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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Khawer Khan; Noaman Ul-Haq; Wajeeh Ur Rahman; Muzaffar Ali; +7 Authors

    The synthesis of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas by transesterification is kinetically controlled. It depends on the molar ratio, reaction time, and temperature, as well as the catalyst nature and quantity. The aim of this study was to explore the transesterification of low-cost, inedible J. curcas seed oil utilizing both homogenous (potassium hydroxide; KOH) and heterogenous (calcium oxide; CaO) catalysis. In this effort, two steps were used. First, free fatty acids in J. curcas oil were reduced from 12.4 to less than 1 wt.% with sulfuric acid-catalyzed pretreatment. Transesterification subsequently converted the oil to biodiesel. The yield of fatty acid methyl esters was optimized by varying the reaction time, catalyst load, and methanol-to-oil molar ratio. A maximum yield of 96% was obtained from CaO nanoparticles at a reaction time of 5.5 h with 4 wt.% of the catalyst and an 18:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio. The optimum conditions for KOH were a molar ratio of methanol to oil of 9:1, 5 wt.% of the catalyst, and a reaction time of 3.5 h, and this returned a yield of 92%. The fuel properties of the optimized biodiesel were within the limits specified in ASTM D6751, the American biodiesel standard. In addition, the 5% blends in petroleum diesel were within the ranges prescribed in ASTM D975, the American diesel fuel standard.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Catalystsarrow_drop_down
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    Catalysts
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Catalystsarrow_drop_down
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      Catalysts
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Authors: orcid Fei Yu;
    Fei Yu
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Fei Yu in OpenAIRE
    Jin Hu; orcid Yongwu Lu;
    Yongwu Lu
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Yongwu Lu in OpenAIRE

    Fischer–Tropsch synthesis is a set of catalytic processes that can be used to produce fuels and chemicals from synthesis gas (mixture of CO and H2), which can be derived from natural gas, coal, or biomass. Biomass to Liquid via Fischer–Tropsch (BTL-FT) synthesis is gaining increasing interests from academia and industry because of its ability to produce carbon neutral and environmentally friendly clean fuels; such kinds of fuels can help to meet the globally increasing energy demand and to meet the stricter environmental regulations in the future. In the BTL-FT process, biomass, such as woodchips and straw stalk, is firstly converted into biomass-derived syngas (bio-syngas) by gasification. Then, a cleaning process is applied to remove impurities from the bio-syngas to produce clean bio-syngas which meets the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis requirements. Cleaned bio-syngas is then conducted into a Fischer–Tropsch catalytic reactor to produce green gasoline, diesel and other clean biofuels. This review will analyze the three main steps of BTL-FT process, and discuss the issues related to biomass gasification, bio-syngas cleaning methods and conversion of bio-syngas into liquid hydrocarbons via Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. Some features in regard to increasing carbon utilization, enhancing catalyst activity, maximizing selectivity and avoiding catalyst deactivation in bio-syngas conversion process are also discussed.

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    Catalysts
    Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Catalystsarrow_drop_down
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      Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Article . 2012
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    Authors: orcid Jimmy Nelson Appaturi;
    Jimmy Nelson Appaturi
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Jimmy Nelson Appaturi in OpenAIRE
    Rajabathar. Jothi Ramalingam; orcid Muthu Kumaran Gnanamani;
    Muthu Kumaran Gnanamani
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Muthu Kumaran Gnanamani in OpenAIRE
    orcid Govindasami Periyasami;
    Govindasami Periyasami
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Govindasami Periyasami in OpenAIRE
    +5 Authors

    The storage, utilization, and control of the greenhouse (CO2) gas is a topic of interest for researchers in academia and society. The present review article is dedicating to cover the overall role of ionic liquid-modified hybrid materials in cycloaddition reactions. Special emphasis is on the synthesis of various cyclic carbonate using ionic liquid-based modified catalysts. Catalytic activity studies have discussed with respect to process conditions and their effects on conversion and product selectivity for the reaction of cycloaddition of CO2 with styrene oxide. The reaction temperature and the partial pressure of CO2 have found to play a key role in cyclic carbonate formation. The role of other influential parameter (solvent effect) is also discussed for the conversion of cyclic/aromatic oxides to polycarbonate production. Our own research work that deals with ionic liquid-based halide-modified mesoporous catalyst (MCM-41 type) derived from rice husk waste has also been discussed. Finally, the role of carbon dioxide activation and ring-opening mechanisms involved in the cyclic carbonate product formation from CO2 have been discussed.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Catalystsarrow_drop_down
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    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2020
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Catalystsarrow_drop_down
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      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: orcid Izabela Pieta;
    Izabela Pieta
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Izabela Pieta in OpenAIRE
    William Epling; Alicja Kazmierczuk; orcid Pawel Lisowski;
    Pawel Lisowski
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Pawel Lisowski in OpenAIRE
    +2 Authors

    The present review paper highlights recent progress in the processing of potential municipal solid waste (MSW) derived fuels. These wastes come from the sieved fraction (∅ < 40 mm), which, after sorting, can differ in biodegradable fraction content ranging from 5–60%. The fuels obtained from these wastes possess volumetric energy densities in the range of 15.6–26.8 MJL−1 and are composed mainly of methanol, ethanol, butanol, and carboxylic acids. Although these waste streams are a cheap and abundant source (and decrease the fraction going to landfills), syngas produced from MSW contains various impurities such as organic compounds, nitrogen oxides, sulfur, and chlorine components. These limit its use for advanced electricity generation especially for heat and power generation units based on high temperature fuel cells such as solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) or molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC). In this paper, we review recent research developments in the continuous MSW processing for syngas production specifically concentrating on dry reforming and the catalytic sorbent effects on effluent and process efficiency. A particular emphasis is placed on waste derived biofuels, which are currently a primary candidate for a sustainable biofuel of tomorrow, catalysts/catalytic sorbents with decreased amounts of noble metals, their long term activity, and poison resistance, and novel nano-sorbent materials. In this review, future prospects for waste to fuels or chemicals and the needed research to further process technologies are discussed.

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    Authors: Ye Wang; Wen-Bin Cai; orcid Shouzhong Zou;
    Shouzhong Zou
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Shouzhong Zou in OpenAIRE

    The ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) has drawn increasing interest in electrocatalysis and fuel cells by considering that ethanol as a biomass fuel has advantages of low toxicity, renewability, and a high theoretical energy density compared to methanol. Since EOR is a complex multiple-electron process involving various intermediates and products, the mechanistic investigation as well as the rational design of electrocatalysts are challenging yet essential for the desired complete oxidation to CO2. This mini review is aimed at presenting an overview of the advances in the study of reaction mechanisms and electrocatalytic materials for EOR over the past two decades with a focus on Pt- and Pd-based catalysts. We start with discussion on the mechanistic understanding of EOR on Pt and Pd surfaces using selected publications as examples. Consensuses from the mechanistic studies are that sufficient active surface sites to facilitate the cleavage of the C–C bond and the adsorption of water or its residue are critical for obtaining a higher electro-oxidation activity. We then show how this understanding has been applied to achieve improved performance on various Pt- and Pd-based catalysts through optimizing electronic and bifunctional effects, as well as by tuning their surface composition and structure. Finally we point out the remaining key problems in the development of anode electrocatalysts for EOR.

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    Authors: orcid bw Long Chen;
    Long Chen
    ORCID
    Derived by OpenAIRE algorithms or harvested from 3rd party repositories

    Long Chen in OpenAIRE
    orcid Ameet Pinto;
    Ameet Pinto
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Ameet Pinto in OpenAIRE
    Akram N. Alshawabkeh;

    Unlike many other water disinfection methods, hydroxyl radicals (HO•) produced by the Fenton reaction (Fe2+/H2O2) can inactivate pathogens regardless of taxonomic identity of genetic potential and do not generate halogenated disinfection by-products. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) required for the process is typically electrogenerated using various carbonaceous materials as cathodes. However, high costs and necessary modifications to the cathodes still present a challenge to large-scale implementation. In this work, we use granular activated carbon (GAC) as a cathode to generate H2O2 for water disinfection through the electro-Fenton process. GAC is a low-cost amorphous carbon with abundant oxygen- and carbon-containing groups that are favored for oxygen reduction into H2O2. Results indicate that H2O2 production at the GAC cathode is higher with more GAC, lower pH, and smaller reactor volume. Through the addition of iron ions, the electrogenerated H2O2 is transformed into HO• that efficiently inactivated model pathogen (Escherichia coli) under various water chemistry conditions. Chick–Watson modeling results further showed the strong lethality of produced HO• from the electro-Fenton process. This inactivation coupled with high H2O2 yield, excellent reusability, and relatively low cost of GAC proves that GAC is a promising cathodic material for large-scale water disinfection.

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    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Yulin Hu; orcid Quan He;
    Quan He
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Quan He in OpenAIRE
    orcid Chunbao Xu;
    Chunbao Xu
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Chunbao Xu in OpenAIRE

    In recent decades, the use of biomass as alternative resources to produce renewable and sustainable biofuels such as biodiesel has gained attention given the situation of the progressive exhaustion of easily accessible fossil fuels, increasing environmental concerns, and a dramatically growing global population. The conventional transesterification of edible, nonedible, or waste cooking oils to produce biodiesel is always accompanied by the formation of glycerol as the by-product. Undeniably, it is essential to economically use this by-product to produce a range of valuable fuels and chemicals to ensure the sustainability of the transesterification process. Therefore, recently, glycerol has been used as a feedstock for the production of value-added H2 and chemicals. In this review, the recent advances in the catalytic conversion of glycerol to H2 and high-value chemicals are thoroughly discussed. Specifically, the activity, stability, and recyclability of the catalysts used in the steam reforming of glycerol for H2 production are covered. In addition, the behavior and performance of heterogeneous catalysts in terms of the roles of active metal and support toward the formation of acrolein, lactic acid, 1,3-propanediol, and 1,2-propanediol from glycerol are reviewed. Recommendations for future research and main conclusions are provided. Overall, this review offers guidance and directions for the sufficient and economical utilization of glycerol to generate fuels and high value chemicals, which will ultimately benefit industry, environment, and economy.

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    Authors: orcid Muhammad Amin;
    Muhammad Amin
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Muhammad Amin in OpenAIRE
    orcid Saleem Munir;
    Saleem Munir
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Saleem Munir in OpenAIRE
    orcid Naseem Iqbal;
    Naseem Iqbal
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    Naseem Iqbal in OpenAIRE
    orcid Saikh Wabaidur;
    Saikh Wabaidur
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Saikh Wabaidur in OpenAIRE
    +1 Authors

    Syngas has been utilized in the production of chemicals and fuels, as well as in the creation of electricity. Feedstock impurities, such as nitrogen, sulfur, chlorine, and ash, in syngas have a negative impact on downstream processes. Fischer–Tropsch synthesis is a process that relies heavily on temperature to increase the production of liquid fuels (FTS). In this study, waste biomass converted into activated carbon and then a carbon-supported iron-based catalyst was prepared. The catalyst at 200 °C and 350 °C was used to investigate the influence of temperature on the subsequent application of syngas to liquid fuels. Potassium (K) was used as a structural promoter in the Fe-C catalyst to boost catalyst activity and structural stability (Fe-C-K). Low temperatures (200 °C) cause 60% and 80% of diesel generation, respectively, without and with potassium promoter. At high temperatures (350 °C), the amount of gasoline produced is 36% without potassium promoter, and 72% with promoter. Iron carbon-supported catalysts with potassium promoter increase gasoline conversion from 36.4% (Fe-C) to 72.5% (Fe-C-K), and diesel conversion from 60.8% (Fe-C) to 80.0% (Fe-C-K). As seen by SEM pictures, iron particles with potassium promoter were found to be equally distributed on the surface of activated carbon.

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    Authors: Alexey A. Petrov; orcid Daniil A. Lukyanov;
    Daniil A. Lukyanov
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    Oleg A. Kopytko; orcid Julia V. Novoselova;
    Julia V. Novoselova
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    Julia V. Novoselova in OpenAIRE
    +2 Authors

    Conductive polymers are widely used as active and auxiliary materials for organic photovoltaic cells due to their easily tunable properties, high electronic conductivity, and light absorption. Several conductive polymers show the cathodic photogalvanic effect in pristine state. Recently, photoelectrochemical oxygen reduction has been demonstrated for nickel complexes of Salen-type ligands. Herein, we report an unexpected inversion of the photogalvanic effect caused by doping of the NiSalen polymers with anionic porphyrins. The observed effect was studied by means of UV-Vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and chopped light chronoamperometry. While pristine NiSalens exhibit cathodic photopolarization, doping with porphyrins inverts the polarization. As a result, photoelectrochemical oxidation of the ascorbate proceeds smoothly on the NiSalen electrode doped with zinc porphyrins. The highest photocurrents were observed on NiSalen polymer with o-phenylene imine bridge, doped with anionic zinc porphyrin. Assuming this, porphyrin serves both as a catalytic center for the oxidation of ascorbate and an internal electron donor, facilitating the photoinduced charge transport and anodic depolarization.

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    Catalysts
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    Authors: orcid Xianhui Zhao;
    Xianhui Zhao
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    Xianhui Zhao in OpenAIRE
    Lin Wei; orcid Shouyun Cheng;
    Shouyun Cheng
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    Shouyun Cheng in OpenAIRE
    James Julson;

    To address the issues of greenhouse gas emissions associated with fossil fuels, vegetable oilseeds, especially non-food oilseeds, are used as an alternative fuel resource. Vegetable oil derived from these oilseeds can be upgraded into hydrocarbon biofuel. Catalytic cracking and hydroprocessing are two of the most promising pathways for converting vegetable oil to hydrocarbon biofuel. Heterogeneous catalysts play a critical role in those processes. The present review summarizes current progresses and remaining challenges of vegetable oil upgrading to biofuel. The catalyst properties, applications, deactivation, and regeneration are reviewed. A comparison of catalysts used in vegetable oil and bio-oil upgrading is also carried out. Some suggestions for heterogeneous catalysts applied in vegetable oil upgrading to improve the yield and quality of hydrocarbon biofuel are provided for further research in the future.

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    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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