• Energy Research

Spatial planning has to deal with trade-offs between various stakeholders’ wishes and needs as part of planning and management of landscapes, natural resources and/or biodiversity. To make ecosystem services (ES) trade-off research more relevant for spatial planning, we propose an analytical framework,which puts stakeholders, their land-use/management choices, their impact on ES and responses at the centre. Based on 24 cases from around the world, we used this framing to analyse the appearance and diversity of real-world ES trade-offs. They cover a wide range of trade-offs related to ecosystem use, including: land-use change, management regimes, technical versus nature-based solutions, natural resource use, and management of species. The ES trade-offs studied featured a complexity that was far greater than what is often described in the ES literature. Influential users and context setters are at the core of the trade-off decision-making, but most of the impact is felt by non-influential users. Provisioning and cultural ES were the most targeted in the studied trade-offs, but regulating ES were the most impacted. Stakeholders’ characteristics, such as influence, impact faced, and concerns can partially explain their position and response in relation to trade-offs. Based on the research findings, we formulate recommendations for spatial planning.

Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu MdM-2015-0552 There is a deeply relational aspect to the systems people employ for sorting through and prioritizing plural values assigned to social-ecological interactions. Spurred by interpersonal relationships and adhesion to societal core values, such as justice and reciprocity, relational values go beyond instrumental and intrinsic approaches to understanding human behaviour vis-à-vis the environment. Currently, this relational dimension of values is entering the spotlight of the cultural ecosystem services (CES) literature focusing on non-material benefits and values people derive from ecosystems, such as aesthetics and sense of place. Relational values foster reflections on appropriateness and morality of preferences and respective behaviours in contributing to collective flourishment across space and time, holding implications for social-ecological justice and sustainability. Recently, several studies explored the potential of using social media data for assessing values ascribed to CES, but did not look at how this emerging approach could contribute to an enhanced understanding of relational values. In order to take up this goal, we conducted a systematic review, screening 140 publications and selecting 29 as relevant for exploring the extent to which relational CES values are inferable through social media. Our results show that social media data can reveal CES values' plural and relational dimension. Social media platforms, thus, can be understood as new arenas for the co-construction of values, where relational values stemming from social-ecological interactions are negotiated and defined. Yet, work on their implications for social-ecological justice and sustainability needs to be extended.

El proyecto “Sistematización de soluciones basadas en naturaleza en España" (E:SBN) llevó a cabo una amplia identificación y recopilación de soluciones basadas en la naturaleza en España, como referente de buenas prácticas para la adaptación adecuada al cambio climático en cada territorio. El proyecto cuenta con el apoyo de la Fundación Biodiversidad del Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, a través de la Convocatoria de subvenciones para la realización de proyectos que contribuyan a implementar el Plan Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático 2021-2030 (PNACC). 

Green (and blue) spaces receive attention as important components of cities that can help to mitigate the effects of climate change, support biodiversity and improve public health. Green space planning aims to transform cities towards urban sustainability and resilience. In a longitudinal study, representatives from eleven European municipalities that had previously been interviewed in 2014 were re-interviewed in 2020–2021 on changes in urban greening and related practices. The interviewees reported mainly advancements in dealing with ecological issues, such as new plans, strategies, regulations or funding programmes for climate adaptation or biodiversity support, as well as some progress in co-governance with non-governmental stakeholders. Promising developments include breaking professional silos by creating new units that can better deal with complex urban issues. In a few cases, high-level local politicians induced profound changes. These changes stimulated the development of new planning and governance cultures, resulting in more co-creation of urban green spaces. However, from a transformation studies perspective, incremental strategies dominate, and even when municipal representatives are aware that substantive changes are needed, they often lack the means to act. For more radical system change, significant extra efforts are needed.

Mounting research highlights the contribution of ecosystem services provided by urban forests to quality of life in cities, yet these services are rarely explicitly considered in environmental policy targets. We quantify regulating services provided by urban forests and evaluate their contribution to comply with policy targets of air quality and climate change mitigation in the municipality of Barcelona, Spain. We apply the i-Tree Eco model to quantify in biophysical and monetary terms the ecosystem services "air purification," "global climate regulation," and the ecosystem disservice "air pollution" associated with biogenic emissions. Our results show that the contribution of urban forests regulating services to abate pollution is substantial in absolute terms, yet modest when compared to overall city levels of air pollution and GHG emissions. We conclude that in order to be effective, green infrastructure-based efforts to offset urban pollution at the municipal level have to be coordinated with territorial policies at broader spatial scales.

Emission reduction, heat mitigation, and improved access to water and food provision are increasingly critical challenges for urban areas in the context of global climate change adaptation and mitigation. The revival of local agricultural production is often lauded as a potential nature-based solution. However, an expansion of peri-urban agriculture (peri-UA) may entail significant trade-offs in the ecosystem services it provides.This study explores the impacts on the food-water-climate nexus of different scenarios of peri-urban agricultural expansion in a semi-arid, Mediterranean climate, addressing local food provision, freshwater use, local temperature regulation, global climate change mitigation, and the trade-offs thereof. Examining four theoretical land-use scenarios in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona, the study integrates estimates of food provision and irrigation water requirements based on georeferenced urban metabolism approach with the local atmosphere and biogenic carbon balance estimates produced through the combination of an atmospheric model with a satellite and meteorological-driven biosphere model.Our study reveals that a 31.12 % (+17.27 km2) and 115.08 % (+64.25 km2) increase in the current peri-UA in the AMB, achieved by replacing natural non-forested and forest areas, results in an increase in local food production of 24.0 % (+16503 tons year-1) and 85.8 % (+58940 tons year-1), respectively. However, it would also increase the irrigation water requirements by 10.0 % (+3.2 hm3) and 43.5 % (+14.1 hm3), respectively. The analysis of the midday/midafternoon temperatures during a summer hot month reveals that peri-UA especially when it is irrigated can potentially reduce near-surface temperatures up to 0.7 °C with respect to a current scenario, however the air cooling affects principally located in rural regions with lower population density, while temperature reductions in the densest urban areas are minimal. If an expansion of Peri-UA goes at the expense of natural non-forested and forests areas, as in the scenarios we used, it has further the potential to disrupt the regional carbon balance, impacting the net ecosystem productivity of the AMB green infrastructure and overall carbon stocks with reductions in the net ecosystem productivity of up to 18.5 % and reduce total carbon stocks by 3.3 %.These findings, derived from an innovative and combined modelling approach, reveal significant trade-offs in ecosystem services associated with an expansion of peri-urban agriculture. It is likely that similar trade-offs would be observed with other nature-based solutions strategies. An integrated understanding of these trade-offs, facilitated by nexus approaches that combine different models, appears to be a promising direction for informing land-use decision-making in the context of urban climate adaptation and mitigation.