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  • Energy Research

  • Authors: Steinber, Meyer; Manowitz;

    The generic term "chemonuclear" has been assigned to any chemical process system using nuclear energy as the prime energy source. The type of effect which induces the chemical change, or produces the chemical is of importance in classifying the type of chemonuclear process, or reactor involved. Four types of effects are identified for this classification. These are radiation, thermal, electrical, and photolytic effects. The radiation effects include the interaction with matter of high energy particles, or photons carrying energy in the range of a million electron volts (MEV) or higher, and causing primarily ionization effects. Thermal effects include transfer of thermal energy to matter and usually is directed towards producing a thermodynamic equilibrium in the system. Electrical effects are concerned with interaction with matter of particles carrying energy in the range of electron volts up to thousands of electron volts (EV to KEV). The photolytic effects utilize photon energy in the range of infrared through the visible to the ultraviolet radiation (IR, Visible, and UV). As is evident, this classification is somewhat arbitrary since it is primarily based on a division of the energy spectrum which is in reality continuous. It does, however, separate the more conventional methods of inducing chemical reactions from the less conventional, and demonstrates the various techniques in the utilization of nuclear energy. All these techniques must be compared when selecting an economically competitive process.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Boonekamp PGM; Gijsen A; Vreuls HHJ;

    In this report the realised energy savings in the Netherlands for the period 1995-2002 are presented for the sectors households, industry, agriculture, services, transport, refineries and electricity and for the national level. First a short description is given of the 'Protocol Monitoring Energy savings', a common methodology and database to calculate the amount of energy savings, that has been set up earlier by four Dutch institutes CPB, ECN, Novem and RIVM. Results are presented for savings on final energy use, for conversion in end-use sectors (co-generation) and for conversion in the energy sector. National savings of 1,0% per year are found, with a decreasing tendency in recent years. Much attention is given to the uncertainty margins that result from the uncertainty in the input data and the 'quality' of the variable that is used to calculated the reference energy use (without savings). It proves not possible to supply a reliable saving figure for final energy use in the services sector. On the other hand the savings from better conversion can be calculated quite well. Overall a margin of +/- 0,3% is found for the national yearly saving figure. Next to savings an analysis has also been made of volume- and structural effects with respect to energy consumption, energy-intensity developments and other relevant factors in different sectors. Finally savings have been put in perspective: savings in comparison with that of the EU-countries, the contribution of savings to the reduction of the CO2-emissions and a comparison with other evaluation studies. In dit rapport wordt de gerealiseerde energiebesparing in Nederland in de periode 1995-2002 gepresenteerd voor de sectoren huishoudens, industrie, land- en tuinbouw, diensten, transport, raffinaderijen en elektriciteitsvoorziening, en voor het nationale niveau. Eerst wordt een korte beschrijving gegeven van het 'Protocol Monitoring Energiebesparing', een gemeenschappelijke methode en database die eerder opgezet is door de vier instituten CPB, ECN, Novem en RIVM. Er worden resultaten gepresenteerd voor besparing op finaal energieverbruik, voor conversie in eindverbruik sectoren (wamte/kracht) en voor conversie in de energiesector. Een nationale besparing van 1,0% per jaar gevonden, met een dalende tendens in recente jaren, zowel in de meeste verbruiksectoren als bij de elektriciteitsproductie met warmtekracht installaties en centrales. Veel aandacht is gegeven aan de onzekerheid die resulteert uit de marges in de input data en de 'kwaliteit' van de variabele die is gebruikt om het referentie energieverbruik (zonder besparing) te bepalen. Het blijkt niet mogelijk om een betrouwbaar cijfer voor besparing op finaal verbruik in de diensten sector te geven. Maar besparing door betere conversie kan heel goed bepaald worden. Overall wordt een marge van +/- 0,3% gevonden voor het nationale jaarlijkse besparingscijfer. Het rapport bevat ook een analyse van volume- en structurele effecten betreffende energie verbruik, energie-intensiteitsontwikkelingen en andere relevante factoren in verschillende sectoren. Tenslotte zijn de besparingen in perspectief geplaatst: een vergelijking met cijfers voor de EU-landen, de bijdrage van besparing tot de reductie van CO2-emissies en een vergelijking met andere evaluatie studies. In de periode 1995-2002 was de gemiddelde nationale besparing 1,0% per jaar, wat overeenkomt met een CO2-reductie van circa 15 Megaton (ongeveer 8% van de totale Nederlandse CO2-emissies). Besparing heeft daarmee vijf maal zoveel bijgedragen aan de reductie van CO2-emissies dan duurzame energie.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Boonekamp PGM; Gijsen A; Vreuls HHJ;

    In dit rapport wordt de gerealiseerde energiebesparing in Nederland in de periode 1995-2002 gepresenteerd voor de sectoren huishoudens, industrie, land- en tuinbouw, diensten, transport, raffinaderijen en elektriciteitsvoorziening, en voor het nationale niveau. Eerst wordt een korte beschrijving gegeven van het 'Protocol Monitoring Energiebesparing', een gemeenschappelijke methode en database die eerder opgezet is door de vier instituten CPB, ECN, Novem en RIVM. Er worden resultaten gepresenteerd voor besparing op finaal energieverbruik, voor conversie in eindverbruik sectoren (wamte/kracht) en voor conversie in de energiesector. Een nationale besparing van 1,0% per jaar gevonden, met een dalende tendens in recente jaren, zowel in de meeste verbruiksectoren als bij de elektriciteitsproductie met warmtekracht installaties en centrales. Veel aandacht is gegeven aan de onzekerheid die resulteert uit de marges in de input data en de 'kwaliteit' van de variabele die is gebruikt om het referentie energieverbruik (zonder besparing) te bepalen. Het blijkt niet mogelijk om een betrouwbaar cijfer voor besparing op finaal verbruik in de diensten sector te geven. Maar besparing door betere conversie kan heel goed bepaald worden. Overall wordt een marge van +/- 0,3% gevonden voor het nationale jaarlijkse besparingscijfer. Het rapport bevat ook een analyse van volume- en structurele effecten betreffende energie verbruik, energie-intensiteitsontwikkelingen en andere relevante factoren in verschillende sectoren. Tenslotte zijn de besparingen in perspectief geplaatst: een vergelijking met cijfers voor de EU-landen, de bijdrage van besparing tot de reductie van CO2-emissies en een vergelijking met andere evaluatie studies. In de periode 1995-2002 was de gemiddelde nationale besparing 1,0% per jaar, wat overeenkomt met een CO2-reductie van circa 15 Megaton (ongeveer 8% van de totale Nederlandse CO2-emissies). Besparing heeft daarmee vijf maal zoveel bijgedragen aan de reductie van CO2-emissies dan duurzame energie. In this report the realised energy savings in the Netherlands for the period 1995-2002 are presented for the sectors households, industry, agriculture, services, transport, refineries and electricity and for the national level. First a short description is given of the 'Protocol Monitoring Energy savings', a common methodology and database to calculate the amount of energy savings, that has been set up earlier by four Dutch institutes CPB, ECN, Novem and RIVM. Results are presented for savings on final energy use, for conversion in end-use sectors (co-generation) and for conversion in the energy sector. National savings of 1,0% per year are found, with a decreasing tendency in recent years. Much attention is given to the uncertainty margins that result from the uncertainty in the input data and the 'quality' of the variable that is used to calculated the reference energy use (without savings). It proves not possible to supply a reliable saving figure for final energy use in the services sector. On the other hand the savings from better conversion can be calculated quite well. Overall a margin of +/- 0,3% is found for the national yearly saving figure. Next to savings an analysis has also been made of volume- and structural effects with respect to energy consumption, energy-intensity developments and other relevant factors in different sectors. Finally savings have been put in perspective: savings in comparison with that of the EU-countries, the contribution of savings to the reduction of the CO2-emissions and a comparison with other evaluation studies. De Engelse vertaling van dit rapport is verschenen onder nummer 773001028 Verkrijgbaar bij/available at: ECN Dit rapport is verschenen met een RIVM nummer en een ECN nummer EZ

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Web-based Archive of...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Lehr, Ulrike;
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao DLR publication serv...arrow_drop_down
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  • Authors: Saparbayev, Abdyzhapar; Demesinova, Aziza;

    This article describes theoretical and methodological bases of a complex analysis and evaluation of economic systems’ sustainability and their usage in methods of energy systems management. The research provides factors that create competitive advantages of fuel and energy complex (FEC) in a region on different stages of economic development. The necessity of the development of modeling tools for the improvement of the effectiveness in administrative decisions in order to provide the competitive ability of energy systems is depicted. ; У статті розглянуто теоретичні основи та методичні положення комплексного аналізу та оцінки стійкості економічних систем, зокрема особливості їх використання в методах управління системами енергетики. Досліджено фактори, які формують конкурентні переваги паливноенергетичного комплексу (ПЕК) регіону на різних стадіях його економічного розвитку. Обґрунтовано потребу розробки модельного інструментарію для підвищення ефективності управлінських рішень з метою забезпечення конкурентоспроможності енергетичних систем.

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Lehr, Ulrike; Kratzat, Marlene;
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao DLR publication serv...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Joachim Kozioł; Barbara Mendecka;

    The analysis of effects of non-renewable energy (reference fuel) substitution with renewable energy sources of interest (RES) was conducted with the use of social indicator for each effect arising from production of a given utility product in communal and living power industry. The aforementioned effect may be of energy-environmental, economic or social nature, etc. This means it affects elements of living standard ratios. Reference fuel should be the most common one in the area in terms of a given application. The renewable energy sources of interest (communal and living purposes) may include solar power, biofuels, geothermal energy, wind power and others. Applications may include: heating, cooling and air-conditioning, preparing hot tap water, electric power supply for lightening or minor powering, meal preparation, etc. In this paper, the social indicator of a given effect presents difference of an effect for the same amount of utility product when applying reference fuel and renewable substitution energy source. The amount of utility product should equal the use of one substitution energy unit. The method proposed constitutes generalization of the existing method of economic effect evaluation on the basis of the Economic Efficiency of Energy Substitution coefficient (EEES). The paper presents calculation methodology and examples of applications referring to use of particular renewable energy sources (solar energy in solar collectors, boilers powered by biofuels and heat pumps using geothermal energy) to prepare hot tap water. Furthermore, this paper presents relations of calculations which allow for defining dimensionless indexes for the effects of interest.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of Sustainab...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Nazarova Y.A.; Sopilko N.Y.; Orlova A.F.; Bolotova R.S.; +1 Authors

    The main mechanisms for supporting renewable energy sources (RES) in the wholesale electricity and capacity market, in the retail market and in isolated power systems have been studied. The article analyzes the ecological, social and economic effects of the development of renewable energy in the territory of Russia. Based on official information, the authors gave a quantitative assessment of the effects: Increasing export earnings, reducing environmental costs, creating jobs, etc. An integral effect was assessed for the Russian economy from the development of RES, including various levels of budgets and extra-budgetary funds in the form of duties, taxes and insurance contributions. During the analysis of the development of renewable energy in the territory of Russia, the authors identified the main effects of its use and proposed methods for quantifying the effects determined. The obtained results, like the methodological approaches described in the article, can be used at the federal and regional levels in the development of state support mechanisms for renewable energy, while carrying out technical and economic calculations for projects and programs in the field of renewable resources and energy sources. © 2017, Econjournals. All rights reserved.

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  • Authors: Steinber, Meyer; Manowitz;

    The generic term "chemonuclear" has been assigned to any chemical process system using nuclear energy as the prime energy source. The type of effect which induces the chemical change, or produces the chemical is of importance in classifying the type of chemonuclear process, or reactor involved. Four types of effects are identified for this classification. These are radiation, thermal, electrical, and photolytic effects. The radiation effects include the interaction with matter of high energy particles, or photons carrying energy in the range of a million electron volts (MEV) or higher, and causing primarily ionization effects. Thermal effects include transfer of thermal energy to matter and usually is directed towards producing a thermodynamic equilibrium in the system. Electrical effects are concerned with interaction with matter of particles carrying energy in the range of electron volts up to thousands of electron volts (EV to KEV). The photolytic effects utilize photon energy in the range of infrared through the visible to the ultraviolet radiation (IR, Visible, and UV). As is evident, this classification is somewhat arbitrary since it is primarily based on a division of the energy spectrum which is in reality continuous. It does, however, separate the more conventional methods of inducing chemical reactions from the less conventional, and demonstrates the various techniques in the utilization of nuclear energy. All these techniques must be compared when selecting an economically competitive process.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Boonekamp PGM; Gijsen A; Vreuls HHJ;

    In this report the realised energy savings in the Netherlands for the period 1995-2002 are presented for the sectors households, industry, agriculture, services, transport, refineries and electricity and for the national level. First a short description is given of the 'Protocol Monitoring Energy savings', a common methodology and database to calculate the amount of energy savings, that has been set up earlier by four Dutch institutes CPB, ECN, Novem and RIVM. Results are presented for savings on final energy use, for conversion in end-use sectors (co-generation) and for conversion in the energy sector. National savings of 1,0% per year are found, with a decreasing tendency in recent years. Much attention is given to the uncertainty margins that result from the uncertainty in the input data and the 'quality' of the variable that is used to calculated the reference energy use (without savings). It proves not possible to supply a reliable saving figure for final energy use in the services sector. On the other hand the savings from better conversion can be calculated quite well. Overall a margin of +/- 0,3% is found for the national yearly saving figure. Next to savings an analysis has also been made of volume- and structural effects with respect to energy consumption, energy-intensity developments and other relevant factors in different sectors. Finally savings have been put in perspective: savings in comparison with that of the EU-countries, the contribution of savings to the reduction of the CO2-emissions and a comparison with other evaluation studies. In dit rapport wordt de gerealiseerde energiebesparing in Nederland in de periode 1995-2002 gepresenteerd voor de sectoren huishoudens, industrie, land- en tuinbouw, diensten, transport, raffinaderijen en elektriciteitsvoorziening, en voor het nationale niveau. Eerst wordt een korte beschrijving gegeven van het 'Protocol Monitoring Energiebesparing', een gemeenschappelijke methode en database die eerder opgezet is door de vier instituten CPB, ECN, Novem en RIVM. Er worden resultaten gepresenteerd voor besparing op finaal energieverbruik, voor conversie in eindverbruik sectoren (wamte/kracht) en voor conversie in de energiesector. Een nationale besparing van 1,0% per jaar gevonden, met een dalende tendens in recente jaren, zowel in de meeste verbruiksectoren als bij de elektriciteitsproductie met warmtekracht installaties en centrales. Veel aandacht is gegeven aan de onzekerheid die resulteert uit de marges in de input data en de 'kwaliteit' van de variabele die is gebruikt om het referentie energieverbruik (zonder besparing) te bepalen. Het blijkt niet mogelijk om een betrouwbaar cijfer voor besparing op finaal verbruik in de diensten sector te geven. Maar besparing door betere conversie kan heel goed bepaald worden. Overall wordt een marge van +/- 0,3% gevonden voor het nationale jaarlijkse besparingscijfer. Het rapport bevat ook een analyse van volume- en structurele effecten betreffende energie verbruik, energie-intensiteitsontwikkelingen en andere relevante factoren in verschillende sectoren. Tenslotte zijn de besparingen in perspectief geplaatst: een vergelijking met cijfers voor de EU-landen, de bijdrage van besparing tot de reductie van CO2-emissies en een vergelijking met andere evaluatie studies. In de periode 1995-2002 was de gemiddelde nationale besparing 1,0% per jaar, wat overeenkomt met een CO2-reductie van circa 15 Megaton (ongeveer 8% van de totale Nederlandse CO2-emissies). Besparing heeft daarmee vijf maal zoveel bijgedragen aan de reductie van CO2-emissies dan duurzame energie.

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    Authors: Boonekamp PGM; Gijsen A; Vreuls HHJ;

    In dit rapport wordt de gerealiseerde energiebesparing in Nederland in de periode 1995-2002 gepresenteerd voor de sectoren huishoudens, industrie, land- en tuinbouw, diensten, transport, raffinaderijen en elektriciteitsvoorziening, en voor het nationale niveau. Eerst wordt een korte beschrijving gegeven van het 'Protocol Monitoring Energiebesparing', een gemeenschappelijke methode en database die eerder opgezet is door de vier instituten CPB, ECN, Novem en RIVM. Er worden resultaten gepresenteerd voor besparing op finaal energieverbruik, voor conversie in eindverbruik sectoren (wamte/kracht) en voor conversie in de energiesector. Een nationale besparing van 1,0% per jaar gevonden, met een dalende tendens in recente jaren, zowel in de meeste verbruiksectoren als bij de elektriciteitsproductie met warmtekracht installaties en centrales. Veel aandacht is gegeven aan de onzekerheid die resulteert uit de marges in de input data en de 'kwaliteit' van de variabele die is gebruikt om het referentie energieverbruik (zonder besparing) te bepalen. Het blijkt niet mogelijk om een betrouwbaar cijfer voor besparing op finaal verbruik in de diensten sector te geven. Maar besparing door betere conversie kan heel goed bepaald worden. Overall wordt een marge van +/- 0,3% gevonden voor het nationale jaarlijkse besparingscijfer. Het rapport bevat ook een analyse van volume- en structurele effecten betreffende energie verbruik, energie-intensiteitsontwikkelingen en andere relevante factoren in verschillende sectoren. Tenslotte zijn de besparingen in perspectief geplaatst: een vergelijking met cijfers voor de EU-landen, de bijdrage van besparing tot de reductie van CO2-emissies en een vergelijking met andere evaluatie studies. In de periode 1995-2002 was de gemiddelde nationale besparing 1,0% per jaar, wat overeenkomt met een CO2-reductie van circa 15 Megaton (ongeveer 8% van de totale Nederlandse CO2-emissies). Besparing heeft daarmee vijf maal zoveel bijgedragen aan de reductie van CO2-emissies dan duurzame energie. In this report the realised energy savings in the Netherlands for the period 1995-2002 are presented for the sectors households, industry, agriculture, services, transport, refineries and electricity and for the national level. First a short description is given of the 'Protocol Monitoring Energy savings', a common methodology and database to calculate the amount of energy savings, that has been set up earlier by four Dutch institutes CPB, ECN, Novem and RIVM. Results are presented for savings on final energy use, for conversion in end-use sectors (co-generation) and for conversion in the energy sector. National savings of 1,0% per year are found, with a decreasing tendency in recent years. Much attention is given to the uncertainty margins that result from the uncertainty in the input data and the 'quality' of the variable that is used to calculated the reference energy use (without savings). It proves not possible to supply a reliable saving figure for final energy use in the services sector. On the other hand the savings from better conversion can be calculated quite well. Overall a margin of +/- 0,3% is found for the national yearly saving figure. Next to savings an analysis has also been made of volume- and structural effects with respect to energy consumption, energy-intensity developments and other relevant factors in different sectors. Finally savings have been put in perspective: savings in comparison with that of the EU-countries, the contribution of savings to the reduction of the CO2-emissions and a comparison with other evaluation studies. De Engelse vertaling van dit rapport is verschenen onder nummer 773001028 Verkrijgbaar bij/available at: ECN Dit rapport is verschenen met een RIVM nummer en een ECN nummer EZ

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    Authors: Lehr, Ulrike;
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  • Authors: Saparbayev, Abdyzhapar; Demesinova, Aziza;

    This article describes theoretical and methodological bases of a complex analysis and evaluation of economic systems’ sustainability and their usage in methods of energy systems management. The research provides factors that create competitive advantages of fuel and energy complex (FEC) in a region on different stages of economic development. The necessity of the development of modeling tools for the improvement of the effectiveness in administrative decisions in order to provide the competitive ability of energy systems is depicted. ; У статті розглянуто теоретичні основи та методичні положення комплексного аналізу та оцінки стійкості економічних систем, зокрема особливості їх використання в методах управління системами енергетики. Досліджено фактори, які формують конкурентні переваги паливноенергетичного комплексу (ПЕК) регіону на різних стадіях його економічного розвитку. Обґрунтовано потребу розробки модельного інструментарію для підвищення ефективності управлінських рішень з метою забезпечення конкурентоспроможності енергетичних систем.

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    Authors: Lehr, Ulrike; Kratzat, Marlene;
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    Authors: Joachim Kozioł; Barbara Mendecka;

    The analysis of effects of non-renewable energy (reference fuel) substitution with renewable energy sources of interest (RES) was conducted with the use of social indicator for each effect arising from production of a given utility product in communal and living power industry. The aforementioned effect may be of energy-environmental, economic or social nature, etc. This means it affects elements of living standard ratios. Reference fuel should be the most common one in the area in terms of a given application. The renewable energy sources of interest (communal and living purposes) may include solar power, biofuels, geothermal energy, wind power and others. Applications may include: heating, cooling and air-conditioning, preparing hot tap water, electric power supply for lightening or minor powering, meal preparation, etc. In this paper, the social indicator of a given effect presents difference of an effect for the same amount of utility product when applying reference fuel and renewable substitution energy source. The amount of utility product should equal the use of one substitution energy unit. The method proposed constitutes generalization of the existing method of economic effect evaluation on the basis of the Economic Efficiency of Energy Substitution coefficient (EEES). The paper presents calculation methodology and examples of applications referring to use of particular renewable energy sources (solar energy in solar collectors, boilers powered by biofuels and heat pumps using geothermal energy) to prepare hot tap water. Furthermore, this paper presents relations of calculations which allow for defining dimensionless indexes for the effects of interest.

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    Authors: Nazarova Y.A.; Sopilko N.Y.; Orlova A.F.; Bolotova R.S.; +1 Authors

    The main mechanisms for supporting renewable energy sources (RES) in the wholesale electricity and capacity market, in the retail market and in isolated power systems have been studied. The article analyzes the ecological, social and economic effects of the development of renewable energy in the territory of Russia. Based on official information, the authors gave a quantitative assessment of the effects: Increasing export earnings, reducing environmental costs, creating jobs, etc. An integral effect was assessed for the Russian economy from the development of RES, including various levels of budgets and extra-budgetary funds in the form of duties, taxes and insurance contributions. During the analysis of the development of renewable energy in the territory of Russia, the authors identified the main effects of its use and proposed methods for quantifying the effects determined. The obtained results, like the methodological approaches described in the article, can be used at the federal and regional levels in the development of state support mechanisms for renewable energy, while carrying out technical and economic calculations for projects and programs in the field of renewable resources and energy sources. © 2017, Econjournals. All rights reserved.

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