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24 cm ; While significant increases in air temperature are being observed in the context of climate change, precipitation characteristics, indicators and indices seem to be changing in a more regionally-variable manner. High-mountain areas prove particularly subject to fluctuations and changes of climate, given that mountains serve as barriers to masses of air flowing over them, with the result that atmospheric precipitation totals are high in the context of the so-called orographic rainfall. Overall, the Chornohora represents the highest range anywhere in Ukraine’s Carpathian Mts, as there are six peaks over 2000 m a.s.l. capable of serving as a barrier running NW-SE. Nevertheless, the main ridge of the High Tatras (of the Slovakia-Poland borderland) is even higher and runs W-E. Each massif is some 30 km in length, while the two ranges are separated by a distance of almost 350 km. Main drainage divides run along the highest ridges here, with the Tatras separating the drainage basins of the Vistula and Danube, while the Chornohora represent a divide between the Prut and Tysa basins. The aim here has been to present characteristics of atmospheric precipitation in Tatra and Chornohora Mts. as these are seen to relate to atmospheric circulation. To this end, the dependent relationship between intensity of precipitation and atmospheric circulation was examined exhaustively, with changes in the latter considered from the point of view of intensity of precipitation in the massifs under study, and with trends for precipitation over the study period also looked for.The Niedźwiedź (2017) classification of types of atmospheric circulation was applied, with annual values calculated for circulation indicators P (a W-E inflow), S (a S-N inflow) and C (a cyclonic/anticyclonic inflow). Overall, the study drew on 1961‑2015 daily precipitation data from the north-eastern slope of Chornohora Mts. (as represented by Ukraine’s Pozhyzhevska weather station, PO, 1451 m a.s.l.), as well as the north slope of the Tatra Mts. (as ...

Energy security is one of the central concerns in the modern countries because of the importance of energy for the state organisation nowadays. Each country has its specificity, which the reason for creating an individual energy policy. Switzerland is one of the countries, which has the longest experience regarding the use of renewables for production of electricity. Moreover, the country is located in the heart of European Union and plays an important role in the international energy transmission. At same time, Swiss integration with EU is limited and the country in under complex conditions in regards to the further development of renewables. The analysis of Swiss energy policy is an alternative point of view on energy transition to the one forced by countries like Germany. Switzerland agrees with the main climate and environmental goals of EU, but at the same this country has a unique situation when it comes to building the strategy, which ensures the energy security. It is therefore interesting case of study for analysing the model of energy security, especially in regards to the Swiss relations with the EU.

Celem artykułu jest analiza problemu wpływu administracji publicznej na system energetyki rozproszonej. Jego trzy części są próbą odpowiedzi na główne pytania, związane z tym modelem energetyki. W pierwszej wyjaśnione zostało, jak wygląda system zaspokajania potrzeb energetycznych i jaką rolę odgrywają w nim jednostki, w tym zwłaszcza społeczności energetyczne służące decentralizacji i depolityzacji procesów wytwarzania i zaopatrzenia w energię elektryczną. W drugiej podjęta została próba zaprezentowania znaczenia energetyki rozproszonej w porównaniu z pojęciami demokracji energetycznej i energetyki obywatelskiej razem z zaletami tego modelu. Doprowadziły one do wniosku, że lokalność energetyki rozproszonej zapewnia osiągnięcie korzystnych efektów zarówno w sferze bezpieczeństwa energetycznego, jak również w sprawach społecznych i ochronie środowiska. W trzeciej ukazana została zależność energetyki rozproszonej od administracji publicznej. Wykazane zostało, jak istotne są dla energetyki rozproszonej i jej rozwoju regulacje prawne, wdrażane programy edukacyjne oraz wsparcie dla rozwoju tego modelu The aim of the article is to analyze the problem of the impact of public administration on distributed energy system present in energy communities. In three sections are an attempt to answer the major questions, which clarify the nature of this model of energy. In the first it is explained how looks the system of meeting energy needs and what is the role of individuals in it. The second undertakes an attempt to present the meaning of the distributed energy in comparison to energy democracy and civil energy with all advantages of this model. The third shows the relation and dependency between public administration and energy communities.

Niniejszy artykuł dotyczy funkcjonowania rynku energii elektrycznej w Polsce. Omówiono w nim specy kę polskiego rynku elektroenergetycznego, zachowania rynkowe nabywców energii, przysługujące im prawa, zwłaszcza dające możliwość zmiany dostawcy energii, a także nowoczesne rozwiązania wprowadzane na rynku przez operatorów, którymi są inteligentnych sieci typu smart grid. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie korzyści wynikających z zastosowania innowacyjnych inteligentnych sieci, możliwych do uzyskania zarówno przez nabywców indywidualnych, jak i cały krajowy system elektroenergetyczny. Aim of this article is to present energy market and consumer behavior on smart grid implementation on this market. Energetic safty is one of the most important problem on the world. Thanks to the smart grids development, every consumer could help to keep stability energy system. Besides the advantage of the country, energy consumer have them for themselves like lower energy bill or possibility to be a prosumer.

Publikacja „Opłata zastępcza w polskim systemie białych certyfikatów” (Krajowa Agencja Poszanowania Energii, KAPE 2024) ma na celu dostarczenia niezbędnych informacji potrzebnych w dyskusji nad usprawnieniem systemu świadectw efektywności energetycznej, oraz zaprezentowania kilku możliwych usprawnień istniejącego stanu. Dokument koncentruje się na „opłacie zastępczej”, która hamuje realizację inwestycji w zakresie zmniejszania zużycia energii - zmiana tylko tego jednego elementu systemu białych certyfikatów może doprowadzić do radykalnego zwiększeni wolumenu rzeczywistych inwestycji w zmniejszanie zużycia energii).

Artykuł dotyczy relacji, które zachodzą w zakresie pozycji między Chinami, Indiami i Europą. Konsekwencją rozwoju gospodarczego – szczególnie Chin i Indii – jest wzrost zapotrzebowania na energię. Bogate zasoby węgla w Chinach nie są w stanie zaspokoić znacznego wzrostu zapotrzebowania na energię. Przykładowo: przewiduję się, że wzrost importu ropy naftowej przez Chiny w ciągu 20 – 30 lat wzrośnie o połowę. Z podobną sytuacją mamy do czynienia w Indiach. Oba kraje poszukują rozwiązań, które umożliwiłby zwiększenie własnego bezpieczeństwa energetycznego. Oczywiście działania te nie zawsze muszą współgrać z polityką krajów europejskich, jak i Unii Europejskiej w tym samym zakresie. Z jednej stronny mamy imponujący rozwój gospodarczy krajów azjatyckich, z drugiej strony konieczność dostarczenia tej „lokomotywie gospodarczej” wystarczającego „paliwa”. Ekonomiści twierdzą, że rozwój Chin i Indii wywiera pozytywny wpływ na światową gospodarkę, ale w kontekście kreacji rywalizacji (czyt. konkurencji). W przypadku bezpieczeństwa energetycznego, jako jednego z elementu bezpieczeństwa podmiotu państwowego, nie zawsze musi to mieć tak pozytywny skutek. Pozycja Europy w tym kontekście ulega zachwianiu, tzn. że Europa i kraje UE stają się jednym z wielu podmiotów, które stają w kolejce po surowce i energię, i wcale nie oznacza to, że muszą stać przed krajami azjatyckim. Wszystko to wpływa m.in. na: rozwój nowych technologii energetycznych, poszukiwania nowych źródeł surowców, wzrostu cen energii i surowców, a także na zmianę struktury energetycznej (np. energia odnawialna czy jądrowa). The article will concern the relations between China, India and Europe in respect to their position. The consequence of the economic development especially in China and India is the increase in energy demand. Rich coal resources in China are not enough to satisfy a significant increase in energy demand. For instance, it is thought that the oil import in the next 20-30 years will go up by 50 %. A similar situation can be observed in India. Both countries are searching for solutions to increase their energy security. Surely, such actions do not necessarily correspond with policies of other European countries and UE. On the one hand, there is an impressive economic development of Asian countries, but on the other hand, there is a necessity to meet their demands. Economists claim that Chinese and Asian development exerts a positive influence on world economy but in the context of competition . In case of energy security, as one of the elements of national security, it does not have to have a positive effect. The position of Europe in this respect becomes unstable. It means that Europe and UE countries are one of those entities which queue for natural resources and energy and it does not necessarily mean that they have to be before Asian countries. All this has an influence on, for instance, the development of new energy technologies, searching new sources of natural resources, the increase in energy and resources prices and also on changes in energy structure ( e.g. renewable or nuclear energy).

In view of the challenges faced by geophysical research in the future decades and the observed decline in interest in this field of study in Poland, it is necessary to mobilize the geophysical environment. One of the main causes of the crisis in the popularity of this field of study are changes in the economic paradigm, in which an important determinant and goal of activities is the declared departure from fossil fuels, especially coal and oil. Obviously, this has a direct impact on the prospects of geophysical research, whose main contractor on a global scale is the oil industry. With the depletion of the best available deposits, there is a need to reach for deposits that were increasingly difficult to discover and exploit, which contributed to the progress in geophysical research methods that followed the development of technology and information methods - the basis of modern geophysical analyses. The announced definitive departure from fossil fuels coincided in Poland with the end of the shale-gas boom and the announcement of the program of resigning from coal mining. These announcements aroused the belief that the demand for geophysical research will also expire in the coming years together with the prospects for financing such research. However, this belief is wrong. A significant stream of funds will be directed at the development of geophysical research on a global scale, and the current sponsors of utilitarian geophysical research will occupy new niches on the market, e.g. in the accumulation of energy, storage of greenhouse gases and the search for raw materials, the lack of which is increasingly felt by the most developed economies. Along with the growing awareness of the deepening climate crisis and the destruction of the natural environment engulfing the planet, the need increases to recalculate the environmental costs of economic activity, in which broadly understood geophysical sciences can undoubtedly help. Geophysical analysis of huge datasets requires modern computational methods such as numerical modelling, machine learning and artificial intelligence. The development of these fields will therefore be necessary, but also a difficult challenge for the scientific community in Poland. In this work, we will indicate mainly the prospective areas of the economy and the science, related to the broadly understood energy transformation that requires a significant share of geophysical research. The review of the issues and methodology of current geophysical problems and proposed solutions has been arranged in accordance with the directions of research in the field of earth sciences, subjectively highlighting the tasks that seem to be the most promising and/or scientifically attractive. The text deals with the issues related to climatology, hydrology and hydrogeology, environment, geological hazards, renewable and non-renewable energy sources, waste storage, energy storage, critical raw materials, and the structure and physical condition of the Earth’s crust.

As we face global warming and the decline of oil production, Author champions a spectrum of alternative energy sources, including hydropower, geothermal and biomass energies, solar, wind power and biofuels reporting on a number of community and cooperative alternative-energy successes within European Union as well as Poland. Dr Szyjko examines energy use throughout European Union legal iniciatives and Poland’s implamentation steps. He analyzes various alternative energy sources available addressing each energy source’s pros and cons based on needs, availability and environmental impact. The paper takes a pragmatic look at the myriad EU’s and government efforts to promote renewables, and reports on what works, what doesn’t, and why. The author shows how and why some policies have achieved impressive results, and others have failed. Skillfully interweaving technology, economics and politics he reveals how the best of policy ideas often end up with best results towards 2020

Carabid beetles are frequently used as the environment condition indicators. Main purpose of this study was to test if community structure parameters of carabids indicate the stress intensity of heavy metal contamination in the soil of temperate forests. Three geographic regions in Europe differing in both degree of accumulation of heavy metals and its quality were chosen. In Olkusz (southern Poland) the main stressor was zinc, in Głogów (western Poland) – copper and in Clydach (Wales, UK) – nickel. We found strong division between assemblages from contaminated and reference sites (fig. 2). Indicator species from pollution preferring areas in one region can avoid polluted sites in the other region (tab. 2). Species preferring contaminated soils were significantly smaller than those that avoid such ecosystems (F=5.46, p<0.05). Generalized linear model indicated that species richness and biomass decreased in each stressor gradient of contaminated forests. Mean individual biomass and mean abundance of assemblages were significantly lower along zinc gradient only. Species with broader ecological range replace habitat specialists as a response to resource unpredictability. Decreased species richness and biomass in polluted forests indicate degradation of habitat resources and forest ecosystem functioning. Sylwan 159 (11): 905-911