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Carbon sequestration rate of forest trees and their spatial pattern are prominent factors which affect global carbon dynamic and can be basically applied to predict climate change. For this reason, compartments2 and 4 of district3 of Glandrood Forest were selected for this study and few disks (2 cm thick) were sampled from each felled oak tree at 2-5 m. interval of its bole. Further samplings were made from each disk at constant volumes (3x3x3 cm) and intervals (2 cm). The samples were oven dried in lab for 24 hours (105°C) in order to determine their dry density. Carbon factor was obtained directly by exposing the wood samples in the oven and was estimated, based on organic carbon/organic material ratio. Compartment3 of district3 (38 hectares) was selected as a control due to its undisturbed and virgin characteristics, to determine carbon sequestration of the oak trees and their spatial pattern in relation to the physiographical units. After that, 400 m2 sampling plots were allocated in the compartment, using the random systematic method at 100 m. grids, then diameter at breast height and total height of the aimed trees were measured. Carbon sequestration was estimated, using the volume x dry density x carbon ratio equation. The results of one-way Anova analysis showed that although there was significant difference between the dry wood density values at different intervals, with respect to pith to periphery (bark) of cross-section of disks (P 0.05). As the average value of oak wood dry density is 0.81± 0.0083 g.cm-3 and average carbon factor is % 57.37 ± 0.108, so according to the results of Paired-Samples t test, the values of calculated carbon sequestration were significantly more than the estimated values (P 0.05) which indicates that the spatial pattern of carbon sequestration values in the oak bole trees at the aimed study area were not associated with the environmental physical affects.

Background and Objectives: As a green fuel and environmentally friendly energy, biodiesel has recently attracted much attention and efforts are ongoing to optimizing biodiesel production from microalgae’s. The aim of this study was to determine the appropriate method of dewatering and drying biomass and selecting a suitable organic solvent for extraction lipids from biomass. Materials and Methods: After culturing Nannochloropsis Oculata in Gillard F/2 medium and reaching at the end of the stationary growth phase, algal biomass was separated from aqueous by centrifuge and drying in three methods: fore, air-dried and lyophilized. Lipid extractions of each sample was performed using soxhlet apparatus and three solvents including diethyl ether, n-hexane and n-pentane. At each stage, the quantity and quality of the extracted lipids was determined by gas chromatography. Results: In all three drying methods, palmitic acid and palmitoleic acid were significantly the main fatty acid composition of microalgae. The fatty acid composition of palmitic acid extracted by diethyl ether was significantly more than the other two solvents. Maximum production of triglyceride was observed in air dried and lyophilized (using diethyl ether solvent) microalgae as 75.03 and 76.72 % of fatty acid respectively. Conclusion: The use of lyophilized method for dewatering and drying of biomass and diethyl ether as solvent for the extraction of lipids from biomass yielded more compared with other methods studied in this paper and would be more efficient in research works related to the production of biodiesel from microalgae’s lipid.

Thunder and storm fluctuations as consequences of climate change were studied in the Caspian region over the last half century. In this study, whole forest areas in southern part of Caspian sea were monitored by study on vegetation map and field visit. Three points representing the major part of the Hyrcanian forests were selected from wet part in the west to drier part in the east. Four meteorological stations data used for investigation. Most of climatic factors including maximum, minimum and mean annual temperature; daily, monthly and annual precipitations were investigated. Numbers of days with thunder and storm as well as wind speed were used for conclusion. During last half century, as consequence of climate change by means of increasing temperature and changing precipitation trends, number of Days With Thunder and Storms (DWTS) increased in forest area in the Caspian region. In Rasht and Gorgan stations, the number of days with thunder and storm in last half century, especially in last 25 years showed a sharp increase. This is in the same line of increasing mean annual temperature about 1.28°C and minimum temperature about 2.45°C in Rasht station. In addition, it is against the decrease of precipitation for the period of last 53 years in Gorgan station which is about 55.6 mm. Anzali and Baboulsar stations which are under coastal climate condition have a fluctuating trend of DWTS but also showed a mild increase in the trend of DWTS during last fifty years. This is in favor of increasing the mean annual temperature in Baboulsar station in last 54 years, about 1.44°C and its minimum temperature about 1.80°C. Also again, it is against the decrease of annual precipitation in Anzali station during last 54 years of records, which is about 409.4 mm and amount of the decreas of precipitation for the period of last 53 years in Gorgan station is about 55.6 mm.

Due to the growing demand for electricity it is inevitable to have new power plants. Given the large share of electricity production in thermal power plants, construction of gas burning power plants have particular importance. Because of the high construction cost of the new plants, it is advisable to start with improvement of the efficiency in the existing and plates. One important index in electricity industry, is the efficiency of power plants which concerns all the powerplants in the world. In order to increase it as much as possible, and reduce the loss of energy to a reasonable degree, this paper examined the performance impact of plant life and obtained 0.07 of electricity coefficient for the variable. We also examined other factors related to efficiency. Among the factors influencing efficiency of this type of power plants, the cost of fuel and average plant life and volume of production of electricity were also important. In this study a panel data from 34 gasplants in Iran was used for a period of 4 years (2008-2011).

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of drought stress on 12 genotypes of vetch (Vicia dasycarpa) at the experimental field of Agriculture and Natural Resources Center of East Azarbaijan Province during 2003. Field trial was conducted as a spilt plot design based on randomized complete blocks with three replications. Drought treatments (normal, medium and severe stress conditions) were included in main plots and the genotypes were allocated in subplots. During the growing season, plant height, pod length, pod width, number of grains per pod, 1000 grain weight, number of pods per plant, number of grains per plant, number of axillary branches, harvest index, biomass and grain yield were measured. Drought stress effected all traits (except number of grains per pod) significantly. Greatest amount of reduction in value due to water stress belonged to grain yield and biomass. Number of pods per plant and number of grains per plant were affected by drought more than other yield components. However, the adverse effect of water stress was not similar for all genotypes and there were significant genotype by environment interaction for important characters such as biomass, grain yield, number of pods per plant, number of grains per plant and plant height. Evaluation of the genotypes based on drought tolerance indices (STI and TOL) indicated that under medium water stress environment the genotypes 9 (from Italy) and 7 (from Turkey) showed better drought tolerance performance in terms of grain yield. Regarding biomass, the genotypes 3 (from Italy) and 6 (from Australia) were recognized as the most appropriate genotypes for hoth medium and severe drought stress conditions.

Background and aims: Fossil fuels Emission and their limited resources make to use renewable energy with more sustainable energy sources and less minimal environmental impacts. One of the most appropriate renewable energies considered lots of advantages including being renewable and environmentally friendly and containing social and economical interests, is Biomass. “Biomass” means a power source that is comprised of, but not limited to, combustible residues or gases from forest products manufacturing, waste, byproducts, or products from agricultural and orchard crops, waste or co-products products from livestock and poultry operations, waste or byproducts from and food processing, urban wood waste, municipal solid waste, municipal liquid waste treatment operations, and landfill gas. Due to the wide availability of biomass worldwide, mainly because it can be obtained as a by-product of many industrial and agricultural processes, biomass represents a growing renewable energy source with high growth potential. Biomass helps reduce the amount of GHG that give more impact to global warming and climate change. The biomass emissions level is far smaller compared to fossil fuels. The basic difference between biomass and fossil fuels when it comes to amount of carbon emissions is: all the CO2 which has been absorbed by plant for its growth is going back in the atmosphere during its burning for the production of biomass energy. While the CO2 produced from fossil fuels is going to atmosphere where it increases greenhouse effect. Another great advantage of biomass energy is that it is an indigenous fuel. The fuels from biomass materials can be produced locally and no high technology is required. Producing fuel from biomass materials reduces the dependence of a country on foreign resources for their fuel requirements. Moreover, since this indigenous fuel is labor intensive, it can contribute to the generation of new jobs, particularly in rural and farming communities. The number of employed workers required is 3-6 times greater than the fossil energy production in the associated processes. This study was aimed to identification and green grading of environmental management in that’s jobs. Some other socio-economic benefits can be counted such as slowing down the migration from the rural areas to cities, decreasing the issues associated with rapid urbanization, and developing a biodiesel production industry. Among its great benefits is the forest use of the territory, which would also serve to clean the forest and thus prevent forest fires, and the ability to generate jobs. Biomass generates continuous employment such as the extraction of raw materials from the countryside and the bush. This study was aimed to identification and green grading of environmental management in that’s jobs. The research questions are: 1. What are green job indicators? and 2. has renewable energy biomass business indicators of green jobs? Methods: This study was qualitative – quantitative, first according to the grounded theory qualitative method semi-deep interviewed with 50 environmental experts in the Environmental Protection Agency, the municipality, faculty members of the universities, the natural resources and watershed management, agriculture ministry and NGOs active in the environment conducted a with purposeful sampling (snowball). Regarding qualitative data validation were used constant data comparison, reviewing the observers and handwriting by participants and use of foreign and expert researchers familiar with qualitative research as an observer. Then, data was analyzed using the grounded theory of open, axial and selective coding analyzed in MAXQDA software. Once coding categories emerge, the next step is to link them together in theoretical models around a central category that hold everything together. In order to explain the grounded theory, green jobs are considered as the central variable, and the main line of research is defined using reminders and diagrams around it, and finally the green indicators derived from it are developed. Based on them, researcher-made questionnaire was designed in a combination, closed response with 5-rate likert scale. In order to determine the validity of the questionnaire, the content validity was used with the lawshe model and with reviewing previous studies was determined, the scope of the questionnaire in greenness of the job, and the reliability of the questionnaire was obtained using Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient for internal consistency. Cronbachchr('39')s alpha value for each research question was more than 0.7, the reliability of the questionnaire was approved. Also, the Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.890. In order to estimate the repeatability, the retest method and the ICC index were used that index was 0.996 (p <0.001), indicating its high repeatability. For estimating the results of greenness and its degree in the jobs of renewable energy biomass, were used statistical analysis of Kolmogrov-Smirnov test, single-sample t-test and Friedman test in SPSS software. Result: Findings of the qualitative research on the structure of green job identification and prioritization were discussed in six categories including establishment in accordance with the legal and technological infrastructure of the green job as context, green job as a phenomenon, environmental pollution elimination and the health risks reduction of the community as causal conditions, green management as operational strategies, environmental empowerment of jobs as an intermediary conditions and economic and environmental benefits as a consequence. The results of quantitative to showed that jobs studied are considered green jobs and their green grading are as follows: 1. Maintenance (mean=5/61), 2. System Design (mean=4/83), 3. Training (mean=4/22), 4. Quality Monitoring and Quality (mean=4/03), 5. Collection (mean=3/64), 6. Manufacturer (mean=3/61) and 7. Worker and System Administrator (mean=2/06). According to the results, components of green jobs are defined including: (1. explaining Green Jobs, Productivity of Occupations, 2. environmental Protection and Health, 3. Green potentials and incentives, 4. environmental Standards and Indices of Health and Green Management, 5. environmental and health challenges and solving energy crisis with the help of green jobs, 6. environmental education and green culture, 7.environmental empowerment through a variety of environmental and health education, informing and accompanying NGOs, 8. economic-ecological profitability and the optimistic approach to economic interests (green economy) and impact of economic issues, profitability, financial support, market regulation, and return on investment in the process of greening and green expanding businesses). Results show that green indices of occupations are 1- environmental and health of profile occupational, 2- strengths and weaknesses, threats and opportunities green jobs, 3- green supply chain management of businesses, 4- impact of green jobs on sustainable development and community health, 5- effect of environmental education on the green performance of occupations, the impact of environmental advertising on green performance and 6- reduce employee costs and increase business profits through environmental management. These green jobs literature extols the virtues of generating energy using “wood waste and other byproducts, including agricultural byproducts, ethanol, paper pellets, used railroad ties, sludge wood, solid byproducts, and old utility poles. Several waste products are also used in biomass, including landfill gas, digester gas, municipal solid waste, and methane. Conclusion: The green features of the biomass business are included solving the problem of fossil fuels, caused by fossil energy and renewable energy sources. identification and green grading jobs diversifying energy sources, sustainable development, securing energy, removing environmental and health problems would help to managers and policy makers for identifying and providing executive solutions and identifying multifaceted priorities for green management. Despite the high potential of bio-economy in renewable energy (biomass) and high amounts of raw materials in the agricultural waste and sewage has not been fully realized. To achieve of developing a competitive economy, low-carbon resources with efficient resources, global economic markets have shifted strategy towards renewable energies, so as to create green jobs in order to reduce environmental problems (waste and climate change). For performance of macroeconomic policy in notification Supreme Leader on the restructuring of the countrychr('39')s economic structure has proposed policies to change reducing dependencies on fossil fuels and external resources towards the creation and development of green jobs in the field of renewable energy, especially biomass, because there are a lot of raw materials in the country, especially in the villages and without necessary to high technologies. Biomass development increase energy efficiency, the use of renewable energy resources and the creation of a favourable environment for investment in energy efficiency measures and the generation of ‘green’ jobs. The rural development prospects for green job growth are mixed. Rural areas contain biomass feedstocks which will be increasingly relied upon to offset fossil fuel dependencies. The distribution of those feedstocks, however, is not uniform across rural areas. Furthermore, the technologies to convert those feedstocks into fuels and other uses are yet to be demonstrated at commercially successful scales. Both policy development and research activities should be focused on the efficient utilization of rural natural resources, human capital, and rural infrastructure in achieving national green policies. The green economy appears to be fertile ground for unbiased, academic research to examine some of the regional consequences of green jobs growth and green jobs policies, to include an examination of rural opportunities, but going well beyond that dimension to include the integration of statewide and multi-state regional development opportunities as well as consequences. This study was not about raw materials (waste and sewage) to produce renewable energy biomass, and it is possible that this section may also be effective in the creation and development of green jobs, then there may be restrictions on the generalized findings, interpretations, and attributes of the causation of variables. Therefore, it is suggested that future research into this part of the process of producing renewable energy biomass should be considered.

Introduction: Identification of degrading microorganisms of toxic materials is regarded as an important step to complete air treatment systems. Effective microorganisms in treatment and elimination of pollutants seems to be different depending on the type of pollutants as well as environmental conditions. Identification of these microorganisms can determine optimum conditions for the system performance and the maximum efficiency can be reached. Moreover, biotechnological methods can strengthen the microorganisms to treat the pollutants. This study aimed to identify the predominant microorganisms at two biotrickiling filters that formaldehyde was used in one and ethanol in another as the sole carbon source. Methods: In this study, two biotrickling filter pilots were made at the laboratory scale. These microorganisms were inoculated and adapted within three months. Then biotrickling filters were studies for a long time. At the end of experiments, biofilm samples were taken from biotrickling filters and predominant microorganisms were identified via microbiology studies. Results: The results of the present study managed to identify such microorganisms as Salmonella Bongori, Pneumonia, Subspecies Pneumonia, Klebsiella Terrigena, etc. at different parts of both biotrickling filters. Conclusion: Microbial species can be widely changed with operating of biotrickling filters at different conditions. Identifying active microorganisms in each biotrickling filter can lead to detecting optimum conditions as well as the risks caused by transfer of the filters' available microorganisms to the human body .

Iran is located in the dry belt of the earth and is predicted to face water stress in the next half-century. Currently, the area of sugarcane cultivation in Khuzestan is over 85,000 hectares and due to the high water needs of sugarcane and drought conditions, optimization of water consumption and irrigation management is necessary to continue production. Therefore, in this study, the values of soil moisture, canopy cover, biomass yield in five treatments and irrigation levels (start of irrigation at 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, and 80% soil moisture discharge) during 2 planting dates in the crop year 2015-2016 on sugarcane cultivar CP69-1062 in Amirkabir sugarcane cultivation and industry located in the south of Khuzestan was simulated by AquaCrop model. The measured data on the first culture date (D1) and the second culture date (D2) were used to calibrate and validate the model. The results of NRMSE statistics in canopy cover simulation in calibration and validation sets with values of 2.1 to 15.6% and 3.8 to 18.3%, respectively, and in biomass simulation with values of 6.2 to 15.2%, and 9.5 to 12.6%, respectively and coefficient of determination (R2), range 0.98 to 0.99 indicated that the high ability of the AquaCrop model in simulation canopy cover and biomass yield. whereas, the values of NRMSE of soil depth moisture in the calibration and validation sets ranged from 11.6 to 23.8, and 12.2 to 22.7, respectively, with a coefficient of determination (R2), 0.73 to 0.96 (calibration) 0.8 to 0.93 (validation) showed less accuracy of the model in the simulation. The best scenario is related to the third proposal that water consumption, water use efficiency, and yield are 1710 mm, 1.53, and 42.27 tons per hectare, respectively, which shows a reduction in water consumption of 360 mm.

Climate change, in addition to increasing temperature, causes changes in the duration, intensity, form, and timing of rainfall in different parts of the Earth, which can cause droughts and floods. It also changes the volume, duration, and runoff duration, which will bring about many developments and changes in the water-resource management (Kamal and Massah Bavani, 2009). In order to reduce inconsistencies, studying the impacts of climate change on water resources is necessary. One of the most widely used models for these future studies is Atmosphere-ocean General Circulation Models (AOGCMs) (Wilby and Harris, 2006). In general, most studies present a high degree of uncertainty as a result of using AOGCMs in the simulation of climate change and hydrology parameters. the outputs of simulated water-resource models under climate change could be relied on when the uncertainties are taken into account at all stages (Semenov and Stratonovitch, 2010). In order to innovate the research method, in this study 10 AOGCMs under three greenhouse gas emission scenarios (A1B, A2, and B1) were used in the simulated range of hydro-climatic variables through climatic models and downscaling methods in the Dez Oliya basin during 2040-2069. In Summary, when reviewing the range of hydro-climatic variable changes in the future period, it could be observed that the uncertainty of AOGCMs under all three emission scenarios is greater than the downscaling methods.

Climate change is a serious challenge to human interest by its adverse effect on various sectors, such as water sources, agriculture, and energy. According to IPCC report, the average annual temperature of the earth has been raised between 0.3 to 0.6º because of the spread of the greenhouse gases, and this report predicts this amount will increase between 1 to 3.5º until 2100(Boberg et al ,2010). To study the effect of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and the oceanic-atmospheric, general circulation model in regional scale is the most efficient vehicle. These models have been developed to simulate the current climate. They also performed well in predicting future changes in the climate and simulating interactions of soil, atmosphere, and oceans (IPCC, 2007). The effect of climate change on water sources is assessed using rainfall-runoff models by simulating hydrological processes. Studying future climate change and its likely events will help planners and water sources administrators to cope with the future challenge. Considering these likely changes will contribute to objective planning toward optional operations. Predicting future runoff value is one of the most important factors about dam construction, water transferring, agricultural growth and industrial activities.  Semenov (2008) assessed LARS-WG performance by data from 20 representative stations. Babaeian et al, (2004) and Khaliliaqdam, et al( 2013), studied the effect of climate change on the hydroelectric reservoir of Jor Dam by the microclimate model LARS-WG and scenarios B1, B2, and A1B. Output results of the model showed that Tmin and Tmax will increase to the amount of o.3-0.6 degrees. As a result, available water reservoirs of behind the dams for hydroelectric generation are affected by the decreased rainfall. BaniHabib et al, (2016), simulated the input flow of Shahcheraghi Dam using the generator LARS-WG, data downscaling, and the function of artificial neural networks on output of LARS. They found that nightly and daily temperatures rise 1.1 and 1.2 degrees from 2015 to 2040, and rainfall will decrease by 9% during January. By simulating artificial neural networks, it was determined that the input flow will experience 2.4-4.1 % decrease based on different scenarios.