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[FR] Les couches minces de CdTe ont été préparées sur des substrats de Au / Al203 de dimensions d'environ (2X0,8 cm2), en utilisant la technique de l'électrodéposition. Les parametres étudiés au cours de la croissance des films sont la durée du dépot et la concentration du dioxyde de tellurure. L'analyse de la composition chimique des films a l'EDS a révélé une bonne strechiométrie (51 ,65% pour le cadmium et 48,35% pour le tellurure) pour un mélange réactionnel contenant 2. l 0-1 mol/L de chlorure de cadmium et de 4. l o·4mol/L de dioxyde de tellurure. La morphologie des films a été examinée a la microscopie électronique a balayage et jugée satisfaisante. [EN] Thin films of CdTe were prepared on substrates of Au / Al 203 cut in rectangular shaped (2X0,8 cm2) using the technique of the electrodeposition. The parameters studied during the film growth are the deposition time and the concentration of dioxide telluride. The analysis of the chemical composition of the films by EDS showed good stoichiometry (51.65% for cadmium and 48.35% for telluride) for a reaction mixture containing 2. l 0-1 mol / L of cadmium chloride and 4. l 0-4 mol / L dioxide telluride. The morphology of the films was examined in the scann ing electron microscopy and satisfactory. O. Soro remerde l'Etole Norma/e Supérieur tl'A/Jidjon pour lo /Jourse t¡u'el/e fui o otlroyée. {e lroroil effetlué entre tlons le totlre tl'un pro¡e1 finonté por le Gourernemenl Espognol (pro¡et MAT2009-l.f62J-COJ-OJ) et lo {ommission Européenne (Nono(JS pro¡et FPl-PEOPLE-2010-/ISE~ lel 269219).

This thesis studies the fabrication and the optimization of a new structure to enhance the efficiency of crystalline silicon based solar cells. This new cell design uses a-Si:H/c-Si heterojunction (Si-HJ) technology applied on interdigitated back contact structures (IBC). With IBC Si-HJ solar cells, the efficiency potential is theoretically higher than 25%. Their fabrication requires to pattern doped a-Si:H and the associated metallization on the same side. The implementation of those process steps has been carefully studied. All processes used in this study are potentially industrial (PECVD, sputtering, screen-printing, and laser) and the obtained structure without buffer layer between the BSF and the emitter allows to reduce fabrication steps. Issues linked to this design have been investigated. Within the frame of this work, the maximum efficiency reached on reduced size devices (25cm²) with n-type substrate and is 19% which is the 3rd best result worldwide. The cell performances are still limited by the absorption of front surface passivating layer (a-Si:H) and by the low doped layer conductivity. Several optimization ways are explored in this study. An innovative metallization process is then elaborated to allow large area solar cell fabrication while limiting resistive losses and offering more flexibility on metallized pattern. The interconnection and the encapsulation of cells with this metallization design have been illustrated and a module with 4 cells has been fabricated. Cette thèse est axée sur la fabrication et l’optimisation d’une nouvelle structure permettant théoriquement d’améliorer les performances des cellules à base de silicium cristallin. Cette nouvelle architecture de cellule utilise la technologie des hétérojonctions de silicium a-Si:H/ c-Si (Si-HJ) appliquée sur des structures à contacts interdigités en face arrière (IBC). Le potentiel de rendement des cellules IBC Si-HJ est supérieur à 25%, mais leur fabrication nécessite une localisation des couches de a-Si:H de dopage différent et de leurs métallisations. L’intégration de ces étapes dans un procédé simplifié utilisant des techniques industrielles (PECVD, pulvérisation, sérigraphie et laser) a été étudiée. De plus, une structure obtenue sans séparation entre le BSF et l’émetteur est présentée, permettant de réduire le nombre d’étapes de fabrication. Les avantages ainsi que les limites liés à cette architecture simplifiée ont été illustrés du point de vue expérimental et par simulation. Dans le cadre de ces travaux, le rendement maximum atteint sur les dispositifs IBC Si-HJ simplifiés de 25cm² est de 19% (substrats de type n), ce qui constitue le 3e meilleur résultat au niveau mondial. Les performances des cellules restent encore limitées par l’absorption des couches de a-Si:H utilisées pour la passivation de la face avant, et par la conductivité des couches dopées en face arrière. De nombreuses pistes d’amélioration sont explorées dans cette étude. Un procédé de métallisation innovant a également été élaboré pour le passage sur des substrats de grande taille (150cm²). Il permet de limiter les pertes résistives tout en offrant de la flexibilité au niveau de la géométrie des contacts. La mise en module de cellules ayant ce design de métallisation a ensuite été étudiée, et un module de 4 cellules IBC Si-HJ a pu être fabriqué.

The grid connected the photovoltaic system performance is strongly affected by the environmental conditions that undergoes, such as random atmospheric variations.This thesis work aims to improve the DC / DC converter and the PV inverter controllers’ performance against brutal climatic fluctuations. Therefore, the first part of this thesis is devoted to the comparative study between the following maximum power point tracking algorithms (MPPT): (i) the algorithm of the Incremental of Conductance (IC), (ii) Fuzzy Logic (FL) and (iii) Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (PSO). These algorithms are tested under various atmospheric conditions such as partial shading and evaluated in terms of efficiency, stability, speed and robustness. According to the simulation results, PSO is superior than IC and FL, especially during partial shading.The second part of this thesis deals with improving the efficiency of the DC / AC control system which includes an internal DC link voltage control loop (VDC) and an external control loop for direct current regulation and in quadrature (Id, Iq) provided by the PLL. Each of these two loops includes a PI controller whose gains are optimized using meta-heuristic techniques to improve the dynamic performance of the three-phase PV system connected to the network. Therefore, a comparative study is carried out for proposed meta-heuristics techniques such as: (i) whale optimization algorithm (WOA), (ii) gray wolf optimization algorithm (GWO) (iii) the Ant-Lion Optimization algorithm (ALO) and (iv) of the Moth-Flame Optimization algorithm (MFO). The results obtained, via MatlabTM-Simulink, reveal that the proposed WOA technique performance is relevant than the other studied techniques in terms of efficiency, robustness and stability which optimizes the PI controllers gains in order to obtain the best power factor and THD values. ; La performance du système photovoltaïque connecté au réseau est fortement affectée par les conditions environnementales auxquelles est soumis tels que les ...

Even though the concept of perovskite solar cells is recent, solar conversion efficiencies as high as 24% have already been reached. However the main challenge of this technology concerns its stability as the perovskite solar cells are sensitive to temperature, humidity, illumination... Therefore there is a vital need for a better understanding of the degradation mechanisms and thereby the possible mitigation strategies.This thesis has focused on optimizing the stability of the perovskite and its charge transport layers. A thorough analysis of the perovskite (such as MAPbI3) and its interfaces was performed. In this study we have made the choice to only use efficient charge transport layers which are compatible with a low temperature deposition process, such as tin dioxide, aluminum doped zinc oxide, poly (3-hexylthiophene) and poly (triaryl amine). Several aging tests have been carried out on the perovskite solar cells, combining relevant characterizations, and various mechanisms affecting their stability could thus be highlighted.; Le concept des cellules solaires à base de pérovskites hybrides est assez récent. Les propriétés exceptionnelles des pérovskites hybrides halogénées permettent d’obtenir des rendements supérieurs à 24% à ce jour et suscitent énormément d’engouement pour améliorer les performances initiales, aller vers des dispositifs de plus grande surface et une meilleure stabilité. Le principal défi de ce type de cellules concerne leur stabilité vis-à-vis de sollicitations extérieures (principalement température, humidité et illumination). Il est aujourd’hui indispensable de comprendre les principaux mécanismes de dégradation de ces cellules pour développer des stratégies afin d’en minimiser les effets.Cette thèse vise à étudier le vieillissement de cellules solaires à base de pérovskites hybrides halogénées. Une étude approfondie de la pérovskite (notamment MAPbI3) et de ses interfaces a été réalisée. Les couches de transport ont été choisies et mises en œuvre avec des matériaux performants et compatibles avec un procédé de dépôt basse température tels que le dioxyde d’étain, l’oxyde de zinc dopé à l’aluminium, le poly(3-hexylthiophène) et le poly (triaryl amine). Des campagnes de vieillissement de dispositifs en conditions variées combinant outils d’investigations chimiques, physico-chimiques, morphologiques et physiques suggèrent différents mécanismes de dégradation des matériaux constitutifs. Une conclusion importante de ces travaux est que pour optimiser la stabilité de ces cellules, il faut optimiser non seulement celle de la couche active, mais aussi de ses couches d’interfaces.

The grid connected the photovoltaic system performance is strongly affected by the environmental conditions that undergoes, such as random atmospheric variations.This thesis work aims to improve the DC / DC converter and the PV inverter controllers’ performance against brutal climatic fluctuations. Therefore, the first part of this thesis is devoted to the comparative study between the following maximum power point tracking algorithms (MPPT): (i) the algorithm of the Incremental of Conductance (IC), (ii) Fuzzy Logic (FL) and (iii) Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (PSO). These algorithms are tested under various atmospheric conditions such as partial shading and evaluated in terms of efficiency, stability, speed and robustness. According to the simulation results, PSO is superior than IC and FL, especially during partial shading.The second part of this thesis deals with improving the efficiency of the DC / AC control system which includes an internal DC link voltage control loop (VDC) and an external control loop for direct current regulation and in quadrature (Id, Iq) provided by the PLL. Each of these two loops includes a PI controller whose gains are optimized using meta-heuristic techniques to improve the dynamic performance of the three-phase PV system connected to the network. Therefore, a comparative study is carried out for proposed meta-heuristics techniques such as: (i) whale optimization algorithm (WOA), (ii) gray wolf optimization algorithm (GWO) (iii) the Ant-Lion Optimization algorithm (ALO) and (iv) of the Moth-Flame Optimization algorithm (MFO). The results obtained, via MatlabTM-Simulink, reveal that the proposed WOA technique performance is relevant than the other studied techniques in terms of efficiency, robustness and stability which optimizes the PI controllers gains in order to obtain the best power factor and THD values.; La performance du système photovoltaïque connecté au réseau est fortement affectée par les conditions environnementales auxquelles est soumis tels que les variations atmosphériques aléatoires.Le travail de cette thèse vise à améliorer les performances des contrôleurs du hacheur DC/DC et l’onduleur PV face aux changements climatiques brutaux. A cet effet, la première partie de cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude comparative entre l’algorithme de de recherche de point de puissance maximale (MPPT) suivants : (i) l’algorithme de l’incrémentale de conductance (IC), la logique floue (FL) et l’algorithme d’optimisation d’essaim de particules (PSO). Ces algorithmes sont testés sous diverses conditions atmosphériques telles que l’ombrage partiel et évaluées en termes d’efficacité, de stabilité, de rapidité et de robustesse. D’après les résultats de la simulation, la PSO est meilleure par rapport à IC et FL, particulièrement durant l’ombrage partiel.La seconde partie de cette thèse a pour but l’amélioration de l’efficacité du système de contrôle DC/AC qui comprend une boucle interne de contrôle de tension de liaison DC (VDC) et une boucle de contrôle externe pour la régulation des courants directs et en quadrature (Id, Iq) fournis par la PLL. Chacune de ces deux boucles comprend un contrôleur PI dont les gains sont optimisés en utilisant des techniques méta-heuristiques afin d'améliorer les performances dynamiques du système PV triphasé connecté au réseau. Par conséquent, une étude comparative est effectuée pour les techniques méta-heuristiques proposées telles que : (i) l’algorithme d’optimisation des baleines à bosse (WOA), (ii) l’algorithme d’optimisation des loups gris (GWO), (iii) l’algorithme d’optimisation des fourmilions (ALO) et (iv) de l’algorithme d’optimisation Hétérocère-Flamme (MFO). Les résultats obtenus, via MatlabTM-Simulink, révèlent que la technique WOA proposée est plus performante que les autres techniques étudiées en termes d’efficacité et de stabilité et qui permet d’optimiser les gains des contrôleurs PI afin d’obtenir les meilleures valeurs de facteur de puissance et de THD.

Even though the concept of perovskite solar cells is recent, solar conversion efficiencies as high as 24% have already been reached. However the main challenge of this technology concerns its stability as the perovskite solar cells are sensitive to temperature, humidity, illumination. Therefore there is a vital need for a better understanding of the degradation mechanisms and thereby the possible mitigation strategies.This thesis has focused on optimizing the stability of the perovskite and its charge transport layers. A thorough analysis of the perovskite (such as MAPbI3) and its interfaces was performed. In this study we have made the choice to only use efficient charge transport layers which are compatible with a low temperature deposition process, such as tin dioxide, aluminum doped zinc oxide, poly (3-hexylthiophene) and poly (triaryl amine). Several aging tests have been carried out on the perovskite solar cells, combining relevant characterizations, and various mechanisms affecting their stability could thus be highlighted. ; Le concept des cellules solaires à base de pérovskites hybrides est assez récent. Les propriétés exceptionnelles des pérovskites hybrides halogénées permettent d’obtenir des rendements supérieurs à 24% à ce jour et suscitent énormément d’engouement pour améliorer les performances initiales, aller vers des dispositifs de plus grande surface et une meilleure stabilité. Le principal défi de ce type de cellules concerne leur stabilité vis-à-vis de sollicitations extérieures (principalement température, humidité et illumination). Il est aujourd’hui indispensable de comprendre les principaux mécanismes de dégradation de ces cellules pour développer des stratégies afin d’en minimiser les effets.Cette thèse vise à étudier le vieillissement de cellules solaires à base de pérovskites hybrides halogénées. Une étude approfondie de la pérovskite (notamment MAPbI3) et de ses interfaces a été réalisée. Les couches de transport ont été choisies et mises en œuvre avec des matériaux performants et ...

In order to reach commercialization, organic photovoltaic solar cells need to reach efficiencies above 10 % and achieve lifetimes of several thousands of hours. Tandem solar cells are a way of improving the efficiencies. The objectives of this work are therefore to study the fabrication process, the operation and the ageing of organic tandem solar cells. First, single solar cells based on the active material PCDTBT are used as model to investigate the factors governing the cells efficiencies. Using characterization techniques such as impedance spectroscopy, the roles played by each layer of the cells are identified. Based on these results, a protocol to make series tandem cells is developed. Each of its steps is dedicated to treating a key aspect of tandem cells : choice of complementary absorbing polymers, design of the intermediate layer (IML) and thickness optimization. The functioning of the IML is subjected to a particular attention. To optimize the thicknesses, optical phenomena are numerically simulated. The prediction thus made are then compared to experimental results. Finally, the ageing of single and tandem cells is investigated on time spans ranging from several dozens to several thousands of hours. It is shown that the device degradation can be linked to poor ageing of the interface layers, while the active layer stays stable. Organic tandem cells are promising candidates to reach both high efficiencies and long lifetime. ; Pour être viable économiquement, les cellules photovoltaïques organiques doivent dépasser 10 % de rendement et atteindre plusieurs milliers d'heure de durée de vie. Les cellules tandems constituent une voie probante d'augmentation des rendements. Ce travail de thèse a pour objectifs l'élaboration de cellules organiques tandems puis l'étude de leur fonctionnement et de leur vieillissement. Dans un premier temps, les paramètres gouvernant le rendement de cellules photovoltaïques organiques sont examinés sur le modèle de cellules simples à base de PCDTBT. Des caractérisations ...

This PhD work aims at studying the electronic properties of thin films CZTSSe solar cells. The final purpose is to identify crystallographic defects and determine their influence on the solar cells behavior in order to improve the efficiency and make CZTSSe competitive with other thin film technologies. The first part of the work deals with the fabrication of the CZTSSe thin films and solar cells. CZTSSe is synthetized using a two step process : vacuum deposition of precursors followed by an annealing under selenium atmosphere. The second part of the PhD work is the electrical characterization of the cells in the dark. Capacitance versus voltage measurements and admittance measurements are carried out at different temperatures. The results cannot be fully explained by usual models. As a consequence, further analysis has been conducted in a third part. Admittance has been calculated based on the classical equations that describe charge carriers in semi-conductor. The first interpretation only takes into account the contribution of defects. When the influence of potential fluctuations is added to the model, the adjustment between experimental measurements and calculated data is improved. However, a third component has to be included to fit the CZTSSe dielectric response. This component, causing a power variation of the conductivity with frequency is related to hopping mechanism. Adding this contribution to the admittance calculation allows to show that the CZTSSe conductivity is dominated by a localized states transport and can explain the low conductivity value. ; Ces travaux de thèse ont pour but d'étudier les propriétés électroniques de cellules photovoltaïques à base de couches minces de CZTSSe. L'objectif principal est d'identifier les défauts cristallographiques et de déterminer leur influence sur le fonctionnement des cellules solaires afin de mettre en oeuvre des stratégies de synthèse du CZTSSe pour le rendre compétitif par rapport aux autres matériaux en couches minces du photovoltaïque. La première ...

SIMaP-EPM laboratory of Grenoble and INES institute of Chambery have both financed this thesis which investigates the effect of thermo-mechanical stresses on the crystal quality during production of silicon ingots for photovoltaic applications. This work begins by showing how photovoltaic industry makes solar panels and the influence of dislocations (defects induced by stresses) on the conversion efficiency. Bibliographic review is also performed in order to describe physical and numerical models of dislocation motion and their multiplication in silicon. Several characterization methods of the dislocation density at the surface of a sample are also presented in the first part of this work.In the second part of this manuscript, comparative study of different quick characterization methods is done in order to show their strength and weaknesses. Therefore, a sample, which is wide, not containing grain boundaries, and having areas of high and low dislocation density, is used as reference sample for the comparison. The first characterization technique studied in this work is the “accurate method” consisting in manually counting the dislocations at the surface of the sample in order to have a precise characterization of dislocation density. The “INES method” uses numerical treatment of SEM pictures to count dislocations. The “Ganapati method” links the grey scale of a sample picture taken with a scanner and the dislocation density. Finally, the “PVScan method”, using the eponymous device, uses diffusion of a laser beam on the surface of the sample for characterization. This comparative study underlines the best applications for each method and which questions should be thought about before performing dislocation characterization.The third part of this work is intended to build two numerical simulations using Comsol commercial software in order to predict dislocation density in silicon ingot at the end of its production. Therefore, Alexander and Haasen model, describing dislocation density and plastic relaxation rate, ...

This thesis is focused on the development and the optimization of electrochemical metallization techniques allowing the deposition of conductive metals, silver and the copper, by electrolytic deposition or by lip (light-induced plating). Two approaches were studied to realize the front side contacts of silicon solar cells: the thickening of screen-printed contacts and the fabrication of contacts completely by electrochemical deposition without screen-printing. For this solution, the deposition of a seed layer before thickening is necessary to insure a low contact resistivity, a satisfying adhesion and selectivity through the anti-reflection coating. These objectives were reached thanks to the optimization of electroless nickel-phosphorous (nip) deposits, including on low doped emitter. The investigations also allowed a better understanding of the NiP/Si contact formation mechanisms. The feasibility of electrochemical deposition techniques was demonstrated for various applications : cells with electrochemical front side contacts NiP/Ag, type n cells, thickening of fine line screen-printed contacts… very promising results of fill factor ff and efficiency improvement were obtained and allow to realize new structures of high efficiency photovoltaic cells : cells with low doped emitter, cells with selective emitter and with laser ablated anti-reflection coating, rear contact cells… ; Cette thèse s’est focalisée sur le développement et l’optimisation de techniques de métallisation électrochimique permettant le dépôt de métaux conducteurs, l’argent et le cuivre, par voie électrolytique ou par la technique dite LIP (Light-Induced Plating). Deux approches ont été abordées pour l’élaboration des contacts en face avant : l’épaississement de contacts sérigraphiés d’une part, et la réalisation de contacts entièrement par voie électrochimique sans recours à la sérigraphie. Pour cette dernière solution, le dépôt d’une couche d’accroche avant l’étape d’épaississement est nécessaire afin d’assurer une résistivité de contact ...