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The lifetime and reliability of power transformers are primarily dependent on the hot-spot temperature in the windings, as temperature is the most important factor determining the insulation degradation rate. Key to removing the heat from the transformer is the radiator which must be carefully designed to keep the temperatures within limits under all operating conditions whilst minimizing the transformer size, weight and cost. This paper compares the analytical method used to predict the radiator performance with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models in terms of heat dissipation. It is found that the analytical method and CFD models give similar results in the air natural (AN) cooling modes, whereas the analytical method overestimates the heat dissipation in the air forced (AF) cooling modes. Moreover, the thermal conduction effect in the radiator wall is investigated under different operating conditions and for different radiator sizes using the CFD models. The simulation results indicate that the radiator wall contributes to 6%-10% of the total heat dissipation under some circumstances and therefore should not be simply ignored in radiator models.

Revolutionary catalyst protection by single layer graphene capping, tremendous catalyst lifetime longevity and activity enhancement towards oxygen reduction reaction.

National net zero emission targets could, if fully implemented, reduce best estimates of projected global average temperature increase to 2.0–2.4 °C by 2100, bringing the Paris Agreement temperature goal within reach. A total of 131 countries are discussing, have announced or have adopted net zero targets, covering 72% of global emissions. These targets could substantially lower projected warming as compared to currently implemented policies (2.9–3.2 °C) or pledges submitted to the Paris Agreement (2.4–2.9 °C). Current pledges for emissions cuts are insufficient to meet the Paris Agreement temperature goal. The wave of net zero targets being discussed and adopted could make the Paris goal possible if further countries follow suit.

Abstract This work focuses on the efforts being made by King County, Washington to respond to the challenges of global climate change, concentrating on both mitigation and adaptation. King County is a leader in the United States in the development and implementation of meaningful climate change efforts in local government. The county, in conjunction with ICLEI, recently produced a workbook on Preparing for Climate Change at the Local, Regional, and State levels. While the vast majority of local governments in the United States have only taken limited steps to respond to global warming, King County stands out as aggressively looking to move in a new direction. The King County Climate Plan is based on the conviction that climate change is both a problem and an opportunity for communities to improve environmental quality through mitigation of greenhouse gases and simultaneously build resilience to adapt to global climate change. Its exceptional combination of responsibilities in planning and opportunities makes this an invaluable experience to other local governments throughout the world. The work to be presented is a case study that examines the underlying issues and challenges faced by this jurisdiction in adopting its climate change plan; the development and adoption of the plan; issues associated with monitoring and sustaining these efforts; and the broader challenges of building more resilient and adaptive communities. The case study will focus both on procedural issues, as well as, on the types of mitigation and adaptive responses. One aspect of the paper will examine King County's efforts to link climate change efforts/policy/plans to other critical community concerns (e.g., issues of equity and race), and to the economic opportunities that have become critical motivators to successfully as moving forward the county attempts to establish itself as a global leader in meeting the challenges of global climate change.

Studying the thermal performance of Double Skin Facades (DSFs) with vertical layers has dominated the literature,however, there is still a lack of in-depth research on the performance of DSFs with atypical geometries suchas folded cases which can be applied to Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) systems to improve their performance.To this end, the study evaluates the influence of the fold geometry on heat transfer, flow structure, andairflow rate in the Folded DSF cavities under a hot climate in Iran using an efficient method titled “patching”; themethod integrates Soltrace3 with a 2D steady-state CFD model by ANSYS-Fluent. The results show that the foldposition and its depth can alter the DSFs performance significantly; the higher the fold depth the more distortionof the flow field inside the cavity; from a practical perspective, the fold position in the upper part of the cavity issuitable for BIPVs application since it can capture 250% higher amount of solar radiation compared to a conventionalvertical-layer DSF as the Base Case; the net heat gain through outer layer could improve with increaseof fold depth and reach at least 33% higher than the Base Case, meanwhile, the total electricity generationpotential of folded cases could be up to 169% higher than the Base Case; thus, the study proved that if thearchitectural design is of interest, it is highly recommended to consider folded DSFs as a design option.

Gas-based power plants have attracted more attention in providing electrical energy worldwide because of their lower costs and air pollution. In addition, the use of multi-carrier energy systems has several advantages, such as sustainability benefits and improving performance in supplying the energy demand. This study aims to optimize the total operation cost of multi-carrier energy systems considering the uncertain parameters. The storage technology and consumption side assist the operator in achieving lower costs based on conceptions of demand response programs. Therefore, this study presents a comprehensive mathematical model for the coordinated operation of integrated multi-carrier energy systems while the operational constraints of both gas and power networks are considered. Furthermore, this paper utilizes a new uncertainty modeling method based on Hong's two-point estimate method for addressing the uncertainties of load consumption and wind generation. The proposed model is applied to a gas and power multi-carrier energy system through four case studies. The results affirm the high performance of the presented method and investigate the influence of demand response programs in both sides of energy carriers.

Accurate wind power forecasting is one of the most important operations within the economic dispatch problem to increase the performance of power and energy systems. Accordingly, this study proposes a cyber-resilient hybrid approach based on the Federated Learning and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) procedure for short-term wind power generation forecasting in different regions of Iran. Generalizability, data independence, forecasting for regions where no training data is available, and preserving the security and privacy of data are prominent features of the proposed method. The federated network was designed with an architecture of 9 clients to perform the training process and extract the salient features from the data associated with each region in each client via the CNN technique. Then, the generalized global supermodel is produced based on the extracted features in each client to forecast the wind power in new and unknown regions such as Mahshahr, Bojnord, and Lootak that had no training data available and had no effect on global supermodel generation. Various scenarios were developed to test the robustness of the suggested methodology. In the first scenario, wind power forecasting is performed based on the suggested technique. In this scenario, the accuracy of the generalized supermodel to forecast wind power generation in each of the Mahshahr, Bojnord, and Lootak regions is 84%, 85%, and 74%, respectively. The second scenario models the scaling attack by changing the wind speed parameters to evaluate the performance of forecasting models against the data integrity attack. In this scenario, an evaluation of the forecast results based on various performance metrics is conducted highlighting the accuracy reduction of the forecast model, due to the damage caused by cyber-attacks on the input data. In the third scenario, the detection of cyber-attack is done based on the image processing-based technique. The presented results emphasize the accurate performance and high generalizability of the cyber-resilient global supermodel in forecasting wind power in various regions of Iran.

Anaerobic nitrogen removal technologies offer advantages in terms of energy and cost savings over conventional nitrification-denitrification systems. A mathematical model was constructed to evaluate the influence of process operation on the coexistence of nitrite dependent anaerobic methane oxidizing bacteria (n-damo) and anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria (anammox) in a single granule. The nitrite and methane affinity constants of n-damo bacteria were measured experimentally. The biomass yield of n-damo bacteria was derived from experimental data and a thermodynamic state analysis. Through simulations, it was found that the possible survival of n-damo besides anammox bacteria was sensitive to the nitrite/ammonium influent ratio. If ammonium was supplied in excess, n-damo bacteria were outcompeted. At low biomass concentration, n-damo bacteria lost the competition against anammox bacteria. When the biomass loading closely matched the biomass concentration needed for full nutrient removal, strong substrate competition occurred resulting in oscillating removal rates. The simulation results further reveal that smaller granules enabled higher simultaneous ammonium and methane removal efficiencies. The implementation of simultaneous anaerobic methane and ammonium removal will decrease greenhouse gas emissions, but an economic analysis showed that adding anaerobic methane removal to a partial nitritation/anammox process may increase the aeration costs with over 20%. Finally, some considerations were given regarding the practical implementation of the process.