• Energy Research

Because of the metaphysical shift in the technological era, the world is witnessing machine to machine (M2M) communication. Sensors are omnipresent, owing to which wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are developing as a key enabling technology for the Internet of Things (IoT). M2M interaction poses a severe threat to the lifetime of the network. Clustering plays an essential role in elevating the energy efficiency of the WSN. Particularly, uniform distribution of cluster heads (CHs) is crucial for achieving better network lifetime and uninterrupted sensing from the area under observation. For this, we propose an efficient two-fold clustering algorithm, namely second-fold clustering (SFC). In the first phase, the selection of CH is made based on zonal residual energy and zonal degree of connectivity. In the second phase, the leftover nodes known as isolated nodes are clumped. CH is selected based on the zonal degree of connectivity to ensure that energy is disbursed (almost) uniformly by all the nodes. This uniformity makes it suitable for integration with the IoT. To find out the efficacy of SFC, carried rigorous experimental study out where it is compared to two existing clustering algorithms. The simulation results show that SFC outperforms its counterparts. The results showed that SFC improved network lifetime by approximately 9.6% and 10.2% compared to regional energy-aware clustering scheme and Residual-Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (R-LEACH), respectively.

This study presents a comprehensive survey on the reliability evaluation of the electrical network system. The impacts of integration of new and renewable energy sources (electric vehicle, energy storage system, solar, and wind) on the reliability of electrical power system (EPS) are discussed. The impacts of these renewable sources have merits/demerits when these sources are integrated with the conventional electric power system. However, the merits are predominant as it includes unlimited, free, and cost‐effective resources. The recent researches depict that the uncertainties of renewable energy resources leads to the probabilistic and reliability analyses of EPS. EPS includes offshore and onshore wind farms, micro‐grid, energy storage system, and other high voltage grids. It also contains the failure‐prone components related to the power systems. For the accomplishment of these aspects, the handling methods of uncertainty parameters in generation, transmission, and distribution systems are discussed. The incorporation of electric vehicles, wind energy system, and energy storage system for reliability assessment is also discussed briefly. This study also presents the scope of a new research area for the researchers on the reliability assessment of renewable energy integrated power system.

The proposed work focuses on the power enhancement of grid-connected solar photovoltaic and wind energy (PV-WE) system integrated with an energy storage system (ESS) and electric vehicles (EVs). The research works available in the literature emphasize only on PV, PV-ESS, WE, and WE-ESS. The enhancement techniques such as Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), Generalized UPFC (GUPFC), and Static Var Compensator (SVC) and Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based techniques including Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC)-UPFC, and Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC)-FLC have been perceived in the existing literature for power enhancement. Further, the EVs are emerging as an integral domain of the power grid but because of the uncertainties and limitations involved in renewable energy sources (RESs) and ESS, the EVs preference towards the RES is shifted away. Therefore, it is required to focus on improving the power quality of the PV-WE-ESS-EV system connected with the grid, which is yet to be explored and validated with the available technique for enhancing power quality. Furthermore, in the case of the bidirectional power flow from vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and grid-to-vehicle (G2V), optimal controlling is crucial for which an electric vehicle aggregator (EVA) is designed. The designed EVA is proposed for the PV-WE-ESS-EV system so as to obtain the benefits such as uninterruptible power supply, effective the load demand satisfaction, and efficient utilization of the electrical power. The power flow from source to load and from one source to another source is controlled with the support of FLC. The FLC decides the economic utilization of power during peak load and off-peak load. The reduced power quality at the load side is observed as a result of varying loads in the random fashion and this issue is sorted out by using UPQC in this proposed study. From the results, it can be observed that the maximum power is achieved in the case of PV and WE systems with the help of the FLC-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique. Furthermore, the artificial neural network (ANN)-based technique is utilized for the development of the MPPT algorithm which in turn is employed for the validation of the proposed technique. The outputs of both the techniques are compared to select the best-performing technique. A key observation from the results and analysis indicates that the power output from FLC-based MPPT is better than that of ANN-based MPPT. Thus, the proper and economical utilization of power is achieved with the help of FLC and UPQC. It can be inferred that the EVs can play a vital role in imparting the flexibility in terms of power consumption and grid stabilization during peak load and off-peak load durations provided that the proper control techniques and grid integration are well-established.

AbstractThe paper represents a comprehensive review of the wind farm layout and reliability assessment of the wind farm integrated electrical power system. The authors have done a review on the proliferation of renewable energy which raises the uncertainties in the electrical power system. The uncertainties including wind speed and wake effect are important to deal with when an isolated microgrid is considered. The scenario becomes vigilant when the wind farms are integrated with the main grid. Due to uncertainties, the study of reliability evaluation of a wind integrated power system would become significant to analyse the electrical power system behaviour effectively. So, the paper discusses the layout optimisation methods of wind turbines considering the uncertainty parameters, mainly the wake effect. In this regard, the different wake models and optimisation methods based on a single‐objective and multi‐objective functions are reviewed in detail with the proper comparisons. The paper serves as a better illustration of the competency of these optimisation methods on the optimal wind turbine location on a wind farm. Furthermore, the paper extends the view on the reliability and cost assessment, and reliability improvement techniques of the wind integrated power system. This article provides comprehensive information, yields an attractive and subsequent tool for research requirements for the researchers to design the wind farm layout, and assessed the reliability of a wind integrated power system.

This paper presents power estimation and reliability evaluation of the micro hydro power generation system based on municipal waste water. Self-excited induction generator was used in the developed power plant, situated at IIT (BHU) campus, Varanasi, India. The hydro potential of the waste water flowing through sewage system of the Banaras Hindu University has been determined for annual flow duration and daily flow duration curves by ordering the recorded waste water from maximum to minimum flows. This paper estimates output power and determines reliability indices like: failure rate, repair rate, MTTF, MTTR and MTBF of the MWW-based developed generation plant. Design parameters of the SEIG with suitable values of the capacitor have been used and recommended for improvement of the power generation quality and reliability of the system.

This paper presents a convective dominated reliable diffusion process in an axi-symmetric tube with a local constriction simulating a stenos artery considering the porosity effects. The investigations demonstrate the effects of wall shear stress and recirculation flow on the concentration distribution in the vessels lumen and on wall mass transfer keeping the porosity in view. The flow is governed by the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations for Newtonian fluid in porous medium. The convection diffusion equation has been used for the mass transport. The effect of porosity is examined on the velocity field and wall stress. The numerical solutions of the flow equations and the coupled mass transport equations have been obtained using a finite difference method. This paper explains the reliable effects of flow porosity on the mass transport.

AbstractThis paper presents reliability evaluation of residual magnetism in rotor core of the induction motor operated as SEIG using probability distribution approach and Monte Carlo simulation for unregulated renewable energy applications in remote areas. Parallel capacitors with calculated minimum capacitive value across the terminals of the induction motor operated as SEIG with unregulated shaft speed are connected during the experimental study. A three phase, 4poles, 50Hz, 5.5hp, 12.3A, 230V induction motor coupled with DC Shunt Motor is tested in the electrical machine laboratory with variable reactive loads. Using this experimental study, it is possible to choose a reliable induction machines operated as SEIG for unregulated renewable energy application. Failure density function, cumulative failure distribution function, survivor function, hazard model, probability of success and probability of failure for reliability evaluation of the three phase induction motor operating as a SEIG have been presented graphically in this paper.

Abstract This paper presents the design aspects and probabilistic approach for the generation reliability evaluation of an alternative resource: municipal waste water (MWW) based micro-hydro power plant (MHPP). Annual and daily flow duration curves have been obtained for design, installation, development, scientific analysis and reliability evaluation of the MHPP. The hydro-potential of the waste water flowing through sewage system of Brocha sewage plant of the Banaras Hindu University campus is determined to produce annual flow duration and daily flow duration curves by ordering the recorded water flows from maximum to minimum values. Design pressure, roughness of the pipe's interior surface, method of joining, weight, ease of installation, accessibility to the sewage system, design life, maintenance, weather conditions, availability of material, related cost and likelihood of structural damage have been considered for the design of a particular penstock for reliable operation of the developed MHPP. MWW and self-excited induction generator (SEIG) based MHPP is developed and practically implemented to provide reliable electric power to charge the battery bank. Generation reliability evaluation of the developed MHPP using the Gaussian distribution approach, safety factor concept, peak load consideration and Simpson 1/3rd rule has been presented in this paper.

The technology of obtaining wind energy has become more and more important over the last few decades. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a general discussion about wind power technology. The fundamental knowledge of wind power systems and their design aspects are presented. The description of the fundamental topics which are essential to understand the wind energy conversion and its eventual use is also provided in the chapter. This chapter discusses the wind farms and hybrid power systems as well.