has emerged as a critical requirement for major Web and cloud service providers. With the global growth in datacenter capacity and associated power consumption, such models are essential for important decisions around datacenter design and operation. In this paper, we discuss two classes of statistical power models designed and validated to be accurate, simple, interpretable and applicable to all hardware configurations and workloads across hyperscale datacenters of Google fleet. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest scale power modeling study of this kind, in both the scope of diverse datacenter planning and real-time management use cases, as well as the variety of hardware configurations and workload types used for modeling and validation. We demonstrate that the proposed statistical modeling techniques, while simple and scalable, predict power with less than 5% Mean Absolute Percent Error (MAPE) for more than 95% diverse Power Distribution Units (more than 2000) using only 4 features. This performance matches the reported accuracy of the previous started-of-the-art methods, while using significantly less features and covering a wider range of use cases.

This paper evaluates the performance of a recently patented rotationally asymmetrical dielectric totally internally reflective concentrator (RADTIRC) under diffuse radiation. The RADTIRC has a geometrical concentration gain of 4.969 and two half acceptance angles of ± 30° and ± 40° along the x-axis and z-axis respectively. Simulation and experimental work have been carried out to determine the optical concentration gain under diffuse radiation. It was found that the RADTIRC has an optical concentration gain of 1.94 under diffuse irradiance. The experimental results for the single concentrator showed an optoelectronic gain of 2.13, giving a difference of 9.8% due to factors such as the presence of direct radiation during experiments, the increase in diffuse radiation due to the reflection from surrounded buildings as well as from the ground reflection.