• Energy Research
• 11. Sustainability close

Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, das thermische Verhalten von einigen typischen Schulgeb��uden in Albanien zu untersuchen. Dies wird mittels in-situ Messungen der Innenraumbedingungen, sowie mittels numerischer thermischer Simulation dieser Bauwerke durchgef��hrt. Auf diese Weise kann der Status Quo in den Simulationen erfasst (kalibriert) werden, und anschlie��end mittels paremetrischer Studien die Auswirkungen potentieller Verbesserungsma��nahmen untersucht werden. Drei Schulen in drei verschiedenen St��dten in Albanien (Tirana, Vlora und Peshkopi, ausgew��hlt nach den drei vorherrschenden Klimazonen des Landes) wurden f��r diese Untersuchung ausgew��hlt. Umweltparameter wie Temperatur und relative Luftfeuchtigkeit wurden in drei Bereichen der Schulen in Tirana und Vlora f��r eine Beobachtungszeit von 10 Wochen gemessen. Diese Daten werden mit den europ��ischen, ��sterreichischen und albanischen Standards f��r Bildungsgeb��ude abgeglichen. Beiden Schulen ist gemein, dass sie keine optimalen Innenbedingungen aufweisen, speziell im Vergleich mit den Angaben aus einschl��gigen europ��ischen und ��sterreichischen Standards. Die dritte Schule (in Peshkopi) ist ein neues Geb��ude, welches sich noch in der Bauphase befindet. Dieses Geb��ude wurde mittels thermischer Simulation analysiert und die so erhaltenen Performancedaten mit den Normen verglichen. Ein kalibriertes Modell ist f��r die Schulen in Tirana und Vlora erstellt worden. Die Ergebnisse der dynamischen thermischen Simulationen zeigen, dass trotz der fehlenden W��rmed��mmung ein relativ geringer j��hrlicher Heizw��rmebedarf vorliegt. Dies ist aber zum Teil den sehr widrigen Innenbedingungen hinsichtlich thermischen Komfort geschuldet. Aus diesem Grund sind bei potentiellen Optimierungen sowohl die Verbesserund der thermischen H��lle, wie auch eine angepasste Heizungsoperation anzudenken. The aim of this research is to illustrate the thermal performance of school buildings in Albania and to study possible improvements. This is done based on the monitoring of indoor environmental conditions and energy simulations of the thermal building performance. Three schools are selected in different parts in Albania (in Tirana, Vlora and Peshkopi), according to the three recognized climate zones of the country. Indoor environmental parameters, such as indoor temperature and relative humidity, are measured in three representative rooms in the school in Tirana and Vlora, for a 10-week observation period. The measured data is compared to European Austrian standards, and Albanian standards for educational buildings, resulting that both schools experience not a comfortable environment, as outlined by the standards. The school building in Peshkopi is a new building still undergoing construction. This building has been analysed based on the energy simulation, in order to determine any progress made towards having better environmental conditions according to the standards. For the schools in Tirana and Vlora a calibrated model is built to identify measures for lowering the heating load of the buildings. Results for the two evaluated schools, based on dynamic thermal simulations, indicate relatively low annual heating demand, although there is no thermal insulation applied. However, measured indoor environmental parameters show temperatures below the comfort ranges. Therefore, both thermal insulation and adapted heating operation have to be considered as improvement measures.

The article discusses the relevance of the use of autonomous geothermal heating in areas of high constraint, dense buildings in large industrialurban areas. The types of low-temperature heat sources and non-traditional renewable energy sources are analyzed. The most common ground collectors are outlined and shown, and the methods of using geothermal heating in load-bearing building structures are shown

Julia code for solar thermal simulations included in "Energy Modeling of Solar Water Heating Systems with On-Off Control and Thermally Stratified Storage Using a Fast Computation Algorithm"

Thermo-chemical Storages, now in R&D phase, are seen as promising solution to boost renewable energy in space heating, especially solar thermal heating. The main question of the thesis was if a business model for energy contracting for heat supply can be developed, that will address especially the risks coming from the new technology of TCS and the initial investment requirements for the TCS System. A Business Model Canvas was developed based on the customer segment of public office space. The economic validation was done by assessing a target price for the TCS system in a case study for a primary school. The Contracting Business Model with guaranteed results and costs for the customer would allow to introduce this new technology to the market. The set-up of the Energy Service Company, e.g. due to size or partnering will have to create sufficient customers trust, so that they will accept the installation of a heating system based on a fully new technology. From economic point of view Total Cost of Ownership/Life Cycle Cost have to be assessed to allow for relevant investment in the storage system. Public sector, driven by global and European treaties, adapts more and more sustainable approaches for new buildings and building stock. Contracting Business Models, reducing the initial investment needs for the customer, are a feasible instrument to introduce solar thermal energy in combination with TCS as 100% renewable and emission free heating system to the public building market.

This paper aims to provide a kick-off presentation of the project “PCMs4Buildings” - Systems with PCM-filled rectangular cavities for the storage of solar thermal energy for buildings. The main goal of this project is to develop a CFD methodology for the parametric analysis of the thermal behaviour of new TES systems with rectangular cavities filled with phase change materials (PCMs). These systems are designed to improve the energy performance of buildings. The project also intends to define full-scale prototypes to be numerically and experimentally optimized. “PCMs- 4Buildings” is a challenging project involving researchers from different scientific backgrounds, namely civil, mechanical and chemical engineering and two institutions, the Association for the Development of Industrial Aerodynamics (ADAI) and the University of Coimbra (UC). It also involves three research units, the Associate Laboratory of Energy, Transports and Aeronautics (LAETA), the Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Structural Engineering (ISISE) and the Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre (CIEPQPF).

Diese Diplomarbeit befasst sich mit der Auswirkung der Aufbringung von Aerogel-basierten D��mmputzsystemen auf historische / artikulierte Fassaden. Im Rahmen der europ��ischen 20-20-20 Strategie besteht die Notwendigkeit die thermische Performance nicht nur von neuen Geb��uden, sondern auch des Geb��udebestandes zu verbessern. Weil viele f��r den Neubau einsetzbare Systeme aus verschiedenen Gr��nden (Denkmalschutz, Materialkompatibilit��t) im Geb��udebestand nicht oder nur sehr schwierig einsetzbar sind, ist die Entwicklung von neuen Materialien f��r geb��udebestandsgerechte thermische Sanierungen ein sich rasch entwickelndes Gebiet geworden. Aerogel-basierte D��mmputze stellen eine neue Alternative zu althergebrachten D��mmstoffen dar, die eine hohe D��mmleistung mit dem Erhalten der prinzipiellen Erscheinungsform von Fassaden kombinieren. In dieser Diplomarbeit wird der Effekt eines Hochleistungs-Aerogel-Putzsystems auf typische Details von historischen Fassaden untersucht. Oftmals sind Anschluss- oder Ornamentdetails solcher Fassaden thermisch kritische W��rmebr��cken, die im Zuge einer Sanierung besonderes Augenmerk ben��tigen. Daher werden in dieser Arbeit mit Hilfe eines numerischen Simulationsprogramms f��r W��rmebr��cken verschiedene Sanierungsszenarien dieser Details unter Verwendung des Aerogel-Putzssystems untersucht, mit anderen Sanierungsvarianten verglichen und evaluiert. Betrachtete Indikatoren sind hierbei die sich ergebenden Innenoberfl��chentemperaturen, der lokale W��rmestrom im Bereich der Details und das Kondensations- und Schimmelrisiko. Zus��tzlich wird der Effekt von Sanierungen mit den verschiedenen Varianten auf die energetische Gesamtperformance eines Geb��udes beispielhaft anhand eines typischen Wiener Gr��nderzeithauses illustriert. This thesis presents a study which refers to an impact of application of aerogel-based insulating plaster system on historical building facades. Considering European cutting-edge 20-20-20 strategy there is an urgent need of improving thermal performance of new and already existing buildings with the use of high-performing materials. In this regard, aerogel- based plaster is one of the most potential alternatives to current traditional building insulation materials, combining the benefits of traditional building insulation materials and enhanced thermal performance. The aim of this research is to address an issue of application of aerogel-based plaster, its thermal properties and thus its contribution to mitigating a heat loss through the building envelope and a thermal bridging effect. This work aims to evaluate performance of aerogel-based insulating plaster system, specifically interior surface temperatures, heat flow through a wall construction, condensation risk and mould growth via advanced computer tools. Additionally, an influence of thermal bridging effect on a calculation of annual energy demand of a typical Viennese historical building is analyzed.

Active use of heat accumulators in the thermal system has the potential for achieving flexibility in district heating with the power to heat (P2H) units, such as electric boilers (EB) and heat pumps. Thermal storage tanks can decouple demand and generation, enhancing accommodation of sustainable energy sources such as solar and wind. The overview of flexibility, using EB and storage, supported by investigating the nature of thermal demand in a Danish residential area, is presented in this paper. Based on the analysis, curve-fitting tools, such as neural net and similar day method, are trained to estimate the residential thermal demand. Utilizing the estimated demand and hourly market spot price of electricity, the operation of the EB is scheduled for storing and fulfilling demand and minimizing energy cost simultaneously. This demonstrates flexibility and controlling the EB integrated into a multi-energy system framework. Results show that the curve fitting tool is effectively suitable to acknowledge thermal demands of residential area based on the environmental factor as well as user behaviour. The thermal storage has the capability of operating as a flexible load to support P2H system as well as minimize the effect of estimation error in fulfilling actual thermal demand simultaneously.

This paper evaluates thermal losses and thermal energy transfer in the powertrain components of an electric city bus. A simulation model of an electric city bus was developed in AMESim simulation software. Simulations were carried out in four different driving cycles and in different ambient temperatures. The simulation results show that there is a strong correlation between thermal losses of the inverter and electric motor with the total energy losses. Based on the results, thermal energy transfer from the components to the coolant was analyzed. The thermal energy transfer from the battery to coolant was higher in more demanding driving cycles whereas aggressive driving has more impact on the thermal energy transfer of the inverter and electric motor. In cold ambient temperature, auxiliary power losses increase significantly due to the need of heating. Battery losses are also higher in cold conditions because of the higher internal resistance.

The reduction of energy consumption in the building sector has promoted the spread of the NZEB (Nearly Zero Energy Building) model. A future target is represented by positive-energy buildings (PEB), which produce more energy than they consume. The study is centred on the examination of some peculiarities of NZEB through a case study and on the analysis of opportunities for further increase in energy performance, to trace the road that each designer should take, through an extensive evaluation of the potentials variations on the project that could lead to better results. The project assessments are developed through a dynamic simulation model and the data from the monitoring of the building’s performance are used to evaluate the actual energy saving conditions. The analyses demonstrate the importance of an accurate design of the envelope and technical building systems associated with a smart management of the control systems and the setting of the set points, for the optimal operation of the systems. Ambitious but feasible design choices and an accurate analysis of the possibility of increasing the energy performance of a NZEB can lead to reaching the PEB target and energy independence, enhancing the production of energy from renewable sources.