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Consumer interest in food products, including fresh vegetables, with health promoting properties is rising. In fresh vegetables, these properties include vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and secondary compounds, which collectively impart a large portion of the dietary, nutritional or health value associated with vegetable intake. Many, including farmers, aim to increase the health-promoting properties of fresh vegetables on the whole but they face at least three obstacles. First, describing crop composition in terms of its nutrition-based impact on human health is complex and there are few, if any, accepted processes and associated metrics for assessing and managing vegetable composition on-farm, at the origin of supply. Second, data suggest that primary and secondary metabolism can be 'in conflict' when establishing the abundance versus composition of a crop. Third, fresh vegetable farmers are rarely compensated for the phytochemical composition of their product. The development and implementation of a fresh vegetable 'nutritional yield' index could be instrumental in overcoming these obstacles. Nutritional yield is a function of crop biomass and tissue levels of health-related metabolites, including bioavailable antioxidant potential. Data from a multi-factor study of leaf lettuce primary and secondary metabolism and the literature suggest that antioxidant yield is sensitive to genetic and environmental production factors, and that changes in crop production and valuation will be required for fresh vegetable production systems to become more focused and purposeful instruments of public health.

• Premise of the study: Climate change is associated with phenological shifts in an increasing number of organisms worldwide. However, accurate estimates of these shifts are dependent on long‐term data sets that include phenological observations from before annual average temperatures began to rise.• Methods: We compared the first flowering times of native prairie plants between 2007 and 2010 with historical data recorded by O. A. Stevens from 1910 to 1961. By merging climate variable data from the same time period, it also was possible to correlate first flowering dates with associated climate variables.• Key results: Over the past 100 years, spring temperatures in the Red River Valley near Fargo, North Dakota, USA, have increased, and growing seasons have lengthened significantly. Seventy‐five percent of the 178 species observed by Stevens had flowering times that were sensitive to at least one variable related to temperature or precipitation. Over the past 4 yr, 5% to 17% of the species observed have significantly shifted their first flowering time either earlier or later relative to the previous century.• Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that as spring temperatures in the northern Great Plains have increased and the growing season has lengthened, some spring flowering species have advanced their first flowering time, some fall species have delayed their first flowering, and some species have not changed. Given the importance of flowering timing for reproductive success, the changing climate in the Great Plains is expected to have long‐term ecological and evolutionary consequences for native plant species.

Abstract Industrial hemp, (Cannabis sativa L.), one of the earliest crops spun for fiber, is now used for a variety of commercial products including paper, textiles, clothing, biodegradable plastics, biofuel, food, animal feed etc., all of which are derived from hemp fiber or seeds. Being wind pollinated, dioecious and staminate hemp plants produce large amounts of pollen that are attractive to bees. Hemp flowering in northern Colorado, where this study was conducted, occurs between the end of July and the end of September. This time period coincides with a dearth of pollinator-friendly crop plants in the region, making hemp flowers a potentially valuable source of pollen for foraging bees. Here we present the diversity and abundance of bees collected in the fields of flowering hemp. A total of 23 different genera of bees were collected of which the European honeybee, Apis mellifera at 38% of the total abundance was the most dominant followed by Melissodes bimaculata at 25% and Peponapis pruinosa at 16%. These three genera made up nearly 80% of the total abundance. While hemp does not produce any nectar, the pollen rich nature of the flowers can make hemp an ecologically valuable crop. As cultivation of hemp continues to expand, we expect insect pests on hemp to also become prevalent. Our results documenting bee diversity in flowering hemp provides the impetus for the development of integrated pest management plans that protect pollinators while controlling pests.

In this study, pyrolysis of microalgal remnants was investigated for recovery of energy and nutrients. Chlorella vulgaris biomass was first solvent-extracted for lipid recovery then the remnants were used as the feedstock for fast pyrolysis experiments using a fluidized bed reactor at 500 °C. Yields of bio-oil, biochar, and gas were 53, 31, and 10 wt.%, respectively. Bio-oil from C. vulgaris remnants was a complex mixture of aromatics and straight-chain hydrocarbons, amides, amines, carboxylic acids, phenols, and other compounds with molecular weights ranging from 70 to 1200 Da. Structure and surface topography of the biochar were analyzed. The high inorganic content (potassium, phosphorous, and nitrogen) of the biochar suggests it may be suitable to provide nutrients for crop production. The bio-oil and biochar represented 57% and 36% of the energy content of the microalgae remnant feedstock, respectively.

Background: Chronic alcohol consumption has been demonstrated to be deleterious to bone health. However, binge drinking is the prevalent form of drinking in young people, which was the impetus for the present study to determine the effect of week‐end and week‐long binge drinking on bone health in a young actively growing animal model. Methods: Four‐week‐old, female, Sprague‐Dawley rats were given the amount of 5% alcohol by gavage to be equivalent to a 63 kg woman drinking six beers a day for either 2 or 5 consecutive days per week. Results: There were no changes in the 5‐day binge animals, but the 2‐day binge animals were hypocalcemia Similarly, 2‐day binge animals had slightly increased bone chemistry and histomorphometric values for both tibia and femur, but only femur length, dry weight, and ash weight as well as femur density, presented either as g/ml or ash weight per unit volume, were increased by a statistically significant level. Cross‐section periosteal Mineral Apposition Rate (MAR) was significantly decreased in the 2‐day alcohol fed animals. Conclusions: Actively growing rats given 5% alcohol by gavage for 2 days per week have an increased bone length, bone weight, and bone density. The interpretation of these results must be viewed with great caution because studies of chronic alcohol consumption, and many studies of acute drinking, clearly indicate deleterious effects of alcohol on bone health. Those fed alcohol for 5 days per week showed no change.

Abstract The eddy covariance method was used to investigate carbon fluxes and evapotranspiration (ET) from a high biomass forage sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L.) field in the Southern U.S. Great Plains for three growing seasons (2013–2015). Above normal precipitation and narrow row spacing (50 cm) led to higher biomass production (25 Mg ha −1 ) and leaf area index (LAI = 7.2) development in 2014. This also resulted in higher carbon uptake or net ecosystem production (NEP) and ET during that year. Early and late season precipitation enhanced ecosystem respiration (R eco ) resulting in lower NEP in 2015. Shorter growing season (119 days) also contributed to lower cumulative NEP in 2015. Estimated gross primary production (GPP) in 2014 (1780 g m −2 ) was 10% higher than the GPP in 2013 (1591 g m −2 ) and 24% higher than the GPP in 2015 (1353 g m −2 ). During all growing seasons, the site was a source of carbon (negative NEP) at the beginning and transitioned to a sink (positive NEP) later in the season. Biomass-GPP relationship indicated that approximately 65% of total GPP was allocated to above ground biomass (AGB). Average monthly ecosystem WUE (expressed as gross carbon gain per unit of ET) ranged from 1.7 g mm −1 to 4.2 g mm −1 . Results from our study indicate that weather conditions, growing season length and crop management are important factors in determining the magnitude of carbon uptake and release, and ET of this cellulosic biofuel feedstock crop in the Southern U.S. Great Plains.

Abstract This paper provides the first estimates of China's global developmental finance institutions in general and China's policy bank lending to foreign governments for energy in particular. According to the China Global Energy Finance database, between 2000 and 2017, China Development Bank (CDB) and China Export-Import Bank (CHEXIM) provided $225.75 billion in overseas energy development finance. We find that: China's ‘policy banks’ and funds have doubled the availability of global development finance –and hold more assets than the major Western-backed MDBs operating in developing countries. With the onset of a new family of funds and multilateral development banks co-financed by China, China is poised to be the largest development lender in the world as Western-backed MDBs appear stagnated in their ability to increase their capital bases. China's global energy portfolio is heavily exposed to country, macroeconomic, climate, and social risks, however. To mitigate such risks and meet the broader sustainable development challenge for the 21st Century, China's development finance will need to shift the composition of its global energy lending in a significant manner.

Abstract The ecological footprint is a measure of the resources necessary to produce the goods that an individual or population consumes. It is also used as a measure of sustainability, though evidence suggests that it falls short. The assumptions behind footprint calculations have been extensively criticized; I present here further evidence that it fails to satisfy simple economic principles because the basic assumptions are contradicted by both theory and historical data. Specifically, I argue that the footprint arbitrarily assumes both zero greenhouse gas emissions, which may not be ex ante optimal, and national boundaries, which makes extrapolating from the average ecological footprint problematic. The footprint also cannot take into account intensive production, and so comparisons to biocapacity are erroneous. Using only the assumptions of the footprint then, one could argue that the Earth can sustain greatly increased production, though there are important limitations that the footprint cannot address, such as land degradation. Finally, the lack of correlation between land degradation and the ecological footprint obscures the effects of a larger sustainability problem. Better measures of sustainability would address these issues directly.

A retrospective analysis of a large database of maternal and litter variables in rats collected over several years evaluated the robustness of fetal alcohol effects on birthweight. Pregnant rats were fed a liquid diet in which 35% of the calories were derived from alcohol. Control dams were pairfed an isocaloric liquid diet or were fed lab chow ad lib. Alcohol exposure produced large, highly significant, and reliable decreases in birthweight of male and female pups. Multiple regression analyses indicated that alcohol exposure per se, much more than restricted caloric intake alone, caused these effects. Litters of pairfed dams weighed less than chowfed controls but the effects were less consistent, varying with season and requiring more litters to discriminate the effects of restricted caloric intake. Power analyses indicated that 7 to 12 litters per group are needed for detecting a statistically significant reduction in birthweight due to prenatal alcohol exposure, even with single pups selected at random from each litter. Alcohol-exposed pups also weighed consistently and significantly less than both the chowfed and pairfed pups, whereas differences between chowfed and pairfed groups were much smaller and inconsistent. The results imply that decreased birthweight is a consistent characteristic of prenatal alcohol exposure.