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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Snorre Kverndokk; Knut Einar Rosendahl; Knut Einar Rosendahl; Thomas F. Rutherford;

    We study the role of technology subsidies in climate policies, using a simple dynamic equilibrium model with learning-by-doing. The optimal subsidy rate of a carbon-free technology is high when the technology is first adopted, but falls significantly over the next decades. However, the efficiency costs of uniform instead of optimal subsidies, may be low if there are introduction or expansion constraints for a new technology. Finally, supporting existing energy technologies only, may lead to technology lock-in, and the impacts of lock-in increase with the learning potential of new technologies as well as the possibilities for early entry and thight carbon constraints.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Research Papers in E...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    EconStor
    Research . 2004
    Data sources: EconStor
    SSRN Electronic Journal
    Article . 2004 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Research Papers in E...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      EconStor
      Research . 2004
      Data sources: EconStor
      SSRN Electronic Journal
      Article . 2004 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: Crossref
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Rosato, A. D.; Dave, R. N.;

    In the first phase of this research, we have finished the simulation studies to support the experimental work in the area of particle transport in vibrated granular beds. Representative results are briefly summarized in the attached short paper. Based on the results obtained, in particular the interesting phenomena such as heaping, arching and bifurcation in the flow regime, we have decided to carry put the initial set of experiments in a two dimensional rectangular bed. A schematic diagram of this is also attached. This rectangular cell will allow us to make the necessary observations, in particular the optical observations made through the use of Kodak EkatPro1000 high-speed video camera. A student, supported by the Institute as a match to this grant is in tile process of completing the fabrication of this cell, and has collected all the pertinent literature in this area. We have also obtained specifications and quotations for the vibration unit to be used in this experiments, and it will be ordered in the near future. In addition to the use of the two dimensional rectangular bed, we have also developed a three dimensional cylindrical cell for the study of segregation behavior. A nonintrusive tracking system will be used in measuring the trajectories of tile rising large particle, and at present all the calibration jigs, and software have been developed. We anticipate collecting the experimental data in the next few weeks.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ https://digital.libr...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ https://digital.libr...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Martha Campbell; John B. Casterline; Federico Castillo; Alisha Graves; +8 Authors

    Pour de nombreux pays en développement, les investissements dans la santé ont été un grand succès. The Lancet Commission « Global health 2035 : a world converging within a generation »1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al.Global health 2035 : a world converging within a generation.Lancet. 2013 ; 382: 1898-1955Sommaire Texte intégral PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar et la lettre annuelle 2014 de Gates2 Lettre annuelle 2014 de Gates de Bill et Melinda Gates. 3 mythes qui bloquent le progrès pour les pauvres.http ://annualletter.gatesfoundation.org/#section = homeGoogle Scholar envisage la possibilité d'une « grande convergence » par laquelle plus de pays auront un taux de mortalité infantile aussi bas que 15 pour 1 000 naissances vivantes dans 20 ans. Nous souhaitons attirer l'attention sur le cas particulier des pays les moins avancés, qui, selon les données actuelles, sont susceptibles d'être exclus d'une telle convergence. Pour commencer une discussion, nous nous concentrerons sur le Sahel (la zone semi-aride d'un million de milles carrés de l'Afrique s'étendant de l'Atlantique à la mer Rouge) où le choc de la croissance démographique particulièrement rapide et certains des effets les plus sévères du changement climatique sont susceptibles d'avoir les effets globaux les plus importants sur la santé. Les projections démographiques présentées dans la figure sont la variante moyenne de la Division de la population des Nations Unies. Ces projections pourraient être dépassées à moins qu'une plus grande importance ne soit accordée à la planification familiale. Même en supposant une diminution rapide de la taille des familles par rapport à la moyenne actuelle de 7,6, la population du Niger passera à elle seule de 16 millions aujourd'hui à 58 millions d'ici 2050. Cette augmentation est révélatrice de la formidable dynamique démographique au Sahel. Plus de 40 % de la population a moins de 15 ans. En l'absence de réductions substantielles des émissions de gaz à effet de serre par les pays développés, le Sahel (parce qu'il est déjà si sec) est susceptible de subir certains des pires effets du changement climatique, avec des augmentations de température allant jusqu'à 5-8 ° C d'ici 2100 (figure) .3IPCCSummary for policymakers.in : Stocker TF D Qin G-K Plattner M Climate change 2013 : the physical science basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Royaume-Uni2013Google Scholar Les événements météorologiques extrêmes deviendront plus fréquents et l'effet du réchauffement climatique se fera probablement sentir dans de nombreux secteurs, de la santé à l'agriculture. Les maladies à transmission vectorielle sont susceptibles d'augmenter. Le changement climatique pourrait réduire les rendements des cultures en Afrique subsaharienne de 22 % pour le maïs et de 8 % pour le manioc.4Schlenker W Lobell DB Impacts négatifs robustes du changement climatique sur l'agriculture africaine.Environ Res Lett. 2010 ; 5: 014010Crossref Scopus (814) Google Scholar En 2012, l'Université de Californie, Berkeley, CA, États-Unis, et l'Institut africain pour la politique de développement, Nairobi, Kenya, ont organisé une réunion internationale multidisciplinaire sur le Sahel.5Potts M Zulu E Castillo F Henderson C Crisis in the Sahel : possible solutions and the consequences of inaction. University of California, Bixby Center for Population Health and Sustainability, Berkeley2013Google Scholar Bien que reconnaissant la grave menace que représentent la croissance démographique rapide et la désertification dans cette région, la réunion a également identifié des solutions fondées sur des preuves, y compris trois interventions clés. Tout d'abord, les agriculteurs de subsistance et les éleveurs ont besoin d'aide pour s'adapter au changement climatique. L'adaptation nécessitera le développement de cultures résistantes à la sécheresse, des méthodes pour faire face à l'évolution des infestations de ravageurs, un meilleur stockage des cultures et une capture et un stockage plus efficaces de l'eau. Une approche multidisciplinaire et une vision à long terme sont indispensables - actuellement, de nombreuses interventions ne sont pas adoptées tant que des pénuries d'eau visibles ne se produisent pas. Deuxièmement, une plus grande priorité doit être accordée à la planification familiale. Il faut mobiliser la volonté politique pour inciter les donateurs internationaux à investir dans la planification familiale, et les gouvernements sahéliens doivent être plus proactifs. Il existe un besoin non satisfait bien documenté de planification familiale allant de 16 % à 35 % des femmes mariées, calculé avec le STATcompiler des enquêtes démographiques et de santé, mais dans ces sociétés à fécondité élevée, une création accrue de la demande est également cruciale. Là où la planification familiale a été apportée aux femmes dans leurs propres communautés, comme au Bangladesh, l'utilisation de contraceptifs a augmenté rapidement, même chez les femmes pauvres.6Campbell M Prata N Potts M L'impact de la liberté sur le déclin de la fécondité.J Fam Plan Reprod Health Care. 2013 ; 39: 44-50Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar, 7Cleland J Phillips J Amin S Kamal GM The determinants of reproductive change in Bangladesh : success in a challenging environment. The World Bank, Washington, DC1994Google Scholar Task shifting, for example training community volunteers to distribute injectable contraceptives,8Prata N Gessessew A Cartwright A Fraser A Provision of injectable contraceptives in Ethiopia through community-based reproductive health agents.Bull World Health Organ. 2011 ; 89: 556-564Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar et l'accent accru sur la stérilisation chirurgicale, les dispositifs intra-utérins et les implants, ainsi que l'accès à des soins complets en matière d'avortement, sont essentiels. Troisièmement, les donateurs et les gouvernements doivent investir massivement dans l'autonomisation des femmes. Le statut des femmes au Sahel est faible. Le mariage des enfants reste courant, ce qui augmente la probabilité d'une grossesse précoce pour une femme et diminue ses chances de mener une vie autonome. La grossesse chez les adolescentes immatures est une cause majeure de mortalité et de morbidité maternelles, telles que la fistule obstétricale.9Nour NM Conséquences sanitaires du mariage des enfants en Afrique.Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 ; 11: 1644-1649Crossref Scopus (245) Google Scholar La promotion de l'éducation est une stratégie clé pour réduire le mariage des enfants et reporter la première naissance. Les programmes de renforcement des capacités par l'éducation et la microfinance parmi les communautés pastorales ont transformé les femmes illettrées pauvres en leaders qui ont aidé à adapter leurs communautés à la sécheresse.10Coppock DI Desta S Texera S Gerbru G Le renforcement des capacités aide les femmes pastorales à transformer les communautés appauvries en Éthiopie.Science. 2011 ; 334: 1394-1397Crossref PubMed Scopus (40) Google Scholar Dans une société Haoussa polygame du nord-ouest du Nigeria, avec un âge médian de mariage de 14·6 ans et où les parents considéraient généralement les démarches ménagères comme un signe de préparation au mariage, de nombreux parents sont maintenant prêts à retarder le mariage de leurs filles si on leur propose de l'aide pour les frais de scolarité et les livres. Ces trois interventions clés sont considérées comme se renforçant mutuellement. Bien qu'elles impliquent des considérations à long terme, certaines, telles que l'amélioration des pratiques agricoles, ont des retombées immédiates. Les programmes doivent être intégrés de manière à exploiter les effets multiplicateurs intrinsèques. Par exemple, l'éducation des filles facilite l'adoption de la planification familiale et améliore la génération de revenus dans la famille. Une recherche et une évaluation rigoureuses seront essentielles pour constituer la base de données probantes pour ces investissements urgents. Des lacunes importantes dans les données démographiques, agricoles et sanitaires doivent être comblées. Les politiques doivent être conçues de manière à apporter des avantages mesurables et significatifs aux populations les plus vulnérables. Les interventions doivent être développées dans un cadre de droits de l'homme, en veillant à ce que les avantages ne dérivent pas uniquement vers ceux qui ont le plus de capital social et politique. Les pays les moins avancés, tels que ceux du Sahel, reçoivent 0,9 % du revenu national brut des pays industrialisés au titre de l'aide publique au développement, soit beaucoup moins que ce que les donateurs se sont engagés à faire.11 Fonds des Nations Unies pour la populationInstitut démographique interdisciplinaire des Pays-BasBase de données sur les flux de ressources. Population assistance per capital, Afrique subsaharienne, 2009.http ://www.resourceflows.org/Google Scholar, 12UN Development Programme Bureau for Development PolicyTowards human resilience : sustaining MDG progress in an age of economic uncertainty. Programme des Nations Unies pour le développement, New York, NY, USA2011Google Scholar Pour faire face aux formidables défis auxquels la région est confrontée, l'action doit être immédiate et à grande échelle. Sur la base du modèle de la Commission Lancet, nous suggérons qu'un groupe d'experts du Sahel et d'institutions de recherche ailleurs dans le monde soit convoqué pour explorer et documenter les initiatives intersectorielles et évolutives nécessaires pour éviter que le Sahel (et d'autres régions les moins développées) ne soit totalement exclu de la promesse d'amélioration de la santé et du bien-être prévue dans la Commission Lancet.1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al.Global health 2035 : a world converging within a generation.Lancet. 2013 ; 382: 1898-1955Résumé Texte intégral Texte intégral PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar Nous déclarons que nous n'avons pas d'intérêts concurrents. Para muchos países en desarrollo, las inversiones en salud han demostrado ser un gran éxito. La Comisión Lancet "Salud global 2035: un mundo convergente dentro de una generación" 1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al. Salud global 2035: un mundo convergente dentro de una generación. Lancet. 2013; 382: 1898-1955Resumen Texto completo PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar y la carta anual de Gates de 20142Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation2014 Carta anual de Gates. 3 mitos que bloquean el progreso de los pobres.http://annualletter.gatesfoundation.org/#section = homeGoogle Scholar prevé la posibilidad de una "gran convergencia" por la cual más países tendrán una tasa de mortalidad infantil tan baja como 15 por cada 1000 nacidos vivos en 20 años. Deseamos llamar la atención sobre el caso especial de los países menos adelantados, que según las pruebas actuales es probable que queden excluidos de tal convergencia. Para comenzar una discusión, nos centraremos en el Sahel (la zona semiárida de 1 millón de millas cuadradas de África que se extiende desde el Atlántico hasta el Mar Rojo), donde es probable que el choque del crecimiento demográfico excepcionalmente rápido y algunos de los efectos más duros del cambio climático tengan los mayores efectos generales sobre la salud. Las proyecciones de población que se muestran en la figura son la variante media de la División de Población de la ONU. Estas proyecciones podrían superarse a menos que se dé mucho más énfasis a la planificación familiar. Incluso suponiendo una rápida disminución en el tamaño de la familia desde el promedio actual de 7·6, la población de Níger crecerá de los 16 millones actuales a 58 millones para 2050. Este aumento es indicativo del formidable impulso demográfico en el Sahel. Más del 40% de la población es menor de 15 años. En ausencia de recortes sustanciales en las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero por parte de las naciones desarrolladas, es probable que el Sahel (porque ya está muy seco) sufra algunos de los peores efectos del cambio climático, con aumentos de temperatura de hasta 5-8 ° C para 2100 (figura) .3IPCCResumen para los responsables de la formulación de políticas.in: Stocker TF D Qin G-K Plattner M Cambio climático 2013: la base de la ciencia física. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Reino Unido2013Google Scholar Los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos serán cada vez más comunes, y es probable que el efecto del calentamiento global se sienta en muchos sectores, desde la salud hasta la agricultura. Es probable que aumenten las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores. El cambio climático podría reducir los rendimientos de los cultivos en África subsahariana en un 22% para el maíz y en un 8% para la yuca.4Schlenker W Lobell DB Fuertes impactos negativos del cambio climático en la agricultura africana.Environ Res Lett. 2010; 5: 014010Crossref Scopus (814) Google Scholar En 2012, la Universidad de California, Berkeley, CA, EE. UU., y el Instituto Africano de Política de Desarrollo, Nairobi, Kenia, organizaron una reunión internacional multidisciplinaria sobre el Sahel.5Potts M Zulu E Castillo F Henderson C Crisis en el Sahel: posibles soluciones y las consecuencias de la inacción. Universidad de California, Bixby Center for Population Health and Sustainability, Berkeley2013Google Scholar Aunque reconocieron la grave amenaza que el rápido crecimiento de la población y la desertificación presentan en esta región, la reunión también identificó soluciones basadas en la evidencia, incluidas tres intervenciones clave. En primer lugar, los agricultores y pastores de subsistencia necesitan ayuda para adaptarse al cambio climático. La adaptación requerirá el desarrollo de cultivos resistentes a la sequía, métodos para abordar los patrones cambiantes de infestaciones de plagas, un mejor almacenamiento de los cultivos y una captura y almacenamiento de agua más eficientes. Un enfoque multidisciplinario y una visión a largo plazo son muy necesarios: actualmente, muchas intervenciones no se adoptan hasta que se produce una escasez visible de agua. En segundo lugar, se debe dar mayor prioridad a la planificación familiar. Se debe reunir la voluntad política para abogar por que los donantes internacionales inviertan en planificación familiar, y los gobiernos del Sahel deben ser más proactivos. Existe una necesidad insatisfecha bien documentada de planificación familiar que oscila entre el 16% y el 35% de las mujeres casadas, calculada con el compilador STAT de encuestas demográficas y de salud, pero en estas sociedades de alta fertilidad también es crucial una mayor creación de demanda. Donde la planificación familiar se ha llevado a las mujeres en sus propias comunidades, como en Bangladesh, el uso de anticonceptivos ha aumentado rápidamente, incluso entre las mujeres empobrecidas.6Campbell M Prata N Potts M El impacto de la libertad en la disminución de la fertilidad.J Fam Plan Reprod Health Care. 2013; 39: 44-50Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar, 7Cleland J Phillips J Amin S Kamal GM Los determinantes del cambio reproductivo en Bangladesh: éxito en un entorno desafiante. El Banco Mundial, Washington, DC1994Google Scholar Task shifting, por ejemplo, capacitar a voluntarios de la comunidad para distribuir anticonceptivos inyectables ,8PrataN Gessessew A Cartwright A Fraser A Provisión de anticonceptivos inyectables en Etiopía a través de agentes de salud reproductiva basados en la comunidad.Bull World Health Organ. 2011; 89: 556-564Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar y un mayor énfasis en la esterilización quirúrgica, los dispositivos intrauterinos y los implantes, junto con el acceso a la atención integral del aborto, son esenciales. En tercer lugar, los donantes y los gobiernos deben invertir fuertemente en el empoderamiento de las mujeres. La situación de las mujeres en el Sahel es baja. El matrimonio infantil sigue siendo común, lo que aumenta la probabilidad de que una mujer tenga un embarazo temprano y disminuye sus posibilidades de llevar una vida autónoma. El embarazo en adolescentes inmaduras es una causa importante de mortalidad y morbilidad materna, como la fístula obstétrica.9Nuestro NM Consecuencias para la salud del matrimonio infantil en África.Emerg Infect Dis. 2006; 11: 1644-1649Crossref Scopus (245) Google Scholar La promoción de la educación es una estrategia clave para reducir el matrimonio infantil y posponer el primer nacimiento. Los programas para desarrollar la capacidad mediante la educación y las microfinanzas entre las comunidades de pastores han convertido a las mujeres analfabetas pobres en líderes que ayudaron a adaptar sus comunidades a la sequía.10Coppock DI desta S texera S Gerbru G El desarrollo de capacidades ayuda a las mujeres de pastores a transformar las comunidades empobrecidas en Etiopía. Ciencia. 2011; 334: 1394-1397Crossref PubMed Scopus (40) Google Scholar En una sociedad hausa polígama en el noroeste de Nigeria, con una edad media de matrimonio de 14·6 años y donde los padres comúnmente veían la menarquia como un signo de preparación para el matrimonio, muchos padres ahora están dispuestos a retrasar los matrimonios de sus hijas si se les ofrece ayuda con las tarifas escolares y los libros. Estas tres intervenciones clave se consideran de apoyo mutuo. Aunque implican consideraciones a largo plazo, algunas, como la mejora de las prácticas agrícolas, tienen beneficios inmediatos. Los programas deben integrarse para aprovechar los efectos multiplicadores intrínsecos. Por ejemplo, educar a las niñas facilita la adopción de la planificación familiar y mejora la generación de ingresos en la familia. La investigación y la evaluación rigurosas serán esenciales para construir la base de evidencia para inversiones tan urgentemente necesarias. Es necesario llenar las lagunas sustanciales en los datos demográficos, agrícolas y de salud. Las políticas deben diseñarse para generar beneficios medibles y significativos para las poblaciones más vulnerables. Las intervenciones deben desarrollarse en un marco de derechos humanos, asegurando que los beneficios no se desvíen solo hacia aquellos con mayor capital social y político. Los países menos desarrollados, como los del Sahel, reciben el 0,9% del ingreso nacional bruto de los países industrializados en asistencia oficial para el desarrollo, mucho menos de lo que los donantes han comprometido.11Fondo de Población de las Naciones UnidasInstituto Demográfico Interdisciplinario de los Países BajosBase de datos de flujos de recursos. Population assistance per capital, África subsahariana, 2009.http://www.resourceflows.org/Google Scholar, 12UN Development Programme Bureau for Development PolicyTowards human resilience: sustaining MDG progress in a age of economic uncertainty. Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo, Nueva York, NY, EE. UU. 2011Google Scholar Para enfrentar los formidables desafíos que enfrenta la región, la acción debe ser inmediata y a gran escala. Sobre la base del modelo de la Comisión Lancet, sugerimos que se convoque a un grupo de expertos del Sahel e instituciones de investigación de otras partes del mundo para explorar y documentar las iniciativas intersectoriales y escalables necesarias para evitar que el Sahel (y otras regiones menos desarrolladas) queden totalmente excluidas de la promesa de mejorar la salud y el bienestar prevista en la Comisión Lancet.1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al.Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation.Lancet. 2013; 382: 1898-1955 Resumen Texto completo Texto completo PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar Declaramos que no tenemos intereses en competencia. For many developing countries, investments in health have proved a great success. The Lancet Commission "Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation"1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al.Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation.Lancet. 2013; 382: 1898-1955Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar and the 2014 Gates annual letter2Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation2014 Gates annual letter. 3 myths that block progress for the poor.http://annualletter.gatesfoundation.org/#section=homeGoogle Scholar envision the possibility of a "grand convergence" by which more countries will have a child mortality rate as low as 15 per 1000 livebirths in 20 years time. We wish to draw attention to the special case of the least developed countries, which on present evidence are likely to be excluded from such a convergence. To start a discussion we will focus on the Sahel (the 1 million square-mile semi-arid zone of Africa stretching from the Atlantic to the Red Sea) where the clash of uniquely rapid population growth and some of the harshest effects of climate change are likely to have the greatest overall effects on health. The population projections shown in the figure are the UN Population Division's medium variant. These projections could be exceeded unless much greater emphasis is given to family planning. Even assuming rapid decreases in family size from the current average of 7·6, the population of Niger alone will grow from 16 million today to 58 million by 2050. This increase is indicative of the formidable population momentum in the Sahel. More than 40% of the population is younger than 15 years. In the absence of substantial cuts in greenhouse gas emissions by developed nations, the Sahel (because it is so dry already) is likely to suffer some of the worst effects of climate change, with temperature increases as high as 5–8°C by 2100 (figure).3IPCCSummary for policymakers.in: Stocker TF D Qin G-K Plattner M Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK2013Google Scholar Extreme weather events will become more common, and the effect of global warming is likely to be felt over many sectors from health to agriculture. Vector-borne diseases are likely to increase. Climate change could reduce crop yields in sub-Saharan Africa by 22% for maize, and 8% for cassava.4Schlenker W Lobell DB Robust negative impacts of climate change on African agriculture.Environ Res Lett. 2010; 5: 014010Crossref Scopus (814) Google Scholar In 2012, the University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, and the African Institute for Development Policy, Nairobi, Kenya, hosted a multidisciplinary international meeting on the Sahel.5Potts M Zulu E Castillo F Henderson C Crisis in the Sahel: possible solutions and the consequences of inaction. University of California, Bixby Center for Population Health and Sustainability, Berkeley2013Google Scholar Although recognising the serious threat that rapid population growth and desertification present in this region, the meeting also identified evidence-based solutions, including three key interventions. First, subsistence farmers and pastoralists need help to adapt to climate change. Adaptation will require the development of drought-resistant crops, methods to address changing patterns of pest infestations, improved crop storage, and more efficient water capture and storage. A multidisciplinary approach and a long-term vision are much needed—currently many interventions are not adopted until visible water shortages occur. Second, greater priority must be given to family planning. Political will must be garnered to advocate for international donors to invest in family planning, and Sahelian governments need to be more proactive. There is a well documented unmet need for family planning ranging from 16% to 35% of married women, calculated with the Demographic and Health Surveys STATcompiler, but in such high-fertility societies increased demand creation is also crucial. Where family planning has been brought to women in their own communities, as in Bangladesh, contraceptive use has increased rapidly, even among impoverished women.6Campbell M Prata N Potts M The impact of freedom on fertility decline.J Fam Plan Reprod Health Care. 2013; 39: 44-50Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar, 7Cleland J Phillips J Amin S Kamal GM The determinants of reproductive change in Bangladesh: success in a challenging environment. The World Bank, Washington, DC1994Google Scholar Task shifting, for example training community volunteers to distribute injectable contraceptives,8Prata N Gessessew A Cartwright A Fraser A Provision of injectable contraceptives in Ethiopia through community-based reproductive health agents.Bull World Health Organ. 2011; 89: 556-564Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar and increased emphasis on surgical sterilisation, intrauterine devices, and implants, together with access to comprehensive abortion care, are essential. Third, donors and governments need to invest heavily in women's empowerment. The status of women in the Sahel is low. Child marriage remains common, increasing a woman's likelihood of early pregnancy, and decreasing her chances of leading an autonomous life. Pregnancy in immature teenage girls is a major cause of maternal mortality and morbidity, such as obstetric fistula.9Nour NM Health consequences of child marriage in Africa.Emerg Infect Dis. 2006; 11: 1644-1649Crossref Scopus (245) Google Scholar Promotion of education is a key strategy to reduce child marriage and postpone the first birth. Programmes to build capacity by education and microfinance among pastoral communities have turned poor illiterate women into leaders who helped adapt their communities to drought.10Coppock DI Desta S Texera S Gerbru G Capacity building helps pastoral women transform impoverished communities in Ethiopia.Science. 2011; 334: 1394-1397Crossref PubMed Scopus (40) Google Scholar In a polygamous Hausa society in northwest Nigeria, with a median age of marriage of 14·6 years and where parents commonly viewed menarche as a sign of readiness for marriage, many parents are now willing to delay their daughters' marriages if offered help with school fees and books. These three key interventions are regarded as mutually supportive. Although they involve long-term considerations, some, such as improved agricultural practices, have immediate payoffs. Programmes need to be integrated so as to exploit intrinsic multiplier effects. For example, educating girls facilitates the adoption of family planning and enhances income generation in the family. Rigorous research and assessment will be essential to build the evidence base for such urgently needed investments. Substantial gaps in demographic, agricultural, and health data need to be filled. Policies need to be designed to result in measurable, meaningful benefit to the most vulnerable populations. Interventions must be developed in a human rights framework, ensuring that the benefits do not drift only toward those with the most social and political capital. Least developed countries, such as those in the Sahel, receive 0·09% of gross national income of industrialised countries in official development assistance—far less than what donors have committed.11UN Population FundNetherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic InstituteResource Flows database. Population assistance per capital, sub-Saharan Africa, 2009.http://www.resourceflows.org/Google Scholar, 12UN Development Programme Bureau for Development PolicyTowards human resilience: sustaining MDG progress in an age of economic uncertainty. UN Development Programme, New York, NY, USA2011Google Scholar To confront the formidable challenges facing the region, action must be immediate and large scale. On the basis of the model of the Lancet Commission, we suggest that a group of experts from the Sahel and research institutions elsewhere in the world should be convened to explore and document the cross-sectoral, scalable initiatives needed to avoid the Sahel (and other least developed regions) being totally excluded from the promise of improved health and welfare foreseen in the Lancet Commission.1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al.Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation.Lancet. 2013; 382: 1898-1955Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar We declare that we have no competing interests. بالنسبة للعديد من البلدان النامية، أثبتت الاستثمارات في الصحة نجاحًا كبيرًا. لجنة لانسيت "الصحة العالمية 2035: عالم يتقارب في غضون جيل" 1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al. الصحة العالمية 2035: عالم يتقارب في غضون جيل. 2013 ؛ 382: 1898-1955 ملخص النص الكامل PDF PubMed Scopus (804) الباحث العلمي من Google والرسالة السنوية 2014 Gates2Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation2014 Gates annual letter. 3 myths that block progress for the poor.http:// annualletter.gatesfoundation.org/#section=homeGoogle Scholar تصور إمكانية "التقارب الكبير" الذي من خلاله سيكون لدى المزيد من البلدان معدل وفيات الأطفال منخفضًا يصل إلى 15 لكل 1000 مولود حي في غضون 20 عامًا. نود أن نسترعي الانتباه إلى الحالة الخاصة لأقل البلدان نمواً، والتي من المرجح أن يتم استبعادها من هذا التقارب بناءً على الأدلة الحالية. لبدء مناقشة، سنركز على منطقة الساحل (المنطقة شبه القاحلة التي تبلغ مساحتها مليون ميل مربع في إفريقيا وتمتد من المحيط الأطلسي إلى البحر الأحمر) حيث من المرجح أن يكون لصدام النمو السكاني السريع بشكل فريد وبعض من أقسى آثار تغير المناخ أكبر الآثار الشاملة على الصحة. التوقعات السكانية الموضحة في الشكل هي المتغير المتوسط لشعبة السكان بالأمم المتحدة. يمكن تجاوز هذه التوقعات ما لم يتم التركيز بشكل أكبر على تنظيم الأسرة. حتى بافتراض الانخفاض السريع في حجم الأسرة من المتوسط الحالي البالغ 7.6، فإن عدد سكان النيجر وحده سينمو من 16 مليونًا اليوم إلى 58 مليونًا بحلول عام 2050. وتشير هذه الزيادة إلى الزخم السكاني الهائل في منطقة الساحل. أكثر من 40 ٪ من السكان تقل أعمارهم عن 15 عامًا. في غياب تخفيضات كبيرة في انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة من قبل الدول المتقدمة، من المرجح أن تعاني منطقة الساحل (لأنها جافة بالفعل) من بعض أسوأ آثار تغير المناخ، مع ارتفاع درجات الحرارة إلى 5-8 درجات مئوية بحلول عام 2100 (الشكل) .3 IPCCSummary for policymakers.in: Stocker TF D Qin G - K Plattner M Climate Change 2013: the physical science basis. مطبعة جامعة كامبريدج، كامبريدج، المملكة المتحدة 2013 ستصبح أحداث الطقس المتطرفة لباحث جوجل أكثر شيوعًا، ومن المرجح أن يكون تأثير الاحترار العالمي ملموسًا في العديد من القطاعات من الصحة إلى الزراعة. من المرجح أن تزداد الأمراض المنقولة بالنواقل. يمكن لتغير المناخ أن يقلل من غلة المحاصيل في أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء الكبرى بنسبة 22 ٪ للذرة، و 8 ٪ للكسافا .4 Schlenker W Lobell DB تأثيرات سلبية قوية لتغير المناخ على الزراعة الأفريقية. Environ Res Lett. 2010; 5: 014010Crossref Scopus (814) Google Scholar في عام 2012، استضافت جامعة كاليفورنيا، بيركلي، كاليفورنيا، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، والمعهد الأفريقي لسياسة التنمية، نيروبي، كينيا، اجتماعًا دوليًا متعدد التخصصات حول أزمة الساحل 5 بوتس إم زولو إي كاستيلو إف هندرسون سي في الساحل: الحلول الممكنة وعواقب التقاعس عن العمل. جامعة كاليفورنيا، مركز بيكسبي لصحة السكان والاستدامة، بيركلي 2013 الباحث العلمي من Google على الرغم من إدراك التهديد الخطير الذي يمثله النمو السكاني السريع والتصحر في هذه المنطقة، فقد حدد الاجتماع أيضًا حلولًا قائمة على الأدلة، بما في ذلك ثلاثة تدخلات رئيسية. أولاً، يحتاج مزارعو الكفاف والرعاة إلى المساعدة للتكيف مع تغير المناخ. سيتطلب التكيف تطوير محاصيل مقاومة للجفاف، وطرقًا لمعالجة الأنماط المتغيرة لتفشي الآفات، وتحسين تخزين المحاصيل، وجمع المياه وتخزينها بشكل أكثر كفاءة. هناك حاجة ماسة إلى نهج متعدد التخصصات ورؤية طويلة الأجل - في الوقت الحالي لا يتم اعتماد العديد من التدخلات حتى يحدث نقص واضح في المياه. ثانياً، يجب إعطاء أولوية أكبر لتنظيم الأسرة. يجب حشد الإرادة السياسية لمناصرة المانحين الدوليين للاستثمار في تنظيم الأسرة، ويجب أن تكون حكومات منطقة الساحل أكثر استباقية. هناك حاجة موثقة جيدًا غير ملباة لتنظيم الأسرة تتراوح بين 16 ٪ إلى 35 ٪ من النساء المتزوجات، محسوبة باستخدام برنامج تجميع الاستقصاءات الديموغرافية والصحية، ولكن في مثل هذه المجتمعات ذات الخصوبة العالية، يعد زيادة خلق الطلب أمرًا بالغ الأهمية أيضًا. حيث تم جلب تنظيم الأسرة للنساء في مجتمعاتهن المحلية، كما هو الحال في بنغلاديش، زاد استخدام وسائل منع الحمل بسرعة، حتى بين النساء الفقيرات .6 Campbell M Prata N Potts M تأثير الحرية على انخفاض الخصوبة .J Fam Plan Reprod Health Care. 2013 ؛ 39: 44-50 Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) الباحث العلمي من Google، 7Cleland J Phillips J Amin S Kamal GM محددات التغيير الإنجابي في بنغلاديش: النجاح في بيئة صعبة. البنك الدولي، واشنطن، DC1994 تغيير مهام الباحث العلمي من Google، على سبيل المثال تدريب المتطوعين المجتمعيين على توزيع وسائل منع الحمل القابلة للحقن، 8 براتا إن جيسو إيه كارترايت إيه فريزر توفير وسائل منع الحمل القابلة للحقن في إثيوبيا من خلال وكلاء الصحة الإنجابية المجتمعية. منظمة الصحة العالمية. 2011 ؛ 89: 556-564 Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar وزيادة التركيز على التعقيم الجراحي والأجهزة داخل الرحم والغرسات، إلى جانب الوصول إلى الرعاية الشاملة للإجهاض، أمر ضروري. ثالثًا، تحتاج الجهات المانحة والحكومات إلى الاستثمار بكثافة في تمكين المرأة. وضع المرأة في منطقة الساحل منخفض. لا يزال زواج الأطفال شائعًا، مما يزيد من احتمال الحمل المبكر للمرأة، ويقلل من فرصها في العيش حياة مستقلة. يعد الحمل لدى الفتيات المراهقات غير الناضجات سببًا رئيسيًا لوفيات الأمهات واعتلالهن، مثل ناسور الولادة .9 ولا عواقب صحية لزواج الأطفال في أفريقيا .العدوى الطارئة. 2006 ؛ 11: 1644-1649 Crossref Scopus (245) يعد ترويج الباحث العلمي من Google للتعليم استراتيجية رئيسية للحد من زواج الأطفال وتأجيل الولادة الأولى. أدت برامج بناء القدرات من خلال التعليم والتمويل الأصغر بين المجتمعات الرعوية إلى تحويل النساء الأميات الفقيرات إلى قادة ساعدوا في تكييف مجتمعاتهن مع الجفاف .10 يساعد بناء القدرات النساء الرعويات على تحويل المجتمعات الفقيرة في إثيوبيا .العلوم. 2011 ؛ 334: 1394-1397 كروسريف بوبد سكوبس (40) الباحث العلمي من غوغل في مجتمع هوسا متعدد الزوجات في شمال غرب نيجيريا، بمتوسط عمر زواج يبلغ 14·6 سنوات وحيث ينظر الآباء عادة إلى الحيض على أنه علامة على الاستعداد للزواج، فإن العديد من الآباء على استعداد الآن لتأخير زواج بناتهم إذا عرضت عليهم المساعدة في الرسوم المدرسية والكتب. تعتبر هذه التدخلات الرئيسية الثلاثة داعمة لبعضها البعض. على الرغم من أنها تنطوي على اعتبارات طويلة الأجل، إلا أن بعضها، مثل الممارسات الزراعية المحسنة، يحصل على مكافآت فورية. يجب دمج البرامج من أجل استغلال التأثيرات المضاعفة الجوهرية. على سبيل المثال، يسهل تعليم الفتيات اعتماد تنظيم الأسرة ويعزز توليد الدخل في الأسرة. سيكون البحث والتقييم الدقيقان ضروريين لبناء قاعدة الأدلة لمثل هذه الاستثمارات المطلوبة بشكل عاجل. يجب سد الثغرات الكبيرة في البيانات الديموغرافية والزراعية والصحية. يجب تصميم السياسات بحيث تؤدي إلى فائدة قابلة للقياس وذات مغزى للفئات السكانية الأكثر ضعفاً. يجب تطوير التدخلات في إطار حقوق الإنسان، مع ضمان عدم انحراف الفوائد فقط نحو أولئك الذين لديهم أكبر قدر من رأس المال الاجتماعي والسياسي. تتلقى أقل البلدان نمواً، مثل تلك الموجودة في منطقة الساحل، 0·09 ٪ من الدخل القومي الإجمالي للبلدان الصناعية في المساعدة الإنمائية الرسمية - أقل بكثير مما التزم به المانحون .11 صندوق الأمم المتحدة للسكانالمعهد الديمغرافي الهولندي متعدد التخصصاتقاعدة بيانات تدفقات الموارد. المساعدة السكانية لكل رأس مال، أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء الكبرى، 2009.http://www.resourceflows.org/Google Scholar، 12 مكتب برنامج الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي للسياسات الإنمائية نحو المرونة البشرية: الحفاظ على التقدم المحرز في الأهداف الإنمائية للألفية في عصر عدم اليقين الاقتصادي. برنامج الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي، نيويورك، نيويورك، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية2011 الباحث العلمي من Google لمواجهة التحديات الهائلة التي تواجه المنطقة، يجب أن يكون العمل فوريًا وعلى نطاق واسع. على أساس نموذج لجنة لانسيت، نقترح عقد اجتماع لمجموعة من الخبراء من منطقة الساحل والمؤسسات البحثية في أماكن أخرى من العالم لاستكشاف وتوثيق المبادرات الشاملة لعدة قطاعات والقابلة للتطوير اللازمة لتجنب استبعاد منطقة الساحل (وغيرها من المناطق الأقل نمواً) تمامًا من الوعد بتحسين الصحة والرفاهية المتوقع في لجنة لانسيت. 1 جيمسون دي تي سمرز إل إتش ألين جي وآخرون. الصحة العالمية 2035: عالم يتقارب في غضون جيل. لانسيت. 2013 ؛ 382: 1898-1955 ملخص النص الكامل PDF PubMed Scopus (804) الباحث العلمي من Google نعلن أنه ليس لدينا مصالح متنافسة.

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    The Lancet Global Health
    Article . 2014
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/0f...
    Other literature type . 2014
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/5s...
    Other literature type . 2014
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      The Lancet Global Health
      Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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      The Lancet Global Health
      Article . 2014
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      The Lancet Global Health
      Article . 2014
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/0f...
      Other literature type . 2014
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/5s...
      Other literature type . 2014
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Authors: Kaitlyn Spangler; Roslynn Brain McCann; Rafter Sass Ferguson;

    The solutions-based design framework of permaculture exhibits transformative potential, working to holistically integrate natural and human systems toward a more just society. The term can be defined and applied in a breadth of ways, contributing to both strengths and weaknesses for its capacity toward change. To explore the tension of breadth as strength and weakness, we interviewed 25 prominent permaculture teachers and practitioners across the United States (US) regarding how they define permaculture as a concept and perceive the term’s utility. We find that permaculture casts a wide net that participants grapple with in their own work. They engaged in a negotiation process of how they associate or disassociate themselves with the term, recognizing that it can be both unifying and polarizing. Further, there was noted concern of permaculture’s failure to cite and acknowledge its rootedness in Indigenous knowledge, as well as distinguish itself from Indigenous alternatives. We contextualize these findings within the resounding call for a decolonization of modern ways of living and the science of sustainability, of which permaculture can be critically part of. We conclude with recommended best practices for how to continuously (re-)define permaculture in an embodied and dynamic way to work toward these goals.

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    Sustainability
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Sustainability
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    Sustainability
    Article . 2021
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    DigitalCommons@USU
    Other literature type . 2021
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      Sustainability
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Jatmiko; K. Fifield; P. Hadi; Jian-xin Zhao; +11 Authors

    Song Gupuh, a partially collapsed cave in the Gunung Sewu Limestones of East Java, Indonesia, contains over 16 m of deposits with a faunal sequence spanning some 70 ka. Major changes in the range of animals represented show the impact of climate change and humans. The Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene was a period of maximum biodiversity. Human use of Song Gupuh and other cave sites in the region also intensified significantly from ca. 12 ka, together with a new focus on exploitation of small-bodied species (macaque monkeys and molluscs), the first evidence for import of resources from the coast, and use of bone and shell tools. Human activity, especially after the onset of the Neolithic around 2.6 ka, subsequently contributed to a progressive loss of many species from the area, including tapir, elephant, Malayan bear, rhino and tiger, and this extinction process is continuing. We conclude by discussing the biogeographical significance of Song Gupuh in the context of other sites in Java (e.g. Punung, Wajak) and further afield (e.g. Liang Bua).

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    Journal of Archaeological Science
    Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Archaeological Science
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    Authors: Raghava R. Kommalapati; Do-Eun Choe; Hongbo Du; Venkata S. V. Botlaguduru; +2 Authors

    The Houston-Dallas (I-45) corridor is the busiest route among 18 traffic corridors in Texas, USA. The expected population growth and the surge in passenger mobility may result in a significant impact on the regional environment. This study uses a life cycle framework to predict and evaluate the net changes of environmental impact associated with the potential development of a high-speed rail (HSR) System along the I-45 corridor through its life cycle. The environmental impact is estimated in terms of CO2 and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per vehicle/passenger-kilometers traveled (V/PKT) using life cycle assessment. The analyses are performed referring to the Ecoinvent 3.4 inventory database through the phases: material extraction and processing, infrastructure construction, vehicle manufacturing, system operation, and end of life. The environmental benefit is evaluated by comparing the potential development of the HSR system with those of the existing transportation systems. The vehicle component, especially operation and maintenance of vehicles, is the primary contributor to the total global warming potential with about 93% of the life cycle GHG emissions. For the infrastructure component, 56.76% of GHG emissions result from the material extraction and processing phase (23.75 kgCO2eq/VKT). Various life cycle emissions of HSR except PM are significantly lower than for passenger cars.

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    Public Transport
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    Public Transport
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Public Transport
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    Authors: Nick Jenkins; Mark Z. Jacobson; Eric D. Stoutenburg;

    ABSTRACTThe California generation fleet manages the existing variability and uncertainty in the demand for electric power (load). When wind power is added, the dispatchable generators manage the variability and uncertainty of the net load (load minus wind power). The variability and uncertainty of the load and the net load are compared when 8790 MW of wind power are added to the California power system, a level expected when California achieves its 33% renewable portfolio standard, using a data set of 26,296 h of synchronous historic load and modeled historic wind power output. Variability was calculated as the rate of change in power generated by wind farms or consumed by the load from 1 h to the next (MW/h). Uncertainty was calculated as the 1 h ahead forecast error [MW] of the wind power or of the load. The data show that wind power adds no additional variability than is already present in the load variability. However, wind power adds additional uncertainty through increased forecast errors in the net load compared with the load. Forecast errors in the net load increase 18.7% for negative forecast errors (actual less than forecast) and 5.4% for positive forecast errors (actual greater than forecast). The increase in negative forecast errors occurs only during the afternoon hours when negative load forecasts and positive wind forecasts are strongly correlated. Managing the integration of wind power in the California power system should focus on reducing wind power forecast uncertainty for wind ramp ups during the afternoon hours. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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    Wind Energy
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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      Wind Energy
      Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Nizhnikov, Michael; Pautassi, Ricardo Marcos; Varlinskaya, Elena I.; Rahmani, Pouyan; +1 Authors

    Pairing a conditioned stimulus (CS) with ethanol generally produces aversion for that CS in adult rodents. However, infant rats (PD1-PD3) exposed to ethanol demonstrate appetitive reinforcement to ethanol (Nizhnikov, Varlinskaya, Petrov, & Spear, 2006; Petrov, Varlinskaya, & Spear, 2003). This sensitivity to the appetitive properties of ethanol during infancy may be transient, as during the second postnatal week rat pups tend to exhibit conditioned aversions to flavors paired with ethanol. The present study examined changes in the motivation properties of ethanol through ontogeny and the neurobiology underlying these changes. Rat pups were exposed to a taste conditioning procedure on PD4 or PD12. Rat pups were intraorally infused with 2.5% of their body weight of saccharin solution (0.1%) and immediately after injected intraperitoneolly (i.p.) with one of six doses of ethanol (0.0-2.0 g/kg). A day later pups were given saccharine infusions and percent body weight gain was used as an index of ethanol's reinforcing effects. PD4 pups expressed appetitive reinforcement to ethanol, as indicated by greater saccharin intake, as compared to control counterparts and to the older PD12 pups. Subsequent experiments revealed that PD4 pups were less sensitive to the aversive properties of the drug than PD12 pups. The older pups found high doses of ethanol aversive while PD4 rat pups did not condition aversions to this dose of ethanol after a single trial. A similar pattern of results was observed between the low doses of ethanol and the highest doses of a kappa opioid agonist. The PD12 animals did not condition to the kappa opioid agonist, while the younger rats expressed an appetitive response. These results illustrate an ontogenetic change in the motivational properties of ethanol, with sensitivity to its appetitive properties declining and responsiveness to the aversive properties increasing with age during early infancy.

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    Alcohol
    Article
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    CONICET Digital
    Article . 2012
    License: CC BY NC SA
    Data sources: CONICET Digital
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    Alcohol
    Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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      Alcohol
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      CONICET Digital
      Article . 2012
      License: CC BY NC SA
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      Alcohol
      Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Arthur J. Ragauskas; Arthur J. Ragauskas; Chengrong Qin; Ajoy Kanti Mondal; +4 Authors

    Abstract In the present study, Loblolly pine biomass residue was converted to bio-oil in a two-step process, consisting of 1) fast pyrolysis in the presence of zeolite ZSM-5 as a catalyst to produce pyrolysis oil, 2) hydrogenation of pyrolysis oil using formic acid as the hydrogen source in presence of Ru/activated carbon catalyst. Pyrolysis oils were analyzed by 13C, 31P and HSQC-NMR and the results revealed that the zeolite-induced catalytic fast pyrolysis process led to effective demethoxylation, producing more catechol and p-hydroxy-phenyl hydroxyl groups in the bio-oils, resulting in a decrease in the methoxyl group content by about 85 % and rich aromatic structures in the pyrolysis oils. The properties of pyrolysis oil with and without zeolite were in the bio-oil range. Hydrogenated pyrolysis oil showed that 79 % of the aromatic protons are eliminated and 87 % of protons are aliphatic in nature, with no oxygen attached to the α-carbon.

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    Industrial Crops and Products
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Industrial Crops and Products
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Austin Parrish; Ankita Srivastava; Egle Juskeviciute; Jan B. Hoek; +1 Authors

    Impaired liver regeneration has been considered as a hallmark of progression of alcohol-associated liver disease. Our previous studies demonstrated that in vivo inhibition of the microRNA (miRNA) miR21 can restore regenerative capacity of the liver in chronic ethanol-fed animals. The present study focuses on the role of microRNA regulatory networks that are likely to mediate the miR-21 action. Rats were chronically fed an ethanol-enriched diet along with pair-fed control animals and treated with AM21 (anti-miR-21), a locked nucleic acid antisense to miR-21. Partial hepatectomy (PHx) was performed and miRNA expression profiling over the course of liver regeneration was assessed. Our results showed dynamic expression changes in several miRNAs after PHx, notably with altered miRNA expression profiles between ethanol and control groups. We found that in vivo inhibition of miR-21 led to correlated differential expression of miR-340-5p and anticorrelated expression of miR-365, let-7a, miR-1224, and miR-146a across all sample groups after PHx. Gene set enrichment analysis identified a miRNA signature significantly associated with hepatic stellate cell activation within whole liver tissue data. We hypothesized that at least part of the PHx-induced miRNA network changes responsive to miR-21 inhibition is localized to hepatic stellate cells. We validated this hypothesis using AM21 and TGF-β treatments in LX-2 human hepatic stellate cells in culture and measured expression levels of select miRNAs by quantitative RT-PCR. Based on the in vivo and in vitro results, we propose a hepatic stellate cell miRNA regulatory network as contributing to the restoration of liver regenerative capacity by miR-21 inhibition.

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    Physiological Genomics
    Article
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    Physiological Genomics
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Physiological Genomics
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      Physiological Genomics
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Snorre Kverndokk; Knut Einar Rosendahl; Knut Einar Rosendahl; Thomas F. Rutherford;

    We study the role of technology subsidies in climate policies, using a simple dynamic equilibrium model with learning-by-doing. The optimal subsidy rate of a carbon-free technology is high when the technology is first adopted, but falls significantly over the next decades. However, the efficiency costs of uniform instead of optimal subsidies, may be low if there are introduction or expansion constraints for a new technology. Finally, supporting existing energy technologies only, may lead to technology lock-in, and the impacts of lock-in increase with the learning potential of new technologies as well as the possibilities for early entry and thight carbon constraints.

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    EconStor
    Research . 2004
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    SSRN Electronic Journal
    Article . 2004 . Peer-reviewed
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      EconStor
      Research . 2004
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      SSRN Electronic Journal
      Article . 2004 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Rosato, A. D.; Dave, R. N.;

    In the first phase of this research, we have finished the simulation studies to support the experimental work in the area of particle transport in vibrated granular beds. Representative results are briefly summarized in the attached short paper. Based on the results obtained, in particular the interesting phenomena such as heaping, arching and bifurcation in the flow regime, we have decided to carry put the initial set of experiments in a two dimensional rectangular bed. A schematic diagram of this is also attached. This rectangular cell will allow us to make the necessary observations, in particular the optical observations made through the use of Kodak EkatPro1000 high-speed video camera. A student, supported by the Institute as a match to this grant is in tile process of completing the fabrication of this cell, and has collected all the pertinent literature in this area. We have also obtained specifications and quotations for the vibration unit to be used in this experiments, and it will be ordered in the near future. In addition to the use of the two dimensional rectangular bed, we have also developed a three dimensional cylindrical cell for the study of segregation behavior. A nonintrusive tracking system will be used in measuring the trajectories of tile rising large particle, and at present all the calibration jigs, and software have been developed. We anticipate collecting the experimental data in the next few weeks.

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    Authors: Martha Campbell; John B. Casterline; Federico Castillo; Alisha Graves; +8 Authors

    Pour de nombreux pays en développement, les investissements dans la santé ont été un grand succès. The Lancet Commission « Global health 2035 : a world converging within a generation »1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al.Global health 2035 : a world converging within a generation.Lancet. 2013 ; 382: 1898-1955Sommaire Texte intégral PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar et la lettre annuelle 2014 de Gates2 Lettre annuelle 2014 de Gates de Bill et Melinda Gates. 3 mythes qui bloquent le progrès pour les pauvres.http ://annualletter.gatesfoundation.org/#section = homeGoogle Scholar envisage la possibilité d'une « grande convergence » par laquelle plus de pays auront un taux de mortalité infantile aussi bas que 15 pour 1 000 naissances vivantes dans 20 ans. Nous souhaitons attirer l'attention sur le cas particulier des pays les moins avancés, qui, selon les données actuelles, sont susceptibles d'être exclus d'une telle convergence. Pour commencer une discussion, nous nous concentrerons sur le Sahel (la zone semi-aride d'un million de milles carrés de l'Afrique s'étendant de l'Atlantique à la mer Rouge) où le choc de la croissance démographique particulièrement rapide et certains des effets les plus sévères du changement climatique sont susceptibles d'avoir les effets globaux les plus importants sur la santé. Les projections démographiques présentées dans la figure sont la variante moyenne de la Division de la population des Nations Unies. Ces projections pourraient être dépassées à moins qu'une plus grande importance ne soit accordée à la planification familiale. Même en supposant une diminution rapide de la taille des familles par rapport à la moyenne actuelle de 7,6, la population du Niger passera à elle seule de 16 millions aujourd'hui à 58 millions d'ici 2050. Cette augmentation est révélatrice de la formidable dynamique démographique au Sahel. Plus de 40 % de la population a moins de 15 ans. En l'absence de réductions substantielles des émissions de gaz à effet de serre par les pays développés, le Sahel (parce qu'il est déjà si sec) est susceptible de subir certains des pires effets du changement climatique, avec des augmentations de température allant jusqu'à 5-8 ° C d'ici 2100 (figure) .3IPCCSummary for policymakers.in : Stocker TF D Qin G-K Plattner M Climate change 2013 : the physical science basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Royaume-Uni2013Google Scholar Les événements météorologiques extrêmes deviendront plus fréquents et l'effet du réchauffement climatique se fera probablement sentir dans de nombreux secteurs, de la santé à l'agriculture. Les maladies à transmission vectorielle sont susceptibles d'augmenter. Le changement climatique pourrait réduire les rendements des cultures en Afrique subsaharienne de 22 % pour le maïs et de 8 % pour le manioc.4Schlenker W Lobell DB Impacts négatifs robustes du changement climatique sur l'agriculture africaine.Environ Res Lett. 2010 ; 5: 014010Crossref Scopus (814) Google Scholar En 2012, l'Université de Californie, Berkeley, CA, États-Unis, et l'Institut africain pour la politique de développement, Nairobi, Kenya, ont organisé une réunion internationale multidisciplinaire sur le Sahel.5Potts M Zulu E Castillo F Henderson C Crisis in the Sahel : possible solutions and the consequences of inaction. University of California, Bixby Center for Population Health and Sustainability, Berkeley2013Google Scholar Bien que reconnaissant la grave menace que représentent la croissance démographique rapide et la désertification dans cette région, la réunion a également identifié des solutions fondées sur des preuves, y compris trois interventions clés. Tout d'abord, les agriculteurs de subsistance et les éleveurs ont besoin d'aide pour s'adapter au changement climatique. L'adaptation nécessitera le développement de cultures résistantes à la sécheresse, des méthodes pour faire face à l'évolution des infestations de ravageurs, un meilleur stockage des cultures et une capture et un stockage plus efficaces de l'eau. Une approche multidisciplinaire et une vision à long terme sont indispensables - actuellement, de nombreuses interventions ne sont pas adoptées tant que des pénuries d'eau visibles ne se produisent pas. Deuxièmement, une plus grande priorité doit être accordée à la planification familiale. Il faut mobiliser la volonté politique pour inciter les donateurs internationaux à investir dans la planification familiale, et les gouvernements sahéliens doivent être plus proactifs. Il existe un besoin non satisfait bien documenté de planification familiale allant de 16 % à 35 % des femmes mariées, calculé avec le STATcompiler des enquêtes démographiques et de santé, mais dans ces sociétés à fécondité élevée, une création accrue de la demande est également cruciale. Là où la planification familiale a été apportée aux femmes dans leurs propres communautés, comme au Bangladesh, l'utilisation de contraceptifs a augmenté rapidement, même chez les femmes pauvres.6Campbell M Prata N Potts M L'impact de la liberté sur le déclin de la fécondité.J Fam Plan Reprod Health Care. 2013 ; 39: 44-50Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar, 7Cleland J Phillips J Amin S Kamal GM The determinants of reproductive change in Bangladesh : success in a challenging environment. The World Bank, Washington, DC1994Google Scholar Task shifting, for example training community volunteers to distribute injectable contraceptives,8Prata N Gessessew A Cartwright A Fraser A Provision of injectable contraceptives in Ethiopia through community-based reproductive health agents.Bull World Health Organ. 2011 ; 89: 556-564Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar et l'accent accru sur la stérilisation chirurgicale, les dispositifs intra-utérins et les implants, ainsi que l'accès à des soins complets en matière d'avortement, sont essentiels. Troisièmement, les donateurs et les gouvernements doivent investir massivement dans l'autonomisation des femmes. Le statut des femmes au Sahel est faible. Le mariage des enfants reste courant, ce qui augmente la probabilité d'une grossesse précoce pour une femme et diminue ses chances de mener une vie autonome. La grossesse chez les adolescentes immatures est une cause majeure de mortalité et de morbidité maternelles, telles que la fistule obstétricale.9Nour NM Conséquences sanitaires du mariage des enfants en Afrique.Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 ; 11: 1644-1649Crossref Scopus (245) Google Scholar La promotion de l'éducation est une stratégie clé pour réduire le mariage des enfants et reporter la première naissance. Les programmes de renforcement des capacités par l'éducation et la microfinance parmi les communautés pastorales ont transformé les femmes illettrées pauvres en leaders qui ont aidé à adapter leurs communautés à la sécheresse.10Coppock DI Desta S Texera S Gerbru G Le renforcement des capacités aide les femmes pastorales à transformer les communautés appauvries en Éthiopie.Science. 2011 ; 334: 1394-1397Crossref PubMed Scopus (40) Google Scholar Dans une société Haoussa polygame du nord-ouest du Nigeria, avec un âge médian de mariage de 14·6 ans et où les parents considéraient généralement les démarches ménagères comme un signe de préparation au mariage, de nombreux parents sont maintenant prêts à retarder le mariage de leurs filles si on leur propose de l'aide pour les frais de scolarité et les livres. Ces trois interventions clés sont considérées comme se renforçant mutuellement. Bien qu'elles impliquent des considérations à long terme, certaines, telles que l'amélioration des pratiques agricoles, ont des retombées immédiates. Les programmes doivent être intégrés de manière à exploiter les effets multiplicateurs intrinsèques. Par exemple, l'éducation des filles facilite l'adoption de la planification familiale et améliore la génération de revenus dans la famille. Une recherche et une évaluation rigoureuses seront essentielles pour constituer la base de données probantes pour ces investissements urgents. Des lacunes importantes dans les données démographiques, agricoles et sanitaires doivent être comblées. Les politiques doivent être conçues de manière à apporter des avantages mesurables et significatifs aux populations les plus vulnérables. Les interventions doivent être développées dans un cadre de droits de l'homme, en veillant à ce que les avantages ne dérivent pas uniquement vers ceux qui ont le plus de capital social et politique. Les pays les moins avancés, tels que ceux du Sahel, reçoivent 0,9 % du revenu national brut des pays industrialisés au titre de l'aide publique au développement, soit beaucoup moins que ce que les donateurs se sont engagés à faire.11 Fonds des Nations Unies pour la populationInstitut démographique interdisciplinaire des Pays-BasBase de données sur les flux de ressources. Population assistance per capital, Afrique subsaharienne, 2009.http ://www.resourceflows.org/Google Scholar, 12UN Development Programme Bureau for Development PolicyTowards human resilience : sustaining MDG progress in an age of economic uncertainty. Programme des Nations Unies pour le développement, New York, NY, USA2011Google Scholar Pour faire face aux formidables défis auxquels la région est confrontée, l'action doit être immédiate et à grande échelle. Sur la base du modèle de la Commission Lancet, nous suggérons qu'un groupe d'experts du Sahel et d'institutions de recherche ailleurs dans le monde soit convoqué pour explorer et documenter les initiatives intersectorielles et évolutives nécessaires pour éviter que le Sahel (et d'autres régions les moins développées) ne soit totalement exclu de la promesse d'amélioration de la santé et du bien-être prévue dans la Commission Lancet.1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al.Global health 2035 : a world converging within a generation.Lancet. 2013 ; 382: 1898-1955Résumé Texte intégral Texte intégral PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar Nous déclarons que nous n'avons pas d'intérêts concurrents. Para muchos países en desarrollo, las inversiones en salud han demostrado ser un gran éxito. La Comisión Lancet "Salud global 2035: un mundo convergente dentro de una generación" 1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al. Salud global 2035: un mundo convergente dentro de una generación. Lancet. 2013; 382: 1898-1955Resumen Texto completo PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar y la carta anual de Gates de 20142Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation2014 Carta anual de Gates. 3 mitos que bloquean el progreso de los pobres.http://annualletter.gatesfoundation.org/#section = homeGoogle Scholar prevé la posibilidad de una "gran convergencia" por la cual más países tendrán una tasa de mortalidad infantil tan baja como 15 por cada 1000 nacidos vivos en 20 años. Deseamos llamar la atención sobre el caso especial de los países menos adelantados, que según las pruebas actuales es probable que queden excluidos de tal convergencia. Para comenzar una discusión, nos centraremos en el Sahel (la zona semiárida de 1 millón de millas cuadradas de África que se extiende desde el Atlántico hasta el Mar Rojo), donde es probable que el choque del crecimiento demográfico excepcionalmente rápido y algunos de los efectos más duros del cambio climático tengan los mayores efectos generales sobre la salud. Las proyecciones de población que se muestran en la figura son la variante media de la División de Población de la ONU. Estas proyecciones podrían superarse a menos que se dé mucho más énfasis a la planificación familiar. Incluso suponiendo una rápida disminución en el tamaño de la familia desde el promedio actual de 7·6, la población de Níger crecerá de los 16 millones actuales a 58 millones para 2050. Este aumento es indicativo del formidable impulso demográfico en el Sahel. Más del 40% de la población es menor de 15 años. En ausencia de recortes sustanciales en las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero por parte de las naciones desarrolladas, es probable que el Sahel (porque ya está muy seco) sufra algunos de los peores efectos del cambio climático, con aumentos de temperatura de hasta 5-8 ° C para 2100 (figura) .3IPCCResumen para los responsables de la formulación de políticas.in: Stocker TF D Qin G-K Plattner M Cambio climático 2013: la base de la ciencia física. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Reino Unido2013Google Scholar Los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos serán cada vez más comunes, y es probable que el efecto del calentamiento global se sienta en muchos sectores, desde la salud hasta la agricultura. Es probable que aumenten las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores. El cambio climático podría reducir los rendimientos de los cultivos en África subsahariana en un 22% para el maíz y en un 8% para la yuca.4Schlenker W Lobell DB Fuertes impactos negativos del cambio climático en la agricultura africana.Environ Res Lett. 2010; 5: 014010Crossref Scopus (814) Google Scholar En 2012, la Universidad de California, Berkeley, CA, EE. UU., y el Instituto Africano de Política de Desarrollo, Nairobi, Kenia, organizaron una reunión internacional multidisciplinaria sobre el Sahel.5Potts M Zulu E Castillo F Henderson C Crisis en el Sahel: posibles soluciones y las consecuencias de la inacción. Universidad de California, Bixby Center for Population Health and Sustainability, Berkeley2013Google Scholar Aunque reconocieron la grave amenaza que el rápido crecimiento de la población y la desertificación presentan en esta región, la reunión también identificó soluciones basadas en la evidencia, incluidas tres intervenciones clave. En primer lugar, los agricultores y pastores de subsistencia necesitan ayuda para adaptarse al cambio climático. La adaptación requerirá el desarrollo de cultivos resistentes a la sequía, métodos para abordar los patrones cambiantes de infestaciones de plagas, un mejor almacenamiento de los cultivos y una captura y almacenamiento de agua más eficientes. Un enfoque multidisciplinario y una visión a largo plazo son muy necesarios: actualmente, muchas intervenciones no se adoptan hasta que se produce una escasez visible de agua. En segundo lugar, se debe dar mayor prioridad a la planificación familiar. Se debe reunir la voluntad política para abogar por que los donantes internacionales inviertan en planificación familiar, y los gobiernos del Sahel deben ser más proactivos. Existe una necesidad insatisfecha bien documentada de planificación familiar que oscila entre el 16% y el 35% de las mujeres casadas, calculada con el compilador STAT de encuestas demográficas y de salud, pero en estas sociedades de alta fertilidad también es crucial una mayor creación de demanda. Donde la planificación familiar se ha llevado a las mujeres en sus propias comunidades, como en Bangladesh, el uso de anticonceptivos ha aumentado rápidamente, incluso entre las mujeres empobrecidas.6Campbell M Prata N Potts M El impacto de la libertad en la disminución de la fertilidad.J Fam Plan Reprod Health Care. 2013; 39: 44-50Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar, 7Cleland J Phillips J Amin S Kamal GM Los determinantes del cambio reproductivo en Bangladesh: éxito en un entorno desafiante. El Banco Mundial, Washington, DC1994Google Scholar Task shifting, por ejemplo, capacitar a voluntarios de la comunidad para distribuir anticonceptivos inyectables ,8PrataN Gessessew A Cartwright A Fraser A Provisión de anticonceptivos inyectables en Etiopía a través de agentes de salud reproductiva basados en la comunidad.Bull World Health Organ. 2011; 89: 556-564Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar y un mayor énfasis en la esterilización quirúrgica, los dispositivos intrauterinos y los implantes, junto con el acceso a la atención integral del aborto, son esenciales. En tercer lugar, los donantes y los gobiernos deben invertir fuertemente en el empoderamiento de las mujeres. La situación de las mujeres en el Sahel es baja. El matrimonio infantil sigue siendo común, lo que aumenta la probabilidad de que una mujer tenga un embarazo temprano y disminuye sus posibilidades de llevar una vida autónoma. El embarazo en adolescentes inmaduras es una causa importante de mortalidad y morbilidad materna, como la fístula obstétrica.9Nuestro NM Consecuencias para la salud del matrimonio infantil en África.Emerg Infect Dis. 2006; 11: 1644-1649Crossref Scopus (245) Google Scholar La promoción de la educación es una estrategia clave para reducir el matrimonio infantil y posponer el primer nacimiento. Los programas para desarrollar la capacidad mediante la educación y las microfinanzas entre las comunidades de pastores han convertido a las mujeres analfabetas pobres en líderes que ayudaron a adaptar sus comunidades a la sequía.10Coppock DI desta S texera S Gerbru G El desarrollo de capacidades ayuda a las mujeres de pastores a transformar las comunidades empobrecidas en Etiopía. Ciencia. 2011; 334: 1394-1397Crossref PubMed Scopus (40) Google Scholar En una sociedad hausa polígama en el noroeste de Nigeria, con una edad media de matrimonio de 14·6 años y donde los padres comúnmente veían la menarquia como un signo de preparación para el matrimonio, muchos padres ahora están dispuestos a retrasar los matrimonios de sus hijas si se les ofrece ayuda con las tarifas escolares y los libros. Estas tres intervenciones clave se consideran de apoyo mutuo. Aunque implican consideraciones a largo plazo, algunas, como la mejora de las prácticas agrícolas, tienen beneficios inmediatos. Los programas deben integrarse para aprovechar los efectos multiplicadores intrínsecos. Por ejemplo, educar a las niñas facilita la adopción de la planificación familiar y mejora la generación de ingresos en la familia. La investigación y la evaluación rigurosas serán esenciales para construir la base de evidencia para inversiones tan urgentemente necesarias. Es necesario llenar las lagunas sustanciales en los datos demográficos, agrícolas y de salud. Las políticas deben diseñarse para generar beneficios medibles y significativos para las poblaciones más vulnerables. Las intervenciones deben desarrollarse en un marco de derechos humanos, asegurando que los beneficios no se desvíen solo hacia aquellos con mayor capital social y político. Los países menos desarrollados, como los del Sahel, reciben el 0,9% del ingreso nacional bruto de los países industrializados en asistencia oficial para el desarrollo, mucho menos de lo que los donantes han comprometido.11Fondo de Población de las Naciones UnidasInstituto Demográfico Interdisciplinario de los Países BajosBase de datos de flujos de recursos. Population assistance per capital, África subsahariana, 2009.http://www.resourceflows.org/Google Scholar, 12UN Development Programme Bureau for Development PolicyTowards human resilience: sustaining MDG progress in a age of economic uncertainty. Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo, Nueva York, NY, EE. UU. 2011Google Scholar Para enfrentar los formidables desafíos que enfrenta la región, la acción debe ser inmediata y a gran escala. Sobre la base del modelo de la Comisión Lancet, sugerimos que se convoque a un grupo de expertos del Sahel e instituciones de investigación de otras partes del mundo para explorar y documentar las iniciativas intersectoriales y escalables necesarias para evitar que el Sahel (y otras regiones menos desarrolladas) queden totalmente excluidas de la promesa de mejorar la salud y el bienestar prevista en la Comisión Lancet.1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al.Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation.Lancet. 2013; 382: 1898-1955 Resumen Texto completo Texto completo PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar Declaramos que no tenemos intereses en competencia. For many developing countries, investments in health have proved a great success. The Lancet Commission "Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation"1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al.Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation.Lancet. 2013; 382: 1898-1955Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar and the 2014 Gates annual letter2Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation2014 Gates annual letter. 3 myths that block progress for the poor.http://annualletter.gatesfoundation.org/#section=homeGoogle Scholar envision the possibility of a "grand convergence" by which more countries will have a child mortality rate as low as 15 per 1000 livebirths in 20 years time. We wish to draw attention to the special case of the least developed countries, which on present evidence are likely to be excluded from such a convergence. To start a discussion we will focus on the Sahel (the 1 million square-mile semi-arid zone of Africa stretching from the Atlantic to the Red Sea) where the clash of uniquely rapid population growth and some of the harshest effects of climate change are likely to have the greatest overall effects on health. The population projections shown in the figure are the UN Population Division's medium variant. These projections could be exceeded unless much greater emphasis is given to family planning. Even assuming rapid decreases in family size from the current average of 7·6, the population of Niger alone will grow from 16 million today to 58 million by 2050. This increase is indicative of the formidable population momentum in the Sahel. More than 40% of the population is younger than 15 years. In the absence of substantial cuts in greenhouse gas emissions by developed nations, the Sahel (because it is so dry already) is likely to suffer some of the worst effects of climate change, with temperature increases as high as 5–8°C by 2100 (figure).3IPCCSummary for policymakers.in: Stocker TF D Qin G-K Plattner M Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK2013Google Scholar Extreme weather events will become more common, and the effect of global warming is likely to be felt over many sectors from health to agriculture. Vector-borne diseases are likely to increase. Climate change could reduce crop yields in sub-Saharan Africa by 22% for maize, and 8% for cassava.4Schlenker W Lobell DB Robust negative impacts of climate change on African agriculture.Environ Res Lett. 2010; 5: 014010Crossref Scopus (814) Google Scholar In 2012, the University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, and the African Institute for Development Policy, Nairobi, Kenya, hosted a multidisciplinary international meeting on the Sahel.5Potts M Zulu E Castillo F Henderson C Crisis in the Sahel: possible solutions and the consequences of inaction. University of California, Bixby Center for Population Health and Sustainability, Berkeley2013Google Scholar Although recognising the serious threat that rapid population growth and desertification present in this region, the meeting also identified evidence-based solutions, including three key interventions. First, subsistence farmers and pastoralists need help to adapt to climate change. Adaptation will require the development of drought-resistant crops, methods to address changing patterns of pest infestations, improved crop storage, and more efficient water capture and storage. A multidisciplinary approach and a long-term vision are much needed—currently many interventions are not adopted until visible water shortages occur. Second, greater priority must be given to family planning. Political will must be garnered to advocate for international donors to invest in family planning, and Sahelian governments need to be more proactive. There is a well documented unmet need for family planning ranging from 16% to 35% of married women, calculated with the Demographic and Health Surveys STATcompiler, but in such high-fertility societies increased demand creation is also crucial. Where family planning has been brought to women in their own communities, as in Bangladesh, contraceptive use has increased rapidly, even among impoverished women.6Campbell M Prata N Potts M The impact of freedom on fertility decline.J Fam Plan Reprod Health Care. 2013; 39: 44-50Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar, 7Cleland J Phillips J Amin S Kamal GM The determinants of reproductive change in Bangladesh: success in a challenging environment. The World Bank, Washington, DC1994Google Scholar Task shifting, for example training community volunteers to distribute injectable contraceptives,8Prata N Gessessew A Cartwright A Fraser A Provision of injectable contraceptives in Ethiopia through community-based reproductive health agents.Bull World Health Organ. 2011; 89: 556-564Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar and increased emphasis on surgical sterilisation, intrauterine devices, and implants, together with access to comprehensive abortion care, are essential. Third, donors and governments need to invest heavily in women's empowerment. The status of women in the Sahel is low. Child marriage remains common, increasing a woman's likelihood of early pregnancy, and decreasing her chances of leading an autonomous life. Pregnancy in immature teenage girls is a major cause of maternal mortality and morbidity, such as obstetric fistula.9Nour NM Health consequences of child marriage in Africa.Emerg Infect Dis. 2006; 11: 1644-1649Crossref Scopus (245) Google Scholar Promotion of education is a key strategy to reduce child marriage and postpone the first birth. Programmes to build capacity by education and microfinance among pastoral communities have turned poor illiterate women into leaders who helped adapt their communities to drought.10Coppock DI Desta S Texera S Gerbru G Capacity building helps pastoral women transform impoverished communities in Ethiopia.Science. 2011; 334: 1394-1397Crossref PubMed Scopus (40) Google Scholar In a polygamous Hausa society in northwest Nigeria, with a median age of marriage of 14·6 years and where parents commonly viewed menarche as a sign of readiness for marriage, many parents are now willing to delay their daughters' marriages if offered help with school fees and books. These three key interventions are regarded as mutually supportive. Although they involve long-term considerations, some, such as improved agricultural practices, have immediate payoffs. Programmes need to be integrated so as to exploit intrinsic multiplier effects. For example, educating girls facilitates the adoption of family planning and enhances income generation in the family. Rigorous research and assessment will be essential to build the evidence base for such urgently needed investments. Substantial gaps in demographic, agricultural, and health data need to be filled. Policies need to be designed to result in measurable, meaningful benefit to the most vulnerable populations. Interventions must be developed in a human rights framework, ensuring that the benefits do not drift only toward those with the most social and political capital. Least developed countries, such as those in the Sahel, receive 0·09% of gross national income of industrialised countries in official development assistance—far less than what donors have committed.11UN Population FundNetherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic InstituteResource Flows database. Population assistance per capital, sub-Saharan Africa, 2009.http://www.resourceflows.org/Google Scholar, 12UN Development Programme Bureau for Development PolicyTowards human resilience: sustaining MDG progress in an age of economic uncertainty. UN Development Programme, New York, NY, USA2011Google Scholar To confront the formidable challenges facing the region, action must be immediate and large scale. On the basis of the model of the Lancet Commission, we suggest that a group of experts from the Sahel and research institutions elsewhere in the world should be convened to explore and document the cross-sectoral, scalable initiatives needed to avoid the Sahel (and other least developed regions) being totally excluded from the promise of improved health and welfare foreseen in the Lancet Commission.1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al.Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation.Lancet. 2013; 382: 1898-1955Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar We declare that we have no competing interests. بالنسبة للعديد من البلدان النامية، أثبتت الاستثمارات في الصحة نجاحًا كبيرًا. لجنة لانسيت "الصحة العالمية 2035: عالم يتقارب في غضون جيل" 1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al. الصحة العالمية 2035: عالم يتقارب في غضون جيل. 2013 ؛ 382: 1898-1955 ملخص النص الكامل PDF PubMed Scopus (804) الباحث العلمي من Google والرسالة السنوية 2014 Gates2Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation2014 Gates annual letter. 3 myths that block progress for the poor.http:// annualletter.gatesfoundation.org/#section=homeGoogle Scholar تصور إمكانية "التقارب الكبير" الذي من خلاله سيكون لدى المزيد من البلدان معدل وفيات الأطفال منخفضًا يصل إلى 15 لكل 1000 مولود حي في غضون 20 عامًا. نود أن نسترعي الانتباه إلى الحالة الخاصة لأقل البلدان نمواً، والتي من المرجح أن يتم استبعادها من هذا التقارب بناءً على الأدلة الحالية. لبدء مناقشة، سنركز على منطقة الساحل (المنطقة شبه القاحلة التي تبلغ مساحتها مليون ميل مربع في إفريقيا وتمتد من المحيط الأطلسي إلى البحر الأحمر) حيث من المرجح أن يكون لصدام النمو السكاني السريع بشكل فريد وبعض من أقسى آثار تغير المناخ أكبر الآثار الشاملة على الصحة. التوقعات السكانية الموضحة في الشكل هي المتغير المتوسط لشعبة السكان بالأمم المتحدة. يمكن تجاوز هذه التوقعات ما لم يتم التركيز بشكل أكبر على تنظيم الأسرة. حتى بافتراض الانخفاض السريع في حجم الأسرة من المتوسط الحالي البالغ 7.6، فإن عدد سكان النيجر وحده سينمو من 16 مليونًا اليوم إلى 58 مليونًا بحلول عام 2050. وتشير هذه الزيادة إلى الزخم السكاني الهائل في منطقة الساحل. أكثر من 40 ٪ من السكان تقل أعمارهم عن 15 عامًا. في غياب تخفيضات كبيرة في انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة من قبل الدول المتقدمة، من المرجح أن تعاني منطقة الساحل (لأنها جافة بالفعل) من بعض أسوأ آثار تغير المناخ، مع ارتفاع درجات الحرارة إلى 5-8 درجات مئوية بحلول عام 2100 (الشكل) .3 IPCCSummary for policymakers.in: Stocker TF D Qin G - K Plattner M Climate Change 2013: the physical science basis. مطبعة جامعة كامبريدج، كامبريدج، المملكة المتحدة 2013 ستصبح أحداث الطقس المتطرفة لباحث جوجل أكثر شيوعًا، ومن المرجح أن يكون تأثير الاحترار العالمي ملموسًا في العديد من القطاعات من الصحة إلى الزراعة. من المرجح أن تزداد الأمراض المنقولة بالنواقل. يمكن لتغير المناخ أن يقلل من غلة المحاصيل في أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء الكبرى بنسبة 22 ٪ للذرة، و 8 ٪ للكسافا .4 Schlenker W Lobell DB تأثيرات سلبية قوية لتغير المناخ على الزراعة الأفريقية. Environ Res Lett. 2010; 5: 014010Crossref Scopus (814) Google Scholar في عام 2012، استضافت جامعة كاليفورنيا، بيركلي، كاليفورنيا، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، والمعهد الأفريقي لسياسة التنمية، نيروبي، كينيا، اجتماعًا دوليًا متعدد التخصصات حول أزمة الساحل 5 بوتس إم زولو إي كاستيلو إف هندرسون سي في الساحل: الحلول الممكنة وعواقب التقاعس عن العمل. جامعة كاليفورنيا، مركز بيكسبي لصحة السكان والاستدامة، بيركلي 2013 الباحث العلمي من Google على الرغم من إدراك التهديد الخطير الذي يمثله النمو السكاني السريع والتصحر في هذه المنطقة، فقد حدد الاجتماع أيضًا حلولًا قائمة على الأدلة، بما في ذلك ثلاثة تدخلات رئيسية. أولاً، يحتاج مزارعو الكفاف والرعاة إلى المساعدة للتكيف مع تغير المناخ. سيتطلب التكيف تطوير محاصيل مقاومة للجفاف، وطرقًا لمعالجة الأنماط المتغيرة لتفشي الآفات، وتحسين تخزين المحاصيل، وجمع المياه وتخزينها بشكل أكثر كفاءة. هناك حاجة ماسة إلى نهج متعدد التخصصات ورؤية طويلة الأجل - في الوقت الحالي لا يتم اعتماد العديد من التدخلات حتى يحدث نقص واضح في المياه. ثانياً، يجب إعطاء أولوية أكبر لتنظيم الأسرة. يجب حشد الإرادة السياسية لمناصرة المانحين الدوليين للاستثمار في تنظيم الأسرة، ويجب أن تكون حكومات منطقة الساحل أكثر استباقية. هناك حاجة موثقة جيدًا غير ملباة لتنظيم الأسرة تتراوح بين 16 ٪ إلى 35 ٪ من النساء المتزوجات، محسوبة باستخدام برنامج تجميع الاستقصاءات الديموغرافية والصحية، ولكن في مثل هذه المجتمعات ذات الخصوبة العالية، يعد زيادة خلق الطلب أمرًا بالغ الأهمية أيضًا. حيث تم جلب تنظيم الأسرة للنساء في مجتمعاتهن المحلية، كما هو الحال في بنغلاديش، زاد استخدام وسائل منع الحمل بسرعة، حتى بين النساء الفقيرات .6 Campbell M Prata N Potts M تأثير الحرية على انخفاض الخصوبة .J Fam Plan Reprod Health Care. 2013 ؛ 39: 44-50 Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) الباحث العلمي من Google، 7Cleland J Phillips J Amin S Kamal GM محددات التغيير الإنجابي في بنغلاديش: النجاح في بيئة صعبة. البنك الدولي، واشنطن، DC1994 تغيير مهام الباحث العلمي من Google، على سبيل المثال تدريب المتطوعين المجتمعيين على توزيع وسائل منع الحمل القابلة للحقن، 8 براتا إن جيسو إيه كارترايت إيه فريزر توفير وسائل منع الحمل القابلة للحقن في إثيوبيا من خلال وكلاء الصحة الإنجابية المجتمعية. منظمة الصحة العالمية. 2011 ؛ 89: 556-564 Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar وزيادة التركيز على التعقيم الجراحي والأجهزة داخل الرحم والغرسات، إلى جانب الوصول إلى الرعاية الشاملة للإجهاض، أمر ضروري. ثالثًا، تحتاج الجهات المانحة والحكومات إلى الاستثمار بكثافة في تمكين المرأة. وضع المرأة في منطقة الساحل منخفض. لا يزال زواج الأطفال شائعًا، مما يزيد من احتمال الحمل المبكر للمرأة، ويقلل من فرصها في العيش حياة مستقلة. يعد الحمل لدى الفتيات المراهقات غير الناضجات سببًا رئيسيًا لوفيات الأمهات واعتلالهن، مثل ناسور الولادة .9 ولا عواقب صحية لزواج الأطفال في أفريقيا .العدوى الطارئة. 2006 ؛ 11: 1644-1649 Crossref Scopus (245) يعد ترويج الباحث العلمي من Google للتعليم استراتيجية رئيسية للحد من زواج الأطفال وتأجيل الولادة الأولى. أدت برامج بناء القدرات من خلال التعليم والتمويل الأصغر بين المجتمعات الرعوية إلى تحويل النساء الأميات الفقيرات إلى قادة ساعدوا في تكييف مجتمعاتهن مع الجفاف .10 يساعد بناء القدرات النساء الرعويات على تحويل المجتمعات الفقيرة في إثيوبيا .العلوم. 2011 ؛ 334: 1394-1397 كروسريف بوبد سكوبس (40) الباحث العلمي من غوغل في مجتمع هوسا متعدد الزوجات في شمال غرب نيجيريا، بمتوسط عمر زواج يبلغ 14·6 سنوات وحيث ينظر الآباء عادة إلى الحيض على أنه علامة على الاستعداد للزواج، فإن العديد من الآباء على استعداد الآن لتأخير زواج بناتهم إذا عرضت عليهم المساعدة في الرسوم المدرسية والكتب. تعتبر هذه التدخلات الرئيسية الثلاثة داعمة لبعضها البعض. على الرغم من أنها تنطوي على اعتبارات طويلة الأجل، إلا أن بعضها، مثل الممارسات الزراعية المحسنة، يحصل على مكافآت فورية. يجب دمج البرامج من أجل استغلال التأثيرات المضاعفة الجوهرية. على سبيل المثال، يسهل تعليم الفتيات اعتماد تنظيم الأسرة ويعزز توليد الدخل في الأسرة. سيكون البحث والتقييم الدقيقان ضروريين لبناء قاعدة الأدلة لمثل هذه الاستثمارات المطلوبة بشكل عاجل. يجب سد الثغرات الكبيرة في البيانات الديموغرافية والزراعية والصحية. يجب تصميم السياسات بحيث تؤدي إلى فائدة قابلة للقياس وذات مغزى للفئات السكانية الأكثر ضعفاً. يجب تطوير التدخلات في إطار حقوق الإنسان، مع ضمان عدم انحراف الفوائد فقط نحو أولئك الذين لديهم أكبر قدر من رأس المال الاجتماعي والسياسي. تتلقى أقل البلدان نمواً، مثل تلك الموجودة في منطقة الساحل، 0·09 ٪ من الدخل القومي الإجمالي للبلدان الصناعية في المساعدة الإنمائية الرسمية - أقل بكثير مما التزم به المانحون .11 صندوق الأمم المتحدة للسكانالمعهد الديمغرافي الهولندي متعدد التخصصاتقاعدة بيانات تدفقات الموارد. المساعدة السكانية لكل رأس مال، أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء الكبرى، 2009.http://www.resourceflows.org/Google Scholar، 12 مكتب برنامج الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي للسياسات الإنمائية نحو المرونة البشرية: الحفاظ على التقدم المحرز في الأهداف الإنمائية للألفية في عصر عدم اليقين الاقتصادي. برنامج الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي، نيويورك، نيويورك، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية2011 الباحث العلمي من Google لمواجهة التحديات الهائلة التي تواجه المنطقة، يجب أن يكون العمل فوريًا وعلى نطاق واسع. على أساس نموذج لجنة لانسيت، نقترح عقد اجتماع لمجموعة من الخبراء من منطقة الساحل والمؤسسات البحثية في أماكن أخرى من العالم لاستكشاف وتوثيق المبادرات الشاملة لعدة قطاعات والقابلة للتطوير اللازمة لتجنب استبعاد منطقة الساحل (وغيرها من المناطق الأقل نمواً) تمامًا من الوعد بتحسين الصحة والرفاهية المتوقع في لجنة لانسيت. 1 جيمسون دي تي سمرز إل إتش ألين جي وآخرون. الصحة العالمية 2035: عالم يتقارب في غضون جيل. لانسيت. 2013 ؛ 382: 1898-1955 ملخص النص الكامل PDF PubMed Scopus (804) الباحث العلمي من Google نعلن أنه ليس لدينا مصالح متنافسة.

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    Authors: Kaitlyn Spangler; Roslynn Brain McCann; Rafter Sass Ferguson;

    The solutions-based design framework of permaculture exhibits transformative potential, working to holistically integrate natural and human systems toward a more just society. The term can be defined and applied in a breadth of ways, contributing to both strengths and weaknesses for its capacity toward change. To explore the tension of breadth as strength and weakness, we interviewed 25 prominent permaculture teachers and practitioners across the United States (US) regarding how they define permaculture as a concept and perceive the term’s utility. We find that permaculture casts a wide net that participants grapple with in their own work. They engaged in a negotiation process of how they associate or disassociate themselves with the term, recognizing that it can be both unifying and polarizing. Further, there was noted concern of permaculture’s failure to cite and acknowledge its rootedness in Indigenous knowledge, as well as distinguish itself from Indigenous alternatives. We contextualize these findings within the resounding call for a decolonization of modern ways of living and the science of sustainability, of which permaculture can be critically part of. We conclude with recommended best practices for how to continuously (re-)define permaculture in an embodied and dynamic way to work toward these goals.

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    Sustainability
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    DigitalCommons@USU
    Other literature type . 2021
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    Authors: Jatmiko; K. Fifield; P. Hadi; Jian-xin Zhao; +11 Authors

    Song Gupuh, a partially collapsed cave in the Gunung Sewu Limestones of East Java, Indonesia, contains over 16 m of deposits with a faunal sequence spanning some 70 ka. Major changes in the range of animals represented show the impact of climate change and humans. The Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene was a period of maximum biodiversity. Human use of Song Gupuh and other cave sites in the region also intensified significantly from ca. 12 ka, together with a new focus on exploitation of small-bodied species (macaque monkeys and molluscs), the first evidence for import of resources from the coast, and use of bone and shell tools. Human activity, especially after the onset of the Neolithic around 2.6 ka, subsequently contributed to a progressive loss of many species from the area, including tapir, elephant, Malayan bear, rhino and tiger, and this extinction process is continuing. We conclude by discussing the biogeographical significance of Song Gupuh in the context of other sites in Java (e.g. Punung, Wajak) and further afield (e.g. Liang Bua).

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    Journal of Archaeological Science
    Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Archaeological Science
      Article . 2008 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Raghava R. Kommalapati; Do-Eun Choe; Hongbo Du; Venkata S. V. Botlaguduru; +2 Authors

    The Houston-Dallas (I-45) corridor is the busiest route among 18 traffic corridors in Texas, USA. The expected population growth and the surge in passenger mobility may result in a significant impact on the regional environment. This study uses a life cycle framework to predict and evaluate the net changes of environmental impact associated with the potential development of a high-speed rail (HSR) System along the I-45 corridor through its life cycle. The environmental impact is estimated in terms of CO2 and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per vehicle/passenger-kilometers traveled (V/PKT) using life cycle assessment. The analyses are performed referring to the Ecoinvent 3.4 inventory database through the phases: material extraction and processing, infrastructure construction, vehicle manufacturing, system operation, and end of life. The environmental benefit is evaluated by comparing the potential development of the HSR system with those of the existing transportation systems. The vehicle component, especially operation and maintenance of vehicles, is the primary contributor to the total global warming potential with about 93% of the life cycle GHG emissions. For the infrastructure component, 56.76% of GHG emissions result from the material extraction and processing phase (23.75 kgCO2eq/VKT). Various life cycle emissions of HSR except PM are significantly lower than for passenger cars.

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    Public Transport
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    Public Transport
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Public Transport
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Nick Jenkins; Mark Z. Jacobson; Eric D. Stoutenburg;

    ABSTRACTThe California generation fleet manages the existing variability and uncertainty in the demand for electric power (load). When wind power is added, the dispatchable generators manage the variability and uncertainty of the net load (load minus wind power). The variability and uncertainty of the load and the net load are compared when 8790 MW of wind power are added to the California power system, a level expected when California achieves its 33% renewable portfolio standard, using a data set of 26,296 h of synchronous historic load and modeled historic wind power output. Variability was calculated as the rate of change in power generated by wind farms or consumed by the load from 1 h to the next (MW/h). Uncertainty was calculated as the 1 h ahead forecast error [MW] of the wind power or of the load. The data show that wind power adds no additional variability than is already present in the load variability. However, wind power adds additional uncertainty through increased forecast errors in the net load compared with the load. Forecast errors in the net load increase 18.7% for negative forecast errors (actual less than forecast) and 5.4% for positive forecast errors (actual greater than forecast). The increase in negative forecast errors occurs only during the afternoon hours when negative load forecasts and positive wind forecasts are strongly correlated. Managing the integration of wind power in the California power system should focus on reducing wind power forecast uncertainty for wind ramp ups during the afternoon hours. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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    Wind Energy
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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      Wind Energy
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    Authors: Nizhnikov, Michael; Pautassi, Ricardo Marcos; Varlinskaya, Elena I.; Rahmani, Pouyan; +1 Authors

    Pairing a conditioned stimulus (CS) with ethanol generally produces aversion for that CS in adult rodents. However, infant rats (PD1-PD3) exposed to ethanol demonstrate appetitive reinforcement to ethanol (Nizhnikov, Varlinskaya, Petrov, & Spear, 2006; Petrov, Varlinskaya, & Spear, 2003). This sensitivity to the appetitive properties of ethanol during infancy may be transient, as during the second postnatal week rat pups tend to exhibit conditioned aversions to flavors paired with ethanol. The present study examined changes in the motivation properties of ethanol through ontogeny and the neurobiology underlying these changes. Rat pups were exposed to a taste conditioning procedure on PD4 or PD12. Rat pups were intraorally infused with 2.5% of their body weight of saccharin solution (0.1%) and immediately after injected intraperitoneolly (i.p.) with one of six doses of ethanol (0.0-2.0 g/kg). A day later pups were given saccharine infusions and percent body weight gain was used as an index of ethanol's reinforcing effects. PD4 pups expressed appetitive reinforcement to ethanol, as indicated by greater saccharin intake, as compared to control counterparts and to the older PD12 pups. Subsequent experiments revealed that PD4 pups were less sensitive to the aversive properties of the drug than PD12 pups. The older pups found high doses of ethanol aversive while PD4 rat pups did not condition aversions to this dose of ethanol after a single trial. A similar pattern of results was observed between the low doses of ethanol and the highest doses of a kappa opioid agonist. The PD12 animals did not condition to the kappa opioid agonist, while the younger rats expressed an appetitive response. These results illustrate an ontogenetic change in the motivational properties of ethanol, with sensitivity to its appetitive properties declining and responsiveness to the aversive properties increasing with age during early infancy.

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    Alcohol
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    CONICET Digital
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    Alcohol
    Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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      Alcohol
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      CONICET Digital
      Article . 2012
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      Alcohol
      Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
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    Authors: Arthur J. Ragauskas; Arthur J. Ragauskas; Chengrong Qin; Ajoy Kanti Mondal; +4 Authors

    Abstract In the present study, Loblolly pine biomass residue was converted to bio-oil in a two-step process, consisting of 1) fast pyrolysis in the presence of zeolite ZSM-5 as a catalyst to produce pyrolysis oil, 2) hydrogenation of pyrolysis oil using formic acid as the hydrogen source in presence of Ru/activated carbon catalyst. Pyrolysis oils were analyzed by 13C, 31P and HSQC-NMR and the results revealed that the zeolite-induced catalytic fast pyrolysis process led to effective demethoxylation, producing more catechol and p-hydroxy-phenyl hydroxyl groups in the bio-oils, resulting in a decrease in the methoxyl group content by about 85 % and rich aromatic structures in the pyrolysis oils. The properties of pyrolysis oil with and without zeolite were in the bio-oil range. Hydrogenated pyrolysis oil showed that 79 % of the aromatic protons are eliminated and 87 % of protons are aliphatic in nature, with no oxygen attached to the α-carbon.

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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Industrial Crops and Products
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Industrial Crops and Products
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Austin Parrish; Ankita Srivastava; Egle Juskeviciute; Jan B. Hoek; +1 Authors

    Impaired liver regeneration has been considered as a hallmark of progression of alcohol-associated liver disease. Our previous studies demonstrated that in vivo inhibition of the microRNA (miRNA) miR21 can restore regenerative capacity of the liver in chronic ethanol-fed animals. The present study focuses on the role of microRNA regulatory networks that are likely to mediate the miR-21 action. Rats were chronically fed an ethanol-enriched diet along with pair-fed control animals and treated with AM21 (anti-miR-21), a locked nucleic acid antisense to miR-21. Partial hepatectomy (PHx) was performed and miRNA expression profiling over the course of liver regeneration was assessed. Our results showed dynamic expression changes in several miRNAs after PHx, notably with altered miRNA expression profiles between ethanol and control groups. We found that in vivo inhibition of miR-21 led to correlated differential expression of miR-340-5p and anticorrelated expression of miR-365, let-7a, miR-1224, and miR-146a across all sample groups after PHx. Gene set enrichment analysis identified a miRNA signature significantly associated with hepatic stellate cell activation within whole liver tissue data. We hypothesized that at least part of the PHx-induced miRNA network changes responsive to miR-21 inhibition is localized to hepatic stellate cells. We validated this hypothesis using AM21 and TGF-β treatments in LX-2 human hepatic stellate cells in culture and measured expression levels of select miRNAs by quantitative RT-PCR. Based on the in vivo and in vitro results, we propose a hepatic stellate cell miRNA regulatory network as contributing to the restoration of liver regenerative capacity by miR-21 inhibition.

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    Physiological Genomics
    Article
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    Physiological Genomics
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Physiological Genomics
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      Physiological Genomics
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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