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The spectral proper orthogonal decomposition (SPOD) is a newly introduced extension of snapshot POD that recently gained attention but also brought up controversial issues. Within the first proposition, the approach was mainly presented in a methodological and phenomenological way. The present paper will detail the relations between SPOD and related POD approaches from an analytical point of view. To allow for a better grasp of the approach, an alternative formulation is given that is based on the classic idea from Lumley that was carried on by George. As will be shown, SPOD is closely related to POD with a prior segmentation and Fourier transformation in time. Moreover, the SPOD is shown to be equivalent to snapshot POD combined with time delay embedding.

The spectral proper orthogonal decomposition (SPOD) is a newly introduced extension of snapshot POD that recently gained attention but also brought up controversial issues. Within the first proposition, the approach was mainly presented in a methodological and phenomenological way. The present paper will detail the relations between SPOD and related POD approaches from an analytical point of view. To allow for a better grasp of the approach, an alternative formulation is given that is based on the classic idea from Lumley that was carried on by George. As will be shown, SPOD is closely related to POD with a prior segmentation and Fourier transformation in time. Moreover, the SPOD is shown to be equivalent to snapshot POD combined with time delay embedding.

The harmony between environment and buildings is the strongest point of vernacular architecture. In this context, the Mediterranean vernacular architecture is harmonized with its local context, including culture and traditions. In addition, it respects environmental and climatic factors, construction materials and morphology. In the past, people in Palestine built their houses according to their possibilities, needs, available materials, topography, and culture. Without any control from the government or any legal limitations or architects, it was people architecture, simple architecture. This paper discusses the differences between vernacular and contemporary cities of Palestine at the urban scale. The research methodology adopts explanatory qualitative analysis and comparative synthesis methods for both the old and the new area of the city of Nablus and considers many parameters of the cities such as the city layout, skyline, infrastructure and public spaces. The outcomes of this research allow understanding how the new city is far away from the sustainability principles and how the old city is closer to it and how the architects and stakeholders could learn from the strategies of vernacular architecture. The paper draws a set of recommendations for more in-depth studies, based on quantitative survey with energy efficiency measurements in the Mediterranean climate.

The harmony between environment and buildings is the strongest point of vernacular architecture. In this context, the Mediterranean vernacular architecture is harmonized with its local context, including culture and traditions. In addition, it respects environmental and climatic factors, construction materials and morphology. In the past, people in Palestine built their houses according to their possibilities, needs, available materials, topography, and culture. Without any control from the government or any legal limitations or architects, it was people architecture, simple architecture. This paper discusses the differences between vernacular and contemporary cities of Palestine at the urban scale. The research methodology adopts explanatory qualitative analysis and comparative synthesis methods for both the old and the new area of the city of Nablus and considers many parameters of the cities such as the city layout, skyline, infrastructure and public spaces. The outcomes of this research allow understanding how the new city is far away from the sustainability principles and how the old city is closer to it and how the architects and stakeholders could learn from the strategies of vernacular architecture. The paper draws a set of recommendations for more in-depth studies, based on quantitative survey with energy efficiency measurements in the Mediterranean climate.

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to solid waste management (SWM) techniques being practiced in the North eastern region of Nigeria are unaccounted for as such these emissions cannot be monitored or controlled. This research estimated GHG emissions into the atmosphere from the current SWM technique practiced in the region, GHG emissions from two different waste management techniques – open burning and incineration was also simulated. The research found that incineration with electricity recovery is the most suitable SWM process therefore suggested that the authorities and other stakeholders in the region should give it serious consideration.

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to solid waste management (SWM) techniques being practiced in the North eastern region of Nigeria are unaccounted for as such these emissions cannot be monitored or controlled. This research estimated GHG emissions into the atmosphere from the current SWM technique practiced in the region, GHG emissions from two different waste management techniques – open burning and incineration was also simulated. The research found that incineration with electricity recovery is the most suitable SWM process therefore suggested that the authorities and other stakeholders in the region should give it serious consideration.