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apps Other research productkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other ORP type 2003 GermanyAuthors: Tamme, R.; Laing, D.; Steinmann, W.-D.;add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Part of book or chapter of book , Article 2023 AustraliaPublisher:Elsevier BV Tunçbilek, Ekrem; Yıldız, Çağatay; Arıcı, Müslüm; Ma, Zhenjun; Awan, Muhammad Bilal;This chapter introduces the role of thermal energy storage (TES) systems in enhancing building energy flexibility and demand-side management. Different forms of TES and their related storage media and materials were reviewed and the link between TES systems and energy flexibility was discussed. The role of TES systems in building energy flexibility and demand-side management was then addressed in terms of long-term (seasonal) and short-term storage applications. Different TES materials or media, such as sensible heat storage by water tanks, aquifers, and latent heat storage by various phase change materials can be considered. Furthermore, different techniques that can be utilized to manage the demand with the aid of TES systems are discussed. Different approaches, such as model predictive control as one of the most prominent ones, can be considered to maximize the benefit of TES in demand-side management, and hence energy flexibility.
https://doi.org/10.1... arrow_drop_down https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0...Part of book or chapter of book . 2023 . Peer-reviewedLicense: Elsevier TDMData sources: CrossrefUniversity of Wollongong, Australia: Research OnlineArticle . 2023Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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more_vert https://doi.org/10.1... arrow_drop_down https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0...Part of book or chapter of book . 2023 . Peer-reviewedLicense: Elsevier TDMData sources: CrossrefUniversity of Wollongong, Australia: Research OnlineArticle . 2023Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research productkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other ORP type 2021 GermanyAuthors: Agrafiotis, Christos; Thanda, Vamshi Krishna; Thomey, Dennis; de Oliveira, Lamark; +4 AuthorsAgrafiotis, Christos; Thanda, Vamshi Krishna; Thomey, Dennis; de Oliveira, Lamark; Mevißen, Lutz; Noguchi, Hiroki; Roeb, Martin; Sattler, Christian;add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research productkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other ORP type 2019 GermanyAuthors: Bauer, Thomas; Stadler, Ingo; Hauer, Andreas;add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research productkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other ORP type 2022 GermanyAuthors: Steinmann, Wolf-Dieter;add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu0 citations 0 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Other literature type 2023Publisher:American Chemical Society (ACS) Authors: Liu, Xinyi; Guo, Zhixiong; Wang, Jifen; Xie, Huaqing;pmid: 37042829
High supercooling and single functionalization are the main barriers to the large-scale application of microencapsulated phase-change materials (PCMs) in the construction industry. To address these issues, we propose a new inorganic microencapsulated PCM, PW@CaWO4, which was synthesized via the in situ polymerization method using inorganic CaWO4 as shell and phase-change paraffin wax (PW) as core. We investigated the effects of different emulsifiers and core-to-shell ratios on microcapsule properties and found that the PW@CaWO4 microcapsules have regular spherical topography and good uniformity in particle size. During the synthesis process, the CaWO4 shell provides convenient conditions for heterogeneous nucleation of PW and effectively reduces the supercooling degree. The minimum supercooling degree of the PW@CaWO4 microcapsules is only 1.00 ± 0.08 °C, which is 3.41 °C lower than that of PW. Moreover, the PW@CaWO4 microcapsules can absorb ultraviolet radiation and exhibit fluorescence, which originates from the peculiar WO42– structure in the CaWO4 shell, eliminating the need for doping other light-activating ions into the shell. The newly prepared microcapsules possess several advantages, including suitable particle size, low supercooling, good heat storage, high thermal conductivity, good short-wave ultraviolet absorption, peculiar fluorescence, excellent proof of leakage, and so on. The microcapsules can be applied to fluorescent architectural energy-saving coatings.
ACS Applied Material... arrow_drop_down ACS Applied Materials & InterfacesArticle . 2023 . Peer-reviewedLicense: STM Policy #29Data sources: Crossrefadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess Routesbronze 12 citations 12 popularity Top 10% influence Average impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert ACS Applied Material... arrow_drop_down ACS Applied Materials & InterfacesArticle . 2023 . Peer-reviewedLicense: STM Policy #29Data sources: Crossrefadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research productkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other ORP type 2013 GermanyAuthors: Laing, Doerte; Hauer, Andreas;add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research productkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other ORP type 2022 GermanyAuthors: Tamme, Rainer; Laing, Dörte; Steinmann, Wolf-Dieter; Bauer, Thomas;add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=od______1640::1c69012ac28b91554b5cac211f56ff82&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu0 citations 0 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
more_vert add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Report 1997Publisher:VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Authors: Kokko, Erkki; Ojanen, Tuomo; Salonvaara, Mikael;Tässä raportissa esitetään yhteenveto "Rakennusten energiankäytön tutkimusohjelmaan RAKET" kuuluvan projektin "Innovatiivisten vaipparakenteiden kehitys" tuloksista, jotka koskevat rakenteiden lämpöhäviöiden pienentämiseen ja kosteusteknisen toiminnan parantamiseen sekä aurinkoenergian hyödyntämiseen tähtääviä keinoja. Tavoitteena oli tuottaa uusiin oivalluksiin perustuvia rakenneratkaisuja ja -periaatteita vähän lämmitysenergiaa kuluttaviin rakennuksiin. Lämpöhäviön pienentämiseen tähtäävät ratkaisut perustuvat tavanomaisiin mineraalivilla- ja solumuovieristeisiin, pitkäaaltoisen lämpösäteilyn sulkuna toimiviin pieniemissiviteettipintaisiin kalvoihin sekä rakennuspapereihin, joilla on halutut ominaisuudet. Aurinkoenergiaa hyödyntävänä ratkaisuna tutkittiin valoa läpäisevään lämmöneristeeseen sekä lasirakenteisiin perustuvaa kerääjää, luonnollisen konvektion ilmakiertoa ja massavaraajaa järjestelmänä. Ulkoseinän paksu kevyt mineraalivillaeristys sisältää käytännössä aina vähäisiä epäideaalisuuksia, jotka lisäävät reaalisen lämmöneristyksen konvektiivisuutta verrattuna ideaalieristykseen. Lämmöneristyksen paksuntaminen lisää epäideaalisuuksien ja konvektion haittaa. Esim. 300 mm:n eristyspaksuudesta voidaan pakkasella menettää tehollisesti 50 mm eristyksen sisäisen luonnollisen konvektion seurauksena. Lisäksi rakenteen sisäinen kosteus jakautuu epätasaisesti lisäten home- ja lahoriskiä. Eristyksen osastointi ilmanpitävillä, vesihöyryä diffuusisesti läpäisevillä pystysuuntaisilla konvektiokatkoilla eliminoi tehokkaasti paksun reaalieristyksen konvektiivisuuden. Kevyessä mineraalivillaeristeessä tapahtuva pitkäaaltoinen lämpösäteily (IR-säteily) muodostaa merkittävän osan eristyksen kokonaislämmönsiirrosta. IR-säteilyä heijastavien kalvojen käyttö suoraan mineraalivillaeristettä vasten vähentää säteilyyn perustuvaa lämpövirtaa vain ohuessa kalvoon rajoittuvassa eristekerroksessa. Kauempana eristeessä säteily tapahtuu kalvosta riippumatta kuitujen välillä. Säteilyn merkittävään vähentämiseen päästään vain pieniemissiviteettipintaisilla kuiduilla tai IR-säteilyn suhteen erittäin läpinäkyvillä kuiduilla sekä pieniemissiviteettipintaisilla kalvoilla eristyksen pinnoissa. Pelkästään pieniemissiviteettipintaisiin kalvoihin ja ilmaväleihin perustuvia lämmöneristysrakenteita analysoitiin laskennallisesti ja kokeellisesti. Kalvot toimivat sekä säteilylämmönsiirron estäjänä että konvektiokatkoina. Pystysuorissa rakenteissa, joissa ilmavälin paksuus on 20...30 mm ja joissa toinen ilmaväliin rajoittuvista pinnoista on emissiviteetiltään pieni (epsilon >/= 0,05), oli rakenteen näennäinen tehollinen lämmönjohtavuus luokkaa 0,03 W/(m * K). Vaakasuorissa eristyksissä, joissa lämpö siirtyy alaspäin, päästiin samaan ilmavälin paksuuden ollessa suuruusluokkaa 50 mm. Paksuudeltaan erilaisten vaaka- ja pystysuuntaisten koerakenteiden mitatut lämmönläpäisykertoimet olivat alueella 0,14...0,17 W/(m2 * K). Käytännön sovelluksena tutkittiin paksu kevyellä mineraalivillalla eristetty seinärakenne, jossa sisäverhouksen ja höyrynsulun välissä oli 30 mm:n ilmaväli. Höyrynsulkuna mineraalivilla sisäpinnassa oli paperiin laminoitu alumiinifolio kirkas pinta ilmaväliin päin. Saavutetut edut olivat: 30 mm:n ilmaväli toimii rakenteessa ylimääräisenä lämmöneristyskerroksena ja asennustilana, höyrynsulku säilyy ehjänä ja toimii tehokkaasti ilmansulkuna sekä samalla diffuusiotiiviinä ainekerroksena. Toisena sovelluksena tutkittiin pieniemissiviteettipintaisen kalvon vaikutus, kun kalvo asennettiin ryömintätilaisen alapohjan alle n. 50 mm sen alapinnasta alaspäin. Tavoitteena oli nostaa alapohjan alapinnan lämpötilaa ja parantaa kosteusoloja sekä alapohjan lämmöneristystä. Sekä laskelmat että kokeet osoittivat, että alapohjan alapinnan lämpötila nousi kalvon vaikutuksesta useita asteita, jolloin suhteellinen kosteus välittömästi alapohjan alla aleni n. 90 %:sta n. 65 %:iin. Vastaavasti jatkuvuustilan lämpötilaero ja samalla lämpövirta alapohjan läpi pieneni n. 40 % verrattuna kalvottomaan tilanteeseen. Laboratoriokokein tutkittiin yläpinnaltaan kallistetulla paksulla EPS-solumuovi-kerroksella eristetyn tuulettumattoman tasakaton kuivattamista kapillaarisesti johtavan viemäröintikerroksen avulla. EPS-eristyksen ja höyrynsulun väliin asetettu kapillaarisesti johtava yhtenäinen kuitukerros siirsi koekatossa n. 6 m:n etäisyydelle räystäästä asetetun vuotoveden räystäsreunalle, josta se poistui ulkopuolelle aluksi tippumalla ja myöhemmin haihtumalla kapillaarisen kerroksen reunasta. Veden poistuminen katosta alkoi n. vuorokauden kuluttua vesivuodosta ja pääosa kattoon asetetusta vedestä oli poistunut 21 vrk:n aikana. Jäännöskosteus katossa oli kokeen päättyessä 0,5...0,7 kg/m2. Rakenteisiin integroitu, luonnolliseen, omavoimaiseen ilmankiertoon perustuva aurinkoenergian kerääjäjärjestelmä osoittautui lupaavaksi ratkaisuksi. Järjestelmässä kerääjä- ja varaajarakenteet olivat erillään toisistaan, mutta yhteydessä suljetun ilmakanavan avulla. Valoaläpäisevään lämmöneristeeseen tai lasirakenteeseen perustuvassa kerääjässä lämpenevä ilma kulkee rakennuksen sisällä olevaan varaajaan. Aktiivisen järjestelmän etuna on pieni kerääjäseinän U-arvo ja varaajan lämpöhäviöiden tuleminen ympäröivien tilojen hyödyksi. Järjestelmä pystyi siirtämään ilmakierrolla yli 40 % kerääjän ulkopintaan tulleesta auringon säteilyenergiasta rakennuksen sisempiin osiin. Avoin ilmakierto huonetilaan antoi paremman hyötysuhteen, mutta käytännön ongelmina ovat kanaviston likaantuminen ja suuret hetkelliset lämpökuormat. Suljetussa ilmakiertokanavistossa lämpö siirtyi suurelta osin kanavistoon ja 3 m etäisyydellä kerääjästä olevaan kevytbetoniseen varaajaseinään saatiin vain 25 - 30 % koko konvektiolla siirretystä energiasta. Kehitystyön jatkona tulee olemaan samaan rakenteeseen integroitu järjestelmä.
add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu0 citations 0 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Report 1997Publisher:VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo Authors: Kokko, Erkki; Ojanen, Tuomo; Salonvaara; Mikael;add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=CSC_________::aabf2a462c44d7a59f11e14e9895be00&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu0 citations 0 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
more_vert add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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apps Other research productkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other ORP type 2003 GermanyAuthors: Tamme, R.; Laing, D.; Steinmann, W.-D.;add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Part of book or chapter of book , Article 2023 AustraliaPublisher:Elsevier BV Tunçbilek, Ekrem; Yıldız, Çağatay; Arıcı, Müslüm; Ma, Zhenjun; Awan, Muhammad Bilal;This chapter introduces the role of thermal energy storage (TES) systems in enhancing building energy flexibility and demand-side management. Different forms of TES and their related storage media and materials were reviewed and the link between TES systems and energy flexibility was discussed. The role of TES systems in building energy flexibility and demand-side management was then addressed in terms of long-term (seasonal) and short-term storage applications. Different TES materials or media, such as sensible heat storage by water tanks, aquifers, and latent heat storage by various phase change materials can be considered. Furthermore, different techniques that can be utilized to manage the demand with the aid of TES systems are discussed. Different approaches, such as model predictive control as one of the most prominent ones, can be considered to maximize the benefit of TES in demand-side management, and hence energy flexibility.
https://doi.org/10.1... arrow_drop_down https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0...Part of book or chapter of book . 2023 . Peer-reviewedLicense: Elsevier TDMData sources: CrossrefUniversity of Wollongong, Australia: Research OnlineArticle . 2023Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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more_vert https://doi.org/10.1... arrow_drop_down https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0...Part of book or chapter of book . 2023 . Peer-reviewedLicense: Elsevier TDMData sources: CrossrefUniversity of Wollongong, Australia: Research OnlineArticle . 2023Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research productkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other ORP type 2021 GermanyAuthors: Agrafiotis, Christos; Thanda, Vamshi Krishna; Thomey, Dennis; de Oliveira, Lamark; +4 AuthorsAgrafiotis, Christos; Thanda, Vamshi Krishna; Thomey, Dennis; de Oliveira, Lamark; Mevißen, Lutz; Noguchi, Hiroki; Roeb, Martin; Sattler, Christian;add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu0 citations 0 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research productkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other ORP type 2019 GermanyAuthors: Bauer, Thomas; Stadler, Ingo; Hauer, Andreas;add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research productkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other ORP type 2022 GermanyAuthors: Steinmann, Wolf-Dieter;add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Other literature type 2023Publisher:American Chemical Society (ACS) Authors: Liu, Xinyi; Guo, Zhixiong; Wang, Jifen; Xie, Huaqing;pmid: 37042829
High supercooling and single functionalization are the main barriers to the large-scale application of microencapsulated phase-change materials (PCMs) in the construction industry. To address these issues, we propose a new inorganic microencapsulated PCM, PW@CaWO4, which was synthesized via the in situ polymerization method using inorganic CaWO4 as shell and phase-change paraffin wax (PW) as core. We investigated the effects of different emulsifiers and core-to-shell ratios on microcapsule properties and found that the PW@CaWO4 microcapsules have regular spherical topography and good uniformity in particle size. During the synthesis process, the CaWO4 shell provides convenient conditions for heterogeneous nucleation of PW and effectively reduces the supercooling degree. The minimum supercooling degree of the PW@CaWO4 microcapsules is only 1.00 ± 0.08 °C, which is 3.41 °C lower than that of PW. Moreover, the PW@CaWO4 microcapsules can absorb ultraviolet radiation and exhibit fluorescence, which originates from the peculiar WO42– structure in the CaWO4 shell, eliminating the need for doping other light-activating ions into the shell. The newly prepared microcapsules possess several advantages, including suitable particle size, low supercooling, good heat storage, high thermal conductivity, good short-wave ultraviolet absorption, peculiar fluorescence, excellent proof of leakage, and so on. The microcapsules can be applied to fluorescent architectural energy-saving coatings.
ACS Applied Material... arrow_drop_down ACS Applied Materials & InterfacesArticle . 2023 . Peer-reviewedLicense: STM Policy #29Data sources: Crossrefadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess Routesbronze 12 citations 12 popularity Top 10% influence Average impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert ACS Applied Material... arrow_drop_down ACS Applied Materials & InterfacesArticle . 2023 . Peer-reviewedLicense: STM Policy #29Data sources: Crossrefadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research productkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other ORP type 2013 GermanyAuthors: Laing, Doerte; Hauer, Andreas;add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research productkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other ORP type 2022 GermanyAuthors: Tamme, Rainer; Laing, Dörte; Steinmann, Wolf-Dieter; Bauer, Thomas;add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu0 citations 0 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Report 1997Publisher:VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Authors: Kokko, Erkki; Ojanen, Tuomo; Salonvaara, Mikael;Tässä raportissa esitetään yhteenveto "Rakennusten energiankäytön tutkimusohjelmaan RAKET" kuuluvan projektin "Innovatiivisten vaipparakenteiden kehitys" tuloksista, jotka koskevat rakenteiden lämpöhäviöiden pienentämiseen ja kosteusteknisen toiminnan parantamiseen sekä aurinkoenergian hyödyntämiseen tähtääviä keinoja. Tavoitteena oli tuottaa uusiin oivalluksiin perustuvia rakenneratkaisuja ja -periaatteita vähän lämmitysenergiaa kuluttaviin rakennuksiin. Lämpöhäviön pienentämiseen tähtäävät ratkaisut perustuvat tavanomaisiin mineraalivilla- ja solumuovieristeisiin, pitkäaaltoisen lämpösäteilyn sulkuna toimiviin pieniemissiviteettipintaisiin kalvoihin sekä rakennuspapereihin, joilla on halutut ominaisuudet. Aurinkoenergiaa hyödyntävänä ratkaisuna tutkittiin valoa läpäisevään lämmöneristeeseen sekä lasirakenteisiin perustuvaa kerääjää, luonnollisen konvektion ilmakiertoa ja massavaraajaa järjestelmänä. Ulkoseinän paksu kevyt mineraalivillaeristys sisältää käytännössä aina vähäisiä epäideaalisuuksia, jotka lisäävät reaalisen lämmöneristyksen konvektiivisuutta verrattuna ideaalieristykseen. Lämmöneristyksen paksuntaminen lisää epäideaalisuuksien ja konvektion haittaa. Esim. 300 mm:n eristyspaksuudesta voidaan pakkasella menettää tehollisesti 50 mm eristyksen sisäisen luonnollisen konvektion seurauksena. Lisäksi rakenteen sisäinen kosteus jakautuu epätasaisesti lisäten home- ja lahoriskiä. Eristyksen osastointi ilmanpitävillä, vesihöyryä diffuusisesti läpäisevillä pystysuuntaisilla konvektiokatkoilla eliminoi tehokkaasti paksun reaalieristyksen konvektiivisuuden. Kevyessä mineraalivillaeristeessä tapahtuva pitkäaaltoinen lämpösäteily (IR-säteily) muodostaa merkittävän osan eristyksen kokonaislämmönsiirrosta. IR-säteilyä heijastavien kalvojen käyttö suoraan mineraalivillaeristettä vasten vähentää säteilyyn perustuvaa lämpövirtaa vain ohuessa kalvoon rajoittuvassa eristekerroksessa. Kauempana eristeessä säteily tapahtuu kalvosta riippumatta kuitujen välillä. Säteilyn merkittävään vähentämiseen päästään vain pieniemissiviteettipintaisilla kuiduilla tai IR-säteilyn suhteen erittäin läpinäkyvillä kuiduilla sekä pieniemissiviteettipintaisilla kalvoilla eristyksen pinnoissa. Pelkästään pieniemissiviteettipintaisiin kalvoihin ja ilmaväleihin perustuvia lämmöneristysrakenteita analysoitiin laskennallisesti ja kokeellisesti. Kalvot toimivat sekä säteilylämmönsiirron estäjänä että konvektiokatkoina. Pystysuorissa rakenteissa, joissa ilmavälin paksuus on 20...30 mm ja joissa toinen ilmaväliin rajoittuvista pinnoista on emissiviteetiltään pieni (epsilon >/= 0,05), oli rakenteen näennäinen tehollinen lämmönjohtavuus luokkaa 0,03 W/(m * K). Vaakasuorissa eristyksissä, joissa lämpö siirtyy alaspäin, päästiin samaan ilmavälin paksuuden ollessa suuruusluokkaa 50 mm. Paksuudeltaan erilaisten vaaka- ja pystysuuntaisten koerakenteiden mitatut lämmönläpäisykertoimet olivat alueella 0,14...0,17 W/(m2 * K). Käytännön sovelluksena tutkittiin paksu kevyellä mineraalivillalla eristetty seinärakenne, jossa sisäverhouksen ja höyrynsulun välissä oli 30 mm:n ilmaväli. Höyrynsulkuna mineraalivilla sisäpinnassa oli paperiin laminoitu alumiinifolio kirkas pinta ilmaväliin päin. Saavutetut edut olivat: 30 mm:n ilmaväli toimii rakenteessa ylimääräisenä lämmöneristyskerroksena ja asennustilana, höyrynsulku säilyy ehjänä ja toimii tehokkaasti ilmansulkuna sekä samalla diffuusiotiiviinä ainekerroksena. Toisena sovelluksena tutkittiin pieniemissiviteettipintaisen kalvon vaikutus, kun kalvo asennettiin ryömintätilaisen alapohjan alle n. 50 mm sen alapinnasta alaspäin. Tavoitteena oli nostaa alapohjan alapinnan lämpötilaa ja parantaa kosteusoloja sekä alapohjan lämmöneristystä. Sekä laskelmat että kokeet osoittivat, että alapohjan alapinnan lämpötila nousi kalvon vaikutuksesta useita asteita, jolloin suhteellinen kosteus välittömästi alapohjan alla aleni n. 90 %:sta n. 65 %:iin. Vastaavasti jatkuvuustilan lämpötilaero ja samalla lämpövirta alapohjan läpi pieneni n. 40 % verrattuna kalvottomaan tilanteeseen. Laboratoriokokein tutkittiin yläpinnaltaan kallistetulla paksulla EPS-solumuovi-kerroksella eristetyn tuulettumattoman tasakaton kuivattamista kapillaarisesti johtavan viemäröintikerroksen avulla. EPS-eristyksen ja höyrynsulun väliin asetettu kapillaarisesti johtava yhtenäinen kuitukerros siirsi koekatossa n. 6 m:n etäisyydelle räystäästä asetetun vuotoveden räystäsreunalle, josta se poistui ulkopuolelle aluksi tippumalla ja myöhemmin haihtumalla kapillaarisen kerroksen reunasta. Veden poistuminen katosta alkoi n. vuorokauden kuluttua vesivuodosta ja pääosa kattoon asetetusta vedestä oli poistunut 21 vrk:n aikana. Jäännöskosteus katossa oli kokeen päättyessä 0,5...0,7 kg/m2. Rakenteisiin integroitu, luonnolliseen, omavoimaiseen ilmankiertoon perustuva aurinkoenergian kerääjäjärjestelmä osoittautui lupaavaksi ratkaisuksi. Järjestelmässä kerääjä- ja varaajarakenteet olivat erillään toisistaan, mutta yhteydessä suljetun ilmakanavan avulla. Valoaläpäisevään lämmöneristeeseen tai lasirakenteeseen perustuvassa kerääjässä lämpenevä ilma kulkee rakennuksen sisällä olevaan varaajaan. Aktiivisen järjestelmän etuna on pieni kerääjäseinän U-arvo ja varaajan lämpöhäviöiden tuleminen ympäröivien tilojen hyödyksi. Järjestelmä pystyi siirtämään ilmakierrolla yli 40 % kerääjän ulkopintaan tulleesta auringon säteilyenergiasta rakennuksen sisempiin osiin. Avoin ilmakierto huonetilaan antoi paremman hyötysuhteen, mutta käytännön ongelmina ovat kanaviston likaantuminen ja suuret hetkelliset lämpökuormat. Suljetussa ilmakiertokanavistossa lämpö siirtyi suurelta osin kanavistoon ja 3 m etäisyydellä kerääjästä olevaan kevytbetoniseen varaajaseinään saatiin vain 25 - 30 % koko konvektiolla siirretystä energiasta. Kehitystyön jatkona tulee olemaan samaan rakenteeseen integroitu järjestelmä.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu0 citations 0 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Report 1997Publisher:VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo Authors: Kokko, Erkki; Ojanen, Tuomo; Salonvaara; Mikael;add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu0 citations 0 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
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