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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Amann, Jean-Marc;

    The aim of the present study is to assess and compare various processes aiming at recover CO2 from power plants fed with natural gas (NGCC) and pulverized coal (PC). These processes are post-combustion CO2 capture using chemical solvents, natural gas reforming for pre-combustion capture by methanol and oxy-fuel combustion with cryogenic recovery of CO2. These processes were evaluated using the process software Aspen PlusTM to give some clues for choosing the best option for each type of power plant. With regard to post-combustion, an aqueous solution based on a mixture of amines (N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) and triethylene tetramine (TETA)) was developed. Measurements of absorption were carried out between 298 and 333 K in a Lewis cell. CO2 partial pressure at equilibrium, characteristic of its solubility in the solvent, was determined up to 393 K. The solvent performances were compared with respect to more conventional solvents such as MDEA and monoethanolamine (MEA). For oxy-fuel combustion, a recovery process, based on a cryogenic separation of the components of the flue gas, was developed and applied to power plants. The study showed that O2 purity acts on the CO2 concentration in the flue gas and thus on the performances of the recovery process. The last option is natural gas reforming with CO2 pre-combustion capture. Several configurations were assessed: air reforming and oxygen reforming, reforming pressure and dilution of the synthesis gas. The comparison of these various concepts suggests that, in the short and medium term, chemical absorption is the most interesting process for NGCC power plants. For CP power plants, oxy-combustion can be a very interesting option, as well as post-combustion capture by chemical solvents. La présente étude a pour objectif d'évaluer et de comparer entre eux divers procédés de captage du CO2 appliqués aux centrales thermiques alimentées en gaz naturel (NGCC) et au charbon pulvérisé (CP). Ces procédés consistent en un captage du CO2 des fumées en post-combustion par des solvants chimiques, une décarbonisation du gaz naturel avec captage du CO2 en pré-combustion par un solvant physique et l'oxy-combustion du combustible avec séparation frigorifique du CO2. Ces procédés ont été évalués à l'aide du logiciel de procédés Aspen PlusTM pour aider à choisir la meilleure option pour chaque type de centrale. Pour la post-combustion, une solution aqueuse basée sur un mélange d'amines (N-méthyldiéthanolamine (MDEA) et triéthylène tétramine (TETA)) a été évaluée. Des mesures d'absorption ont été réalisées entre 298 et 333 K dans un réacteur fermé type cellule de Lewis. La pression partielle du CO2 à l'équilibre, caractéristique de la solubilité du CO2 dans le solvant, a été déterminée jusqu'à 393 K. Les performances sont comparées vis à vis de solvants plus conventionnels tels que la MDEA et la monoéthanolamine (MEA). Pour l'oxy-combustion, un procédé de captage, basé sur une séparation des composants des fumées à faible température, a été développé et appliqué aux centrales NGCC et CP. L'étude a montré que la pureté du flux d'O2 avait une influence non négligeable sur la concentration en CO2 dans les fumées et donc sur les performances du procédé de séparation. La dernière option étudiée est le reformage du gaz naturel qui permet un captage du CO2 en amont du système de production de l'électricité. Plusieurs configurations ont été évaluées : reformage à l'air ou à l'oxygène, pression de reformage et dilution du gaz de synthèse. La comparaison de ces différents concepts suggère que, à court et moyen terme, l'absorption chimique soit le procédé le plus intéressant pour la centrale NGCC. Pour la centrale CP, l'oxy-combustion peut être une option très intéressante, au même titre que le captage en post-combustion par absorption chimique.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
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  • Authors: Charles, Elodie;

    The Aquitanian coast, as well as most coastal regions, is influenced by several hydrodynamical factors. Those factors can be modified by climate change. This study aims at studying climate change impact mainly on wave conditions which affect the Aquitanian coast.Using dynamical downscaling, waves are modelled from the North Atlantic Ocean towards the Bay of Biscay at a 10 km spatial resolution exclusively from wind fields. Waves are simulated with WAVEWATCH III spectral wave model, for the present climate (wind fields issued from the ERA-40 reanalysis) and for a control scenario and three future greenhouse gas emission scenarios (A2, A1B, B1) (wind fields issued from the RETIC simulations of ARPEGE-Climat). The database calibration and validation are based on local buoy measurements. Wind fields issued from climate model present systematic biases, therefore, a quantile-quantile correction is applied to wave projections.Wave climate evolution analysis is done in two steps. Firstly, present wave climate (1958-2001) is investigated regarding multi-decadal trends and interannual variability. A significant increase of summer wave height is identified on the period 1970-2001 (0.54 cm/y at the Biscay buoy). Concerning largest wave heights, a significant shift of directions is noticed for autumn (up to −0.47°/y from 1974 to 2001 at the Biscay buoy) and spring (0.3°/y from 1958 to 2001 at the Biscay buoy). The strong interannual variability of wave conditions is correlated to several general atmospheric circulation preferential modes (teleconnexion patterns and weather regimes). This underlines a strong link between local wave conditions and climate. For instance, the winter wave height and direction anomalies within the Bay of Biscay are strongly correlated to the North Atlantic Oscillation and the East Atlantic teleconnection pattern indices. Secondly, wave condition changes between present climate (1961-2000) and future scenarios (2061-2100) are investigated and analysed. A general decrease of wave heights is noticed ...

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  • Authors: Morando, Simon; Pahon, Élodie; Pahon, Élodie;

    Le projet PHM-PAC vise principalement le développement de méthodes intelligentes de détection, diagnostic et pronostic des défaillances de piles à combustibles. Ce projet doit permettre l'optimisation des performances des systèmes pile à combustible ainsi qu'une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes électrochimiques en affectant la durabilité. The PHM-PAC project is mainly aimed at developing intelligent methods for the detection, diagnosis and prognosis of fuel cell failures. This project should allow the optimization of the performance of fuel cell systems as well as a better understanding of the electrochemical phenomena affecting the durability. Données expérimentales: 2 800 heures de fonctionnement à charge constante sur une pile à combustible à membrane échangeuse de protons d'une puissance de 500W Experimental data: 2,800 hours of operation at constant load on a 500W proton exchange membrane fuel cell Project: PHM PAC, Région Bourgogne Franche-Comté (Region Bourgogne Franche-Comté) Audience: University: master, Research, University: licence Label: PHE (Plateforme Hydrogène-Energie) Label: Plateforme UBFC (Plateforme UBFC) UpdatePeriodicity: no update

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  • Authors: Rigollier, Christelle;

    The Sun is the primary source of energy for the Earth. There is a strong need for information on solar radiation in many domains, but there is a large discrepancy between user request and available information. Solar radiation is measured by ground networks, but measurements are punctual and scattered. Therefore interpolation or extrapolation techniques are necessary, but they are leading to errors growing with the distance from the station. In this framework, we are proposing firstly a method to estimate solar radiation from satellite images, and secondly tools to allow the customer to access more efficiently to information on solar radiation throughout Internet. Among the existing methods, the Heliosat method has been chosen with regard to quality, robustness, and exploitation criteria that must be stronger considering the objective of creating a climatology of solar radiation. We are thus proposing sorne changes to improve the Heliosat method by 1) introducing a method for the automatic calibration of Meteosat sensors, 2) using a more accurate clear-sky model, 3) establishing a new relationship between cloud and clear-sky indices, 4) evaluating albedos of various surfaces from calibrated images. Consequently, the "Heliosat-2" method will be a strong basis to elaborate a climatic database of solar radiation to be disseminated throughout the Internet. ; Le Soleil est la source d'énergie essentielle de notre planète, et la connaissance du rayonnement solaire devient nécessaire dans un nombre croissant de domaines, où les utilisateurs font face à un manque de données. Les mesures disponibles dans le réseau météorologique mondial fournissent des valeurs du rayonnement solaire reçu au sol ; cependant elles sont ponctuelles et dispersées. Il est alors nécessaire de recourir à des interpolations ou extrapolations, techniques d'autant moins précises que la distance à la station augmente. Dans ce contexte, nous proposons d'une part une méthode d'estimation du rayonnement solaire reçu au sol à partir d'images ...

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  • Authors: Parize, Romain;

    Solar energy has a huge potential for the futur electricity generation. The research in this area is therefore accelerating these last years; Especially, the development of non-toxic semiconductor materials, which can be elaborated by a low-cost and easy-to-use techniques such as growths in liquid chemistry. In this context, zinc oxide (ZnO) has become increasingly important in research laboratories.This thesis has been carried out for several purposes. The first was to improve our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the growth of ZnO nanowires by chemical bath deposition, and, in particular, the role of chemical precursors introduced into the bath. Subsequently, morphological studies and crystallization annealing studies of TiO2 and Sb2S3 shells deposited on ZnO nanowires by ALD, SILAR and spray pyrolysis are found to be essential for the preparation of heterostructures based on ZnO nanowires/TiO2/SB2S3 for solar cells. In this kind of cell, the ZnO is the electron conductor, whereas the TiO2 passivates the surface of the ZnO nanowires and protects them. The Sb2S3 absorbs the photons of the solar spectrum and produces excitons for the creation of current.These heterostructures are elaborated for the first time and have never been reported in the literature. A photoconversion efficiency of 2.3% was determined in this manuscript. This value is encouraging for the next studies on these materials and represents the first effective efficiency for this kind of promising heterostructures. ; L'énergie solaire représente un énorme potentiel pour la production d'électricité. Les recherches dans ce domaine se sont donc accélérées au cours des dernières années; en particulier le développement de matériaux semiconducteurs non-toxiques pouvant être élaborés par une technique bas côut et facile de mise en oeuvre telle que les croissances en chimie liquide. C'est dans ce contexte que l'oxyde de zinc (ZnO) prend une place de plus en plus importante au sein des laboratoires de recherche.Cette thèse a été effectuée dans ...

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  • Authors: Krakowski, Vincent;

    Power systems are currently facing several issues in order to evolve and integrate less carbon-heavy, and potentially more local, production. Prospective model-based analysis is a precious tool for exploring the possible long-term developments of these systems and comparing their advantages and disadvantages. However, to ensure relevance, it is important to reconcile the spatial and temporal phenomena that occur at various scales. Power system management depends on constantly maintaining a complex supply- demand balance. Meeting this challenge requires anticipating demand variations and power plant availability, combined with regulation systems to resolve remaining discrepancies. These regulations are activated in from a few seconds up to several hours. On shorter timescales, power systems show inherent robustness: the power grid creates an electromagnetic coupling between synchronous machines allowing them to share their inertia. This inertia, which takes the form of kinetic energy, is instantaneously available to face natural demand or supply fluctuations. To ensure that proposed long-term scenarios are consistent with the robustness requirements of power systems, which enable their management, this robustness must be assessed using prospective modeling. In this work, we propose an indicator, calculable within prospective studies, which assesses power system stability, namely its ability to return to synchronism after a perturbation. This indicator is based on an aggregated description of the transportation power grid and describes the electromagnetic coupling brought by the power grid. When combined with a bottom-up model from the MARKAL/TIMES family describing the French power system, this synchronism indicator, along with another indicator quantifying the available kinetic reserve, enables us to assess the consequences of renewable penetration, especially in terms of power system robustness. ; Les systèmes électriques évoluent actuellement vers l'intégration d'une production moins carbonée, ...

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Damian, Michel;

    Le climat ne semble pas au plus haut de l'agenda du gouvernement français et de sa diplomatie. C'est pourtant le Président François Hollande qui a proposé, en septembre 2012, que la réunion censée conclure un nouvel accord global sur le climat se tienne à Paris en décembre 2015. Les Etats-Unis, eux, ont déjà soumis - premier pays à l'avoir fait - leurs propositions clés pour la conférence. Tout reste à négocier. Les grandes orientations de l'accord qui devrait être signé à Paris sont cependant déjà connues : 1) pas d'accord international contraignant, mais seulement des " politiques nationales ", 2) pas d'engagement des Etats, mais seulement des " contributions " et, 3) fin de l'approche à deux vitesses ("bifurcated approach", selon les termes de la proposition américaine) de feu le Protocole de Kyoto, où seuls les pays développés s'étaient engagés, avec les résultats que l'on sait, à réduire leurs émissions. Cette fois, des contributions volontaires, de nature variable, sont attendues de la plupart des pays, y compris émergents et en développement. Mais les objectifs concrets de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre que l'on peut déjà anticiper ne produiront pas, hélas, de miracle en matière de stabilisation des émissions. Pour qu'un compromis soit acceptable par le plus grand nombre, et sauvegarde la solidarité avec les pays et communautés les plus vulnérables, il y faudrait au minimum une diplomatie active bien en amont de décembre 2015. The climate issue doesn't seem to figure as a top priority on the agenda of the French government and diplomacy. Yet, it was the President, Francois Hollande, himself who suggested in September 2012 that the meeting, aiming to seal a new global agreement on climate change, should be held in Paris on December 2015. The U.S. however, has already submitted key proposals for the conference, and is the first to have done so. Everything is still up for negotiation. The broad lines of the agreement due to be signed in Paris are however already know: 1) no international binding agreement, but only the implementation of "national policies", 2) no member State commitment, but only "contributions" and 3) an end to the bifurcated approach (sic the American proposal) of the moribund Kyoto Protocol, where only developed countries were committed to reducing their greenhouse gas emissions with the result we know. This time round, voluntary contributions, of a diverse nature, are expected from the majority of countries, including those both emerging and developing. Unfortunately, however, the objectives already expected to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions won't work miracles with regard to the stabilisation of emissions. Reaching a broadly acceptable compromise safeguarding solidarity with the most vulnerable countries and communities would require, at the very least, active diplomacy well ahead of December 2015.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Fick, Gael;

    High CO2 emissions from the industrial production of pig iron pipes are mainly due to the massive use of fossil carbon, coal and coke, as a fuel and/or a reducing agent in the processes. The use of biogenic carbon as a substitute for fossil carbon in order to reduce the CO2 emissions, in the case of an existing plant in Lorraine, was the starting point of our work.Different types of biomass were investigated. Local resources for wood and straw would be sufficient for a partial substitution for 20% of the coke. However, this kind of biomass should first undergo a thermal pretreatment step (drying and pyrolysis) to fit the technical requirements for the metallurgical processes (sinter plant, coke oven and blast furnace). Four scenarios of using biomass in the blast furnace or at the sinter plant were selected.To evaluate their environmental performances, we produced a comparative life cycle assessment, using a cradle-to-gate approach.An original feature of our study lies in the use of systems modeling for the determination of the life cycle inventories of the main processes, which were modeled using a flowsheeting software. From these models, particularly the model of the blast furnace, we could evaluate the replacement ratio of three biomass types (charcoal lumps, charcoal fines and torrefied wood fines) for the coke and predict the influence of biomass injection in the blast furnace on its operation.The results of the life cycle assessment show that the injection of pulverized, torrefied or carbonized, wood through the tuyeres of the blast furnace would be an attracting solution from an environmental point of view. It would reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 15%, as well as mitigate the impacts on human health and ecosystems. Yet, the costs associated to such a solution are currently too high. Les émissions élevées de CO2 de la filière industrielle de fabrication des tuyaux en fonte résultent pour l’essentiel de l’emploi massif de carbone fossile, charbon et coke, comme combustible et agent réducteur dans les procédés. Substituer du carbone issu de biomasse au carbone fossile en vue de réduire ces émissions de CO2, avec application au cas d’une usine lorraine, a été l’idée de départ de ce travail.Différents types de biomasse ont été envisagés. Le bois et la paille seraient localement disponibles en quantité suffisante pour autoriser une substitution partielle de 20 % du coke. Cette biomasse doit cependant être traitée thermiquement (séchage et pyrolyse) avant de satisfaire les spécifications techniques imposées par les procédés métallurgiques (agglomération, cokerie, haut fourneau). Six scénarios d’usage de la biomasse au haut fourneau ou à l’agglomération ont été sélectionnés.Pour les évaluer sur la base de leur mérite environnemental, nous avons réalisé une analyse de cycle de vie comparative en suivant une approche du type berceau à la porte.Point original de notre étude, l’inventaire de cycle de vie est issu de modèles systémiques des principaux procédés, spécifiquement développés et intégrés à un logiciel de diagrammes de flux. Grâce à ces modèles et notamment celui du haut fourneau, on a pu déterminer les taux de remplacement du coke par trois types de biomasse (charbon de bois en blocs, charbon de bois pulvérisé, bois torréfié pulvérisé) et prédire les modifications de fonctionnement qu’entrainerait l’injection de biomasse.Les résultats de l’analyse de cycle de vie montrent que l’injection de bois, carbonisé ou torréfié, sous forme pulvérisée aux tuyères du haut fourneau serait une solution intéressante d’un point de vue environnemental : baisse des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (-15 %) et des impacts sur la santé humaine et sur les écosystèmes. A l’heure actuelle cependant, le coût économique d’une telle solution demeure excessif.

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    Authors: Briffaud, Serge; Davasse, Bernard; Daunes, Laurent; Ferrario, Viviana; +14 Authors

    Programme de recherche IGNIS MUTAT RES. Penser l’architecture, la ville et le paysage au prisme de l’énergie

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  • Authors: Jutteau, Paul;

    Das Ziel dieser Arbeit bestand darin, die Auswirkungen der Energiegewinnung durch Biogas auf die Landwirtschaft und die ländlichen Räume anhand einer vergleichenden Studie in vier deutschen Untersuchungsgebieten zu untersuchen. Dafür wurden die Konzepte der landwirtschaftlichen Multifunktionalität und des territorial capital in Verbindung mit der multi-level perspective auf den soziotechnischen Wandel verwendet. Dabei wurde zunächst der Trend zu einer Hybridisierung dieses Wandels herausgearbeitet. Biogas kann die produktivistischen Praktiken der Betriebe verstärken, aber auchabschwächen. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass diese gegenläufigen Entwicklungspfade gleichzeitig in den landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben ablaufen können. Darüber hinaus belegt diese Arbeit, dass die Entwicklung der Gesetzgebung und auch die Art von Investoren (industrielle oder finanzielle Firmen, landwirtschaftliche Betriebsarten) ebenso wie die lokalen Merkmale (Peripherisierungsprozesse bzw. Bevölkerungsrückgang im ländlichen Raum, Formen des territorialen Erbes— „héritage territorial― — oder eine besondere lokale Geschichte in Bezug auf das Thema Energie) diese ambivalenten Entwicklungspfade beeinflussen können, sobald die Akteure die betreffenden Merkmaleund Ressourcen nutzen. Deshalb kann es zur Entstehung von umweltbezogenen sozialen Ungleichheiten kommen. ; This research aims at investigating the connections between energy transitions and agricultural transformations through a comparative research focused on four case studies in Germany. The starting point of this inquiry was the ambivalence of these changes. On the one hand, biogas generation tends to reinforce the socio-economic integration of farms intoagro-industrial value chains. On the other hand, this activity could also strengthen the connections with local stakeholders, for example through the implementation of localised heating networks in neighbouring villages or cities. The first aim of this research is to depict these ambivalent agricultural changes, to identify and evaluate ...

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Amann, Jean-Marc;

    The aim of the present study is to assess and compare various processes aiming at recover CO2 from power plants fed with natural gas (NGCC) and pulverized coal (PC). These processes are post-combustion CO2 capture using chemical solvents, natural gas reforming for pre-combustion capture by methanol and oxy-fuel combustion with cryogenic recovery of CO2. These processes were evaluated using the process software Aspen PlusTM to give some clues for choosing the best option for each type of power plant. With regard to post-combustion, an aqueous solution based on a mixture of amines (N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) and triethylene tetramine (TETA)) was developed. Measurements of absorption were carried out between 298 and 333 K in a Lewis cell. CO2 partial pressure at equilibrium, characteristic of its solubility in the solvent, was determined up to 393 K. The solvent performances were compared with respect to more conventional solvents such as MDEA and monoethanolamine (MEA). For oxy-fuel combustion, a recovery process, based on a cryogenic separation of the components of the flue gas, was developed and applied to power plants. The study showed that O2 purity acts on the CO2 concentration in the flue gas and thus on the performances of the recovery process. The last option is natural gas reforming with CO2 pre-combustion capture. Several configurations were assessed: air reforming and oxygen reforming, reforming pressure and dilution of the synthesis gas. The comparison of these various concepts suggests that, in the short and medium term, chemical absorption is the most interesting process for NGCC power plants. For CP power plants, oxy-combustion can be a very interesting option, as well as post-combustion capture by chemical solvents. La présente étude a pour objectif d'évaluer et de comparer entre eux divers procédés de captage du CO2 appliqués aux centrales thermiques alimentées en gaz naturel (NGCC) et au charbon pulvérisé (CP). Ces procédés consistent en un captage du CO2 des fumées en post-combustion par des solvants chimiques, une décarbonisation du gaz naturel avec captage du CO2 en pré-combustion par un solvant physique et l'oxy-combustion du combustible avec séparation frigorifique du CO2. Ces procédés ont été évalués à l'aide du logiciel de procédés Aspen PlusTM pour aider à choisir la meilleure option pour chaque type de centrale. Pour la post-combustion, une solution aqueuse basée sur un mélange d'amines (N-méthyldiéthanolamine (MDEA) et triéthylène tétramine (TETA)) a été évaluée. Des mesures d'absorption ont été réalisées entre 298 et 333 K dans un réacteur fermé type cellule de Lewis. La pression partielle du CO2 à l'équilibre, caractéristique de la solubilité du CO2 dans le solvant, a été déterminée jusqu'à 393 K. Les performances sont comparées vis à vis de solvants plus conventionnels tels que la MDEA et la monoéthanolamine (MEA). Pour l'oxy-combustion, un procédé de captage, basé sur une séparation des composants des fumées à faible température, a été développé et appliqué aux centrales NGCC et CP. L'étude a montré que la pureté du flux d'O2 avait une influence non négligeable sur la concentration en CO2 dans les fumées et donc sur les performances du procédé de séparation. La dernière option étudiée est le reformage du gaz naturel qui permet un captage du CO2 en amont du système de production de l'électricité. Plusieurs configurations ont été évaluées : reformage à l'air ou à l'oxygène, pression de reformage et dilution du gaz de synthèse. La comparaison de ces différents concepts suggère que, à court et moyen terme, l'absorption chimique soit le procédé le plus intéressant pour la centrale NGCC. Pour la centrale CP, l'oxy-combustion peut être une option très intéressante, au même titre que le captage en post-combustion par absorption chimique.

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  • Authors: Charles, Elodie;

    The Aquitanian coast, as well as most coastal regions, is influenced by several hydrodynamical factors. Those factors can be modified by climate change. This study aims at studying climate change impact mainly on wave conditions which affect the Aquitanian coast.Using dynamical downscaling, waves are modelled from the North Atlantic Ocean towards the Bay of Biscay at a 10 km spatial resolution exclusively from wind fields. Waves are simulated with WAVEWATCH III spectral wave model, for the present climate (wind fields issued from the ERA-40 reanalysis) and for a control scenario and three future greenhouse gas emission scenarios (A2, A1B, B1) (wind fields issued from the RETIC simulations of ARPEGE-Climat). The database calibration and validation are based on local buoy measurements. Wind fields issued from climate model present systematic biases, therefore, a quantile-quantile correction is applied to wave projections.Wave climate evolution analysis is done in two steps. Firstly, present wave climate (1958-2001) is investigated regarding multi-decadal trends and interannual variability. A significant increase of summer wave height is identified on the period 1970-2001 (0.54 cm/y at the Biscay buoy). Concerning largest wave heights, a significant shift of directions is noticed for autumn (up to −0.47°/y from 1974 to 2001 at the Biscay buoy) and spring (0.3°/y from 1958 to 2001 at the Biscay buoy). The strong interannual variability of wave conditions is correlated to several general atmospheric circulation preferential modes (teleconnexion patterns and weather regimes). This underlines a strong link between local wave conditions and climate. For instance, the winter wave height and direction anomalies within the Bay of Biscay are strongly correlated to the North Atlantic Oscillation and the East Atlantic teleconnection pattern indices. Secondly, wave condition changes between present climate (1961-2000) and future scenarios (2061-2100) are investigated and analysed. A general decrease of wave heights is noticed ...

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  • Authors: Morando, Simon; Pahon, Élodie; Pahon, Élodie;

    Le projet PHM-PAC vise principalement le développement de méthodes intelligentes de détection, diagnostic et pronostic des défaillances de piles à combustibles. Ce projet doit permettre l'optimisation des performances des systèmes pile à combustible ainsi qu'une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes électrochimiques en affectant la durabilité. The PHM-PAC project is mainly aimed at developing intelligent methods for the detection, diagnosis and prognosis of fuel cell failures. This project should allow the optimization of the performance of fuel cell systems as well as a better understanding of the electrochemical phenomena affecting the durability. Données expérimentales: 2 800 heures de fonctionnement à charge constante sur une pile à combustible à membrane échangeuse de protons d'une puissance de 500W Experimental data: 2,800 hours of operation at constant load on a 500W proton exchange membrane fuel cell Project: PHM PAC, Région Bourgogne Franche-Comté (Region Bourgogne Franche-Comté) Audience: University: master, Research, University: licence Label: PHE (Plateforme Hydrogène-Energie) Label: Plateforme UBFC (Plateforme UBFC) UpdatePeriodicity: no update

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  • Authors: Rigollier, Christelle;

    The Sun is the primary source of energy for the Earth. There is a strong need for information on solar radiation in many domains, but there is a large discrepancy between user request and available information. Solar radiation is measured by ground networks, but measurements are punctual and scattered. Therefore interpolation or extrapolation techniques are necessary, but they are leading to errors growing with the distance from the station. In this framework, we are proposing firstly a method to estimate solar radiation from satellite images, and secondly tools to allow the customer to access more efficiently to information on solar radiation throughout Internet. Among the existing methods, the Heliosat method has been chosen with regard to quality, robustness, and exploitation criteria that must be stronger considering the objective of creating a climatology of solar radiation. We are thus proposing sorne changes to improve the Heliosat method by 1) introducing a method for the automatic calibration of Meteosat sensors, 2) using a more accurate clear-sky model, 3) establishing a new relationship between cloud and clear-sky indices, 4) evaluating albedos of various surfaces from calibrated images. Consequently, the "Heliosat-2" method will be a strong basis to elaborate a climatic database of solar radiation to be disseminated throughout the Internet. ; Le Soleil est la source d'énergie essentielle de notre planète, et la connaissance du rayonnement solaire devient nécessaire dans un nombre croissant de domaines, où les utilisateurs font face à un manque de données. Les mesures disponibles dans le réseau météorologique mondial fournissent des valeurs du rayonnement solaire reçu au sol ; cependant elles sont ponctuelles et dispersées. Il est alors nécessaire de recourir à des interpolations ou extrapolations, techniques d'autant moins précises que la distance à la station augmente. Dans ce contexte, nous proposons d'une part une méthode d'estimation du rayonnement solaire reçu au sol à partir d'images ...

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  • Authors: Parize, Romain;

    Solar energy has a huge potential for the futur electricity generation. The research in this area is therefore accelerating these last years; Especially, the development of non-toxic semiconductor materials, which can be elaborated by a low-cost and easy-to-use techniques such as growths in liquid chemistry. In this context, zinc oxide (ZnO) has become increasingly important in research laboratories.This thesis has been carried out for several purposes. The first was to improve our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the growth of ZnO nanowires by chemical bath deposition, and, in particular, the role of chemical precursors introduced into the bath. Subsequently, morphological studies and crystallization annealing studies of TiO2 and Sb2S3 shells deposited on ZnO nanowires by ALD, SILAR and spray pyrolysis are found to be essential for the preparation of heterostructures based on ZnO nanowires/TiO2/SB2S3 for solar cells. In this kind of cell, the ZnO is the electron conductor, whereas the TiO2 passivates the surface of the ZnO nanowires and protects them. The Sb2S3 absorbs the photons of the solar spectrum and produces excitons for the creation of current.These heterostructures are elaborated for the first time and have never been reported in the literature. A photoconversion efficiency of 2.3% was determined in this manuscript. This value is encouraging for the next studies on these materials and represents the first effective efficiency for this kind of promising heterostructures. ; L'énergie solaire représente un énorme potentiel pour la production d'électricité. Les recherches dans ce domaine se sont donc accélérées au cours des dernières années; en particulier le développement de matériaux semiconducteurs non-toxiques pouvant être élaborés par une technique bas côut et facile de mise en oeuvre telle que les croissances en chimie liquide. C'est dans ce contexte que l'oxyde de zinc (ZnO) prend une place de plus en plus importante au sein des laboratoires de recherche.Cette thèse a été effectuée dans ...

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  • Authors: Krakowski, Vincent;

    Power systems are currently facing several issues in order to evolve and integrate less carbon-heavy, and potentially more local, production. Prospective model-based analysis is a precious tool for exploring the possible long-term developments of these systems and comparing their advantages and disadvantages. However, to ensure relevance, it is important to reconcile the spatial and temporal phenomena that occur at various scales. Power system management depends on constantly maintaining a complex supply- demand balance. Meeting this challenge requires anticipating demand variations and power plant availability, combined with regulation systems to resolve remaining discrepancies. These regulations are activated in from a few seconds up to several hours. On shorter timescales, power systems show inherent robustness: the power grid creates an electromagnetic coupling between synchronous machines allowing them to share their inertia. This inertia, which takes the form of kinetic energy, is instantaneously available to face natural demand or supply fluctuations. To ensure that proposed long-term scenarios are consistent with the robustness requirements of power systems, which enable their management, this robustness must be assessed using prospective modeling. In this work, we propose an indicator, calculable within prospective studies, which assesses power system stability, namely its ability to return to synchronism after a perturbation. This indicator is based on an aggregated description of the transportation power grid and describes the electromagnetic coupling brought by the power grid. When combined with a bottom-up model from the MARKAL/TIMES family describing the French power system, this synchronism indicator, along with another indicator quantifying the available kinetic reserve, enables us to assess the consequences of renewable penetration, especially in terms of power system robustness. ; Les systèmes électriques évoluent actuellement vers l'intégration d'une production moins carbonée, ...

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    Authors: Damian, Michel;

    Le climat ne semble pas au plus haut de l'agenda du gouvernement français et de sa diplomatie. C'est pourtant le Président François Hollande qui a proposé, en septembre 2012, que la réunion censée conclure un nouvel accord global sur le climat se tienne à Paris en décembre 2015. Les Etats-Unis, eux, ont déjà soumis - premier pays à l'avoir fait - leurs propositions clés pour la conférence. Tout reste à négocier. Les grandes orientations de l'accord qui devrait être signé à Paris sont cependant déjà connues : 1) pas d'accord international contraignant, mais seulement des " politiques nationales ", 2) pas d'engagement des Etats, mais seulement des " contributions " et, 3) fin de l'approche à deux vitesses ("bifurcated approach", selon les termes de la proposition américaine) de feu le Protocole de Kyoto, où seuls les pays développés s'étaient engagés, avec les résultats que l'on sait, à réduire leurs émissions. Cette fois, des contributions volontaires, de nature variable, sont attendues de la plupart des pays, y compris émergents et en développement. Mais les objectifs concrets de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre que l'on peut déjà anticiper ne produiront pas, hélas, de miracle en matière de stabilisation des émissions. Pour qu'un compromis soit acceptable par le plus grand nombre, et sauvegarde la solidarité avec les pays et communautés les plus vulnérables, il y faudrait au minimum une diplomatie active bien en amont de décembre 2015. The climate issue doesn't seem to figure as a top priority on the agenda of the French government and diplomacy. Yet, it was the President, Francois Hollande, himself who suggested in September 2012 that the meeting, aiming to seal a new global agreement on climate change, should be held in Paris on December 2015. The U.S. however, has already submitted key proposals for the conference, and is the first to have done so. Everything is still up for negotiation. The broad lines of the agreement due to be signed in Paris are however already know: 1) no international binding agreement, but only the implementation of "national policies", 2) no member State commitment, but only "contributions" and 3) an end to the bifurcated approach (sic the American proposal) of the moribund Kyoto Protocol, where only developed countries were committed to reducing their greenhouse gas emissions with the result we know. This time round, voluntary contributions, of a diverse nature, are expected from the majority of countries, including those both emerging and developing. Unfortunately, however, the objectives already expected to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions won't work miracles with regard to the stabilisation of emissions. Reaching a broadly acceptable compromise safeguarding solidarity with the most vulnerable countries and communities would require, at the very least, active diplomacy well ahead of December 2015.

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    Authors: Fick, Gael;

    High CO2 emissions from the industrial production of pig iron pipes are mainly due to the massive use of fossil carbon, coal and coke, as a fuel and/or a reducing agent in the processes. The use of biogenic carbon as a substitute for fossil carbon in order to reduce the CO2 emissions, in the case of an existing plant in Lorraine, was the starting point of our work.Different types of biomass were investigated. Local resources for wood and straw would be sufficient for a partial substitution for 20% of the coke. However, this kind of biomass should first undergo a thermal pretreatment step (drying and pyrolysis) to fit the technical requirements for the metallurgical processes (sinter plant, coke oven and blast furnace). Four scenarios of using biomass in the blast furnace or at the sinter plant were selected.To evaluate their environmental performances, we produced a comparative life cycle assessment, using a cradle-to-gate approach.An original feature of our study lies in the use of systems modeling for the determination of the life cycle inventories of the main processes, which were modeled using a flowsheeting software. From these models, particularly the model of the blast furnace, we could evaluate the replacement ratio of three biomass types (charcoal lumps, charcoal fines and torrefied wood fines) for the coke and predict the influence of biomass injection in the blast furnace on its operation.The results of the life cycle assessment show that the injection of pulverized, torrefied or carbonized, wood through the tuyeres of the blast furnace would be an attracting solution from an environmental point of view. It would reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 15%, as well as mitigate the impacts on human health and ecosystems. Yet, the costs associated to such a solution are currently too high. Les émissions élevées de CO2 de la filière industrielle de fabrication des tuyaux en fonte résultent pour l’essentiel de l’emploi massif de carbone fossile, charbon et coke, comme combustible et agent réducteur dans les procédés. Substituer du carbone issu de biomasse au carbone fossile en vue de réduire ces émissions de CO2, avec application au cas d’une usine lorraine, a été l’idée de départ de ce travail.Différents types de biomasse ont été envisagés. Le bois et la paille seraient localement disponibles en quantité suffisante pour autoriser une substitution partielle de 20 % du coke. Cette biomasse doit cependant être traitée thermiquement (séchage et pyrolyse) avant de satisfaire les spécifications techniques imposées par les procédés métallurgiques (agglomération, cokerie, haut fourneau). Six scénarios d’usage de la biomasse au haut fourneau ou à l’agglomération ont été sélectionnés.Pour les évaluer sur la base de leur mérite environnemental, nous avons réalisé une analyse de cycle de vie comparative en suivant une approche du type berceau à la porte.Point original de notre étude, l’inventaire de cycle de vie est issu de modèles systémiques des principaux procédés, spécifiquement développés et intégrés à un logiciel de diagrammes de flux. Grâce à ces modèles et notamment celui du haut fourneau, on a pu déterminer les taux de remplacement du coke par trois types de biomasse (charbon de bois en blocs, charbon de bois pulvérisé, bois torréfié pulvérisé) et prédire les modifications de fonctionnement qu’entrainerait l’injection de biomasse.Les résultats de l’analyse de cycle de vie montrent que l’injection de bois, carbonisé ou torréfié, sous forme pulvérisée aux tuyères du haut fourneau serait une solution intéressante d’un point de vue environnemental : baisse des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (-15 %) et des impacts sur la santé humaine et sur les écosystèmes. A l’heure actuelle cependant, le coût économique d’une telle solution demeure excessif.

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    Authors: Briffaud, Serge; Davasse, Bernard; Daunes, Laurent; Ferrario, Viviana; +14 Authors

    Programme de recherche IGNIS MUTAT RES. Penser l’architecture, la ville et le paysage au prisme de l’énergie

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  • Authors: Jutteau, Paul;

    Das Ziel dieser Arbeit bestand darin, die Auswirkungen der Energiegewinnung durch Biogas auf die Landwirtschaft und die ländlichen Räume anhand einer vergleichenden Studie in vier deutschen Untersuchungsgebieten zu untersuchen. Dafür wurden die Konzepte der landwirtschaftlichen Multifunktionalität und des territorial capital in Verbindung mit der multi-level perspective auf den soziotechnischen Wandel verwendet. Dabei wurde zunächst der Trend zu einer Hybridisierung dieses Wandels herausgearbeitet. Biogas kann die produktivistischen Praktiken der Betriebe verstärken, aber auchabschwächen. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass diese gegenläufigen Entwicklungspfade gleichzeitig in den landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben ablaufen können. Darüber hinaus belegt diese Arbeit, dass die Entwicklung der Gesetzgebung und auch die Art von Investoren (industrielle oder finanzielle Firmen, landwirtschaftliche Betriebsarten) ebenso wie die lokalen Merkmale (Peripherisierungsprozesse bzw. Bevölkerungsrückgang im ländlichen Raum, Formen des territorialen Erbes— „héritage territorial― — oder eine besondere lokale Geschichte in Bezug auf das Thema Energie) diese ambivalenten Entwicklungspfade beeinflussen können, sobald die Akteure die betreffenden Merkmaleund Ressourcen nutzen. Deshalb kann es zur Entstehung von umweltbezogenen sozialen Ungleichheiten kommen. ; This research aims at investigating the connections between energy transitions and agricultural transformations through a comparative research focused on four case studies in Germany. The starting point of this inquiry was the ambivalence of these changes. On the one hand, biogas generation tends to reinforce the socio-economic integration of farms intoagro-industrial value chains. On the other hand, this activity could also strengthen the connections with local stakeholders, for example through the implementation of localised heating networks in neighbouring villages or cities. The first aim of this research is to depict these ambivalent agricultural changes, to identify and evaluate ...

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