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  • Energy Research
  • natural sciences
  • 15. Life on land
  • 11. Sustainability
  • 7. Clean energy
  • French

  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Viorel POP;

    Energy is an essential factor regarding the economic development and for providing a high standard of living to the population of any country. Because energy is produced mainly using classic fuels (coal, oil and gas) for a few decades there are signals regarding their exhaustion. Therefore, mankind should concern more about finding viable alternatives to replace the classical fuels. This way the use of nuclear fuels appeared, then the force of the wind, of the tides and of the photovoltaic cells. However, there are still enough energy resources for further growth of the global energy production. The great consumers are both the major energy producers, only their hierarchy has changed and changes over time. The paper presents all these countries, and also Romania, including its specific developments in recent years.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Management Intercult...arrow_drop_down
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    Management Intercultural
    Article . 2017
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      Management Intercultural
      Article . 2017
      Data sources: DOAJ
  • Authors: T, Dutoit; E, Gerbaud; J M, Ourcival; M, Roux; +1 Authors

    Competitive abilities of plants were interpreted by measuring their morphological traits in interspecific competitive cultivation conditions. Measurements were realised by a comparative approach with interspecific cultivation of fourteen arable weeds growing with a domestic species cultivated at a large scale: the winter wheat (Triticum aestivum var Darius). Results show that arable weeds characterised by an important biomass and allocation of biomass to the stems are responsible for a decrease in wheat biomass, and for the ear, a decrease in height, biomass and number of seeds. These results are discussed in view of predicting competitive abilities of arable weeds with a simple method and for the conservation of arable weeds since some of them are among the most threatened species of the European flora.

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  • Authors: Puschiasis, Ornella;

    Les Sherpa de la région de l'Everest au Népal expérimentent des transformations importantes de leur environnement et notamment des variations du climat. Notre ambition est de comprendre les perceptions que les habitants ont des modifications des phénomènes atmosphériques et météorologiques, et de voir s'ils relient ces variations locales à un changement climatique plus global. Notre recherche en géographie humaine, menée en immersion longue sur un terrain himalayen et basée sur des données qualitatives recueillies lors d'entretiens, fait ressortir des grandes tendances au niveau des transformations environnementales ressenties autour de la diminution de la neige, de la plus grande variabilité des pluies de mousson et de l'augmentation d'événements extrêmes. Ces observations, collectées au niveau du territoire de Pangboche sur le sentier de l'Everest, varient selon l'âge des personnes interrogées, et font apparaître des problèmes d'échelle et de temps avec un décalage entre la vision alarmiste globale du changement climatique et son appréhension locale. Le climat est à considérer en interaction avec d'autres facteurs de changements socio-économiques dans une région profondément marquée par le tourisme, la présence d'étrangers, les échanges et la circulation des discours. Mots clés : Perception du climat, perception de la météorologie, changement climatique, facteurs de changement, distinction générationnelle, marqueurs environnementaux, Sherpa, Everest. A wind of change is blowing on Everest : the multiple facets of Sherpa perceptions of weather and climate. Sherpa people of the Everest region in Nepal are experiencing local environmental change and particularly climatic variation. Our objective is better to understand how villagers perceive atmospheric and meteorological changes, and how they relate local phenomena to possibly global climate change. Our research in human geography, carried out through long-term immersion in a Himalayan area and based on qualitative data collected during interviews, reveals major trends in relation to the decreasing amount of snow, the greater variability in monsoon rains, and the increase of extreme weather events. These observations, gathered in Pangboche territory on the trail to Everest, vary according to the age of the respondents and reveal problems of scale and time, with a gap between the global alarmist vision of climate change and its local understanding. Thus, we argue, climate should be viewed in interaction with other factors of (socio-economic) change in a region deeply marked by tourism, the presence of foreigners, and the exchange and circulation of discourse on nature and the environment. Keywords : Perception of climate, perception of meteorology, climate change, drivers of change, generational differences , environmental indicators, Sherpa, Everest.

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  • Authors: Lydie, Lescarmontier;

    Rising greenhouse gas levels due to human activity are already having an impact on climate by increasing the atmospheric temperature. The current concentration of carbon dioxide released by industrial activity is the highest it has been for more than one million years. The oceans are warming and becoming more acidic. This climate change is causing radical changes to ecosystems, plants, marine life and wildlife, not to mention humans for whom agricultural resources and fresh water are becoming scarcer and coastal homes are under threat. There is still time for us to change our lifestyles.

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  • Authors: C, Raffestin;
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    Authors: Adeline Fayolle; Jean-Joël Loumeto; Jean-Louis Doucet; Grace Jopaul Loubota Panzou; +2 Authors

    Introduction. Quantifier les stocks de biomasse et de carbone contenus dans les forêts tropicales est devenu une priorité internationale dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre du mécanisme REDD+. La biomasse forestière est estimée à trois échelles spatiales successives : l’arbre, le peuplement et la région. Cet article propose une synthèse des connaissances sur l’estimation de la biomasse et des stocks de carbone contenus dans les forêts tropicales africaines.Littérature. Cette synthèse bibliographique démontre que peu d’équations allométriques, équations qui permettent d’estimer la biomasse de l’arbre à partir de mesures non destructives (diamètre, hauteur), ont été établies pour les forêts tropicales africaines. Au niveau du peuplement, cette synthèse met en exergue les variations spatiales et temporelles connues de la biomasse entre les types de forêts d’Afrique tropicale. Si la reconstitution de la biomasse après une perturbation (l’exploitation forestière, par exemple) est relativement rapide, il existe encore beaucoup d’incertitudes sur les variations spatiales de la biomasse et il n’y a pas de consensus sur une cartographie régionale de la biomasse. La qualité de la cartographie de la biomasse dépend fortement des différents capteurs utilisés (optique, RADAR ou LiDAR) et de l’équation allométrique utilisée pour convertir les données d’inventaires forestiers en biomasse.Conclusions. Considérant le manque de précision des équations allométriques disponibles et des données d’inventaires forestiers à large échelle spatiale, il y a encore beaucoup d’incertitudes sur les estimations de la biomasse et des stocks de carbone contenus dans les forêts tropicales africaines. Biomass and carbon stocks of tropical African forests. A reviewIntroduction. Quantifying the biomass and carbon stocks contained in tropical forests has become an international priority for the implementation of the REDD+ mechanism. Forest biomass is estimated at three successive levels: the tree, the stand and the region level. This paper reviews the state of the art regarding the estimation of biomass and carbon stocks in tropical African forests.Literature. This review highlights the fact that very few allometric equations, equations used for estimating the biomass of the tree using non-destructive measurements (diameter, height), have been established for tropical African forests. At the stand level, the review highlights the spatial and temporal variations in biomass between forest types in Central and Eastern Africa. While biomass recovery after a disturbance (logging, for instance) is rather quick, a great deal of uncertainty still remains regarding the spatial variation in biomass, and there is no consensus on a regional biomass map. The quality of biomass mapping in tropical Africa strongly depends on the type of remotely-sensed data being used (optical, RADAR or LIDAR), and the allometric equation used to convert forest inventory data into biomass.Conclusions. Based on the lack of precision of the available allometric equations and forest inventory data and the large spatial scale involved, many uncertainties persist in relation to the estimation of the biomass and carbon stocks contained in African tropical forests.

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    Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Magali, Corso; Mathilde, Pascal;

    Climate change is set to be the most important determinant of health in the coming years. Like greenhouse gases, air pollution is a result of human activities. It leads to acute and chronic respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, renal and tumoural diseases. Acting on global warming will help to reduce the emission of pollutants into the air and protect public health.

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    Authors: Ayitre Akpakouma; Macomba Bétidé Adjayi; Bériname Badjaré; Dabitora Koumantiga; +3 Authors

    Description du sujet. Au Nord-Togo, particulièrement en milieu rural, les populations utilisent des biens d’espèces ligneuses et des services écosystémiques pour satisfaire des besoins multiples. Dans un environnement marqué par une déforestation accrue, se développe une pression anthropique croissante avec une incidence sur la vulnérabilité et la valorisation de ces ressources. Objectifs. Cette étude sur la diversité et les usages des ligneux permet d’apprécier la richesse floristique des terroirs et d’évaluer, à partir de quatre paramètres, la vulnérabilité des espèces répertoriées et connues des populations en zone de savane sèche. Méthode. L’approche méthodologique est basée sur des enquêtes ethnobotaniques et socio-économiques menées auprès de 14 groupes ethniques par interview individuel et au sein de « focus groups ». Les analyses ont porté sur des calculs de fréquences et d’indices de valeurs d’usage et d’importance des espèces répertoriées. Résultats. Au total, 149 espèces ligneuses utiles ont été identifiées et réparties en 45 familles. Neuf principaux usages reconnus sont relevés : alimentaire (69 espèces), médicinal (91 espèces), bois-énergie (57 espèces), fourrager (57 espèces), artisanal (37 espèces), soins hygiéniques (36 espèces), bois de service (40 espèces), rituel ou magico-spirituel (35 espèces) et cosmétique (26 espèces). Ces usages portent essentiellement sur les feuilles, racines, fruits, graines, fleurs, bois et écorces. Sur l’ensemble des espèces répertoriées, 42 (28 %) présentent un risque élevé de vulnérabilité, celle-ci étant évaluée sur base de quatre paramètres : la fréquence de citation, le nombre d’usages différents, l’organe collecté et le mode de collecte. Conclusions. L’étude montre que l’utilisation des espèces ligneuses varie selon le milieu géographique et la valeur d’importance des espèces explique la vulnérabilité de celles-ci dans la savane sèche.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Biotechnologie, Agro...arrow_drop_down
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    Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
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      Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Koffi Akpagana; Amah Akodewou; Kossi Béssan Amegnaglo; Komlan Batawila; +4 Authors

    Description du sujet. La baisse et l’irrégularité des pluies modifient considérablement les saisons culturales, ce qui oblige les paysans à une restructuration du calendrier agricole en s’appuyant sur les savoirs locaux. Objectifs. L’objectif de cette étude est de valoriser les savoirs locaux utilisés par les paysans dans la gestion du calendrier agricole. Les objectifs spécifiques sont, d’une part, d’inventorier les indicateurs biophysiques utilisés dans la définition des calendriers culturaux et, d’autre part, de déterminer les espèces végétales repères communes aux trois zones écologiques étudiées. Méthode. Ce but fut atteint grâce à des interviews semi-directes individuelles et via des focus groups auprès d’un échantillon de 689 agriculteurs répartis dans 65 localités. Résultats. Il ressort que la totalité des paysans enquêtés utilisent des marqueurs temporels dans la définition des calendriers culturaux, surtout dans la reconnaissance des débuts de saison pluvieuse (période de semis) et de saison sèche (période de récolte). Il s’agit principalement des indicateurs biologiques tels que la phénologie des plantes (en saison sèche : Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. [floraison], Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv. [floraison], Vitellaria paradoxa C.F.Gaertn. [fructification] et en saison pluvieuse : Millettia thonningii (Schum. & Thonn.) Baker [floraison], V. paradoxa [floraison], Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. [floraison], Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. [éclatement du fruit]). Au total, 67 espèces végétales ont été recensées comme indicateurs des variations des saisons agricoles. Outre les espèces végétales, la migration saisonnière des oiseaux (73 %), l’apparition des insectes (48 %), mais aussi des indicateurs abiotiques comme le sens du vent (100 %), les observations des étoiles (82 %) et le déplacement des nuages (69 %) sont utilisés comme repères dans la gestion des périodes agricoles. Conclusions. La connaissance de ces signaux permet aux paysans d’anticiper sur d’éventuelles variabilités climatiques et suivre, diriger et adapter leurs activités culturales. Ces savoirs locaux constituent dès lors une aubaine pour l’adaptation aux changements climatiques.

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    Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Climate change, adaptation and sustainable development are inextricably linked. These issues haunt the developing world Parties to the multilateral environmental agreements, who are trying hard to implement policies and plans within their national jurisdictions. These policies are required to be linked with overall economic growth and development objectives. With limited technical workforce and financial capacity, the developing world is facing a grave challenge of attaining inclusive growth and sustainable development, besides developing resilience to climate change. A parallel stream of activities for these three objectives is not the solution for poor countries. Some countries are already on the path of establishing linkages among climate change, development and sustainability activities. However, while grappling with these issues, most are still stuck at different levels of governance. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) have timelines until 2030. At least 60% of the NDCs, mostly those of the developing countries, contain an adaptation component which is closely linked to sustainable development. Convergence of NDC and SDG goals at the national level will assist in financing NDCs through SDG funds for achieving both mitigation and adaptation goals. The paper discusses barriers to good governance around these issues and opportunities available to link them at the national level. This includes improvement of knowledge base, and mainstreaming finance for both, adaptation and sustainable development, besides serving national needs. The trick is to include adaptation and sustainability into the developmental planning. Journal d’Economie, de Management, d’Environnement et de Droit, Vol 3, No 1 (2020)

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Viorel POP;

    Energy is an essential factor regarding the economic development and for providing a high standard of living to the population of any country. Because energy is produced mainly using classic fuels (coal, oil and gas) for a few decades there are signals regarding their exhaustion. Therefore, mankind should concern more about finding viable alternatives to replace the classical fuels. This way the use of nuclear fuels appeared, then the force of the wind, of the tides and of the photovoltaic cells. However, there are still enough energy resources for further growth of the global energy production. The great consumers are both the major energy producers, only their hierarchy has changed and changes over time. The paper presents all these countries, and also Romania, including its specific developments in recent years.

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    Management Intercultural
    Article . 2017
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      Management Intercultural
      Article . 2017
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  • Authors: T, Dutoit; E, Gerbaud; J M, Ourcival; M, Roux; +1 Authors

    Competitive abilities of plants were interpreted by measuring their morphological traits in interspecific competitive cultivation conditions. Measurements were realised by a comparative approach with interspecific cultivation of fourteen arable weeds growing with a domestic species cultivated at a large scale: the winter wheat (Triticum aestivum var Darius). Results show that arable weeds characterised by an important biomass and allocation of biomass to the stems are responsible for a decrease in wheat biomass, and for the ear, a decrease in height, biomass and number of seeds. These results are discussed in view of predicting competitive abilities of arable weeds with a simple method and for the conservation of arable weeds since some of them are among the most threatened species of the European flora.

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  • Authors: Puschiasis, Ornella;

    Les Sherpa de la région de l'Everest au Népal expérimentent des transformations importantes de leur environnement et notamment des variations du climat. Notre ambition est de comprendre les perceptions que les habitants ont des modifications des phénomènes atmosphériques et météorologiques, et de voir s'ils relient ces variations locales à un changement climatique plus global. Notre recherche en géographie humaine, menée en immersion longue sur un terrain himalayen et basée sur des données qualitatives recueillies lors d'entretiens, fait ressortir des grandes tendances au niveau des transformations environnementales ressenties autour de la diminution de la neige, de la plus grande variabilité des pluies de mousson et de l'augmentation d'événements extrêmes. Ces observations, collectées au niveau du territoire de Pangboche sur le sentier de l'Everest, varient selon l'âge des personnes interrogées, et font apparaître des problèmes d'échelle et de temps avec un décalage entre la vision alarmiste globale du changement climatique et son appréhension locale. Le climat est à considérer en interaction avec d'autres facteurs de changements socio-économiques dans une région profondément marquée par le tourisme, la présence d'étrangers, les échanges et la circulation des discours. Mots clés : Perception du climat, perception de la météorologie, changement climatique, facteurs de changement, distinction générationnelle, marqueurs environnementaux, Sherpa, Everest. A wind of change is blowing on Everest : the multiple facets of Sherpa perceptions of weather and climate. Sherpa people of the Everest region in Nepal are experiencing local environmental change and particularly climatic variation. Our objective is better to understand how villagers perceive atmospheric and meteorological changes, and how they relate local phenomena to possibly global climate change. Our research in human geography, carried out through long-term immersion in a Himalayan area and based on qualitative data collected during interviews, reveals major trends in relation to the decreasing amount of snow, the greater variability in monsoon rains, and the increase of extreme weather events. These observations, gathered in Pangboche territory on the trail to Everest, vary according to the age of the respondents and reveal problems of scale and time, with a gap between the global alarmist vision of climate change and its local understanding. Thus, we argue, climate should be viewed in interaction with other factors of (socio-economic) change in a region deeply marked by tourism, the presence of foreigners, and the exchange and circulation of discourse on nature and the environment. Keywords : Perception of climate, perception of meteorology, climate change, drivers of change, generational differences , environmental indicators, Sherpa, Everest.

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  • Authors: Lydie, Lescarmontier;

    Rising greenhouse gas levels due to human activity are already having an impact on climate by increasing the atmospheric temperature. The current concentration of carbon dioxide released by industrial activity is the highest it has been for more than one million years. The oceans are warming and becoming more acidic. This climate change is causing radical changes to ecosystems, plants, marine life and wildlife, not to mention humans for whom agricultural resources and fresh water are becoming scarcer and coastal homes are under threat. There is still time for us to change our lifestyles.

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  • Authors: C, Raffestin;
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    Authors: Adeline Fayolle; Jean-Joël Loumeto; Jean-Louis Doucet; Grace Jopaul Loubota Panzou; +2 Authors

    Introduction. Quantifier les stocks de biomasse et de carbone contenus dans les forêts tropicales est devenu une priorité internationale dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre du mécanisme REDD+. La biomasse forestière est estimée à trois échelles spatiales successives : l’arbre, le peuplement et la région. Cet article propose une synthèse des connaissances sur l’estimation de la biomasse et des stocks de carbone contenus dans les forêts tropicales africaines.Littérature. Cette synthèse bibliographique démontre que peu d’équations allométriques, équations qui permettent d’estimer la biomasse de l’arbre à partir de mesures non destructives (diamètre, hauteur), ont été établies pour les forêts tropicales africaines. Au niveau du peuplement, cette synthèse met en exergue les variations spatiales et temporelles connues de la biomasse entre les types de forêts d’Afrique tropicale. Si la reconstitution de la biomasse après une perturbation (l’exploitation forestière, par exemple) est relativement rapide, il existe encore beaucoup d’incertitudes sur les variations spatiales de la biomasse et il n’y a pas de consensus sur une cartographie régionale de la biomasse. La qualité de la cartographie de la biomasse dépend fortement des différents capteurs utilisés (optique, RADAR ou LiDAR) et de l’équation allométrique utilisée pour convertir les données d’inventaires forestiers en biomasse.Conclusions. Considérant le manque de précision des équations allométriques disponibles et des données d’inventaires forestiers à large échelle spatiale, il y a encore beaucoup d’incertitudes sur les estimations de la biomasse et des stocks de carbone contenus dans les forêts tropicales africaines. Biomass and carbon stocks of tropical African forests. A reviewIntroduction. Quantifying the biomass and carbon stocks contained in tropical forests has become an international priority for the implementation of the REDD+ mechanism. Forest biomass is estimated at three successive levels: the tree, the stand and the region level. This paper reviews the state of the art regarding the estimation of biomass and carbon stocks in tropical African forests.Literature. This review highlights the fact that very few allometric equations, equations used for estimating the biomass of the tree using non-destructive measurements (diameter, height), have been established for tropical African forests. At the stand level, the review highlights the spatial and temporal variations in biomass between forest types in Central and Eastern Africa. While biomass recovery after a disturbance (logging, for instance) is rather quick, a great deal of uncertainty still remains regarding the spatial variation in biomass, and there is no consensus on a regional biomass map. The quality of biomass mapping in tropical Africa strongly depends on the type of remotely-sensed data being used (optical, RADAR or LIDAR), and the allometric equation used to convert forest inventory data into biomass.Conclusions. Based on the lack of precision of the available allometric equations and forest inventory data and the large spatial scale involved, many uncertainties persist in relation to the estimation of the biomass and carbon stocks contained in African tropical forests.

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    Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Magali, Corso; Mathilde, Pascal;

    Climate change is set to be the most important determinant of health in the coming years. Like greenhouse gases, air pollution is a result of human activities. It leads to acute and chronic respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, renal and tumoural diseases. Acting on global warming will help to reduce the emission of pollutants into the air and protect public health.

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    Authors: Ayitre Akpakouma; Macomba Bétidé Adjayi; Bériname Badjaré; Dabitora Koumantiga; +3 Authors

    Description du sujet. Au Nord-Togo, particulièrement en milieu rural, les populations utilisent des biens d’espèces ligneuses et des services écosystémiques pour satisfaire des besoins multiples. Dans un environnement marqué par une déforestation accrue, se développe une pression anthropique croissante avec une incidence sur la vulnérabilité et la valorisation de ces ressources. Objectifs. Cette étude sur la diversité et les usages des ligneux permet d’apprécier la richesse floristique des terroirs et d’évaluer, à partir de quatre paramètres, la vulnérabilité des espèces répertoriées et connues des populations en zone de savane sèche. Méthode. L’approche méthodologique est basée sur des enquêtes ethnobotaniques et socio-économiques menées auprès de 14 groupes ethniques par interview individuel et au sein de « focus groups ». Les analyses ont porté sur des calculs de fréquences et d’indices de valeurs d’usage et d’importance des espèces répertoriées. Résultats. Au total, 149 espèces ligneuses utiles ont été identifiées et réparties en 45 familles. Neuf principaux usages reconnus sont relevés : alimentaire (69 espèces), médicinal (91 espèces), bois-énergie (57 espèces), fourrager (57 espèces), artisanal (37 espèces), soins hygiéniques (36 espèces), bois de service (40 espèces), rituel ou magico-spirituel (35 espèces) et cosmétique (26 espèces). Ces usages portent essentiellement sur les feuilles, racines, fruits, graines, fleurs, bois et écorces. Sur l’ensemble des espèces répertoriées, 42 (28 %) présentent un risque élevé de vulnérabilité, celle-ci étant évaluée sur base de quatre paramètres : la fréquence de citation, le nombre d’usages différents, l’organe collecté et le mode de collecte. Conclusions. L’étude montre que l’utilisation des espèces ligneuses varie selon le milieu géographique et la valeur d’importance des espèces explique la vulnérabilité de celles-ci dans la savane sèche.

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    Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Koffi Akpagana; Amah Akodewou; Kossi Béssan Amegnaglo; Komlan Batawila; +4 Authors

    Description du sujet. La baisse et l’irrégularité des pluies modifient considérablement les saisons culturales, ce qui oblige les paysans à une restructuration du calendrier agricole en s’appuyant sur les savoirs locaux. Objectifs. L’objectif de cette étude est de valoriser les savoirs locaux utilisés par les paysans dans la gestion du calendrier agricole. Les objectifs spécifiques sont, d’une part, d’inventorier les indicateurs biophysiques utilisés dans la définition des calendriers culturaux et, d’autre part, de déterminer les espèces végétales repères communes aux trois zones écologiques étudiées. Méthode. Ce but fut atteint grâce à des interviews semi-directes individuelles et via des focus groups auprès d’un échantillon de 689 agriculteurs répartis dans 65 localités. Résultats. Il ressort que la totalité des paysans enquêtés utilisent des marqueurs temporels dans la définition des calendriers culturaux, surtout dans la reconnaissance des débuts de saison pluvieuse (période de semis) et de saison sèche (période de récolte). Il s’agit principalement des indicateurs biologiques tels que la phénologie des plantes (en saison sèche : Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. [floraison], Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv. [floraison], Vitellaria paradoxa C.F.Gaertn. [fructification] et en saison pluvieuse : Millettia thonningii (Schum. & Thonn.) Baker [floraison], V. paradoxa [floraison], Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. [floraison], Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. [éclatement du fruit]). Au total, 67 espèces végétales ont été recensées comme indicateurs des variations des saisons agricoles. Outre les espèces végétales, la migration saisonnière des oiseaux (73 %), l’apparition des insectes (48 %), mais aussi des indicateurs abiotiques comme le sens du vent (100 %), les observations des étoiles (82 %) et le déplacement des nuages (69 %) sont utilisés comme repères dans la gestion des périodes agricoles. Conclusions. La connaissance de ces signaux permet aux paysans d’anticiper sur d’éventuelles variabilités climatiques et suivre, diriger et adapter leurs activités culturales. Ces savoirs locaux constituent dès lors une aubaine pour l’adaptation aux changements climatiques.

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    Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Climate change, adaptation and sustainable development are inextricably linked. These issues haunt the developing world Parties to the multilateral environmental agreements, who are trying hard to implement policies and plans within their national jurisdictions. These policies are required to be linked with overall economic growth and development objectives. With limited technical workforce and financial capacity, the developing world is facing a grave challenge of attaining inclusive growth and sustainable development, besides developing resilience to climate change. A parallel stream of activities for these three objectives is not the solution for poor countries. Some countries are already on the path of establishing linkages among climate change, development and sustainability activities. However, while grappling with these issues, most are still stuck at different levels of governance. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) have timelines until 2030. At least 60% of the NDCs, mostly those of the developing countries, contain an adaptation component which is closely linked to sustainable development. Convergence of NDC and SDG goals at the national level will assist in financing NDCs through SDG funds for achieving both mitigation and adaptation goals. The paper discusses barriers to good governance around these issues and opportunities available to link them at the national level. This includes improvement of knowledge base, and mainstreaming finance for both, adaptation and sustainable development, besides serving national needs. The trick is to include adaptation and sustainability into the developmental planning. Journal d’Economie, de Management, d’Environnement et de Droit, Vol 3, No 1 (2020)

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