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Solar energy, since it is available every day, is seen as one of the most valuable renewable energy resources. Thus, the energy of sun should be efficiently used in various applications. The most known applications that use solar energy are heating water and spaces. High efficiency solar collectors need appropriate selective surfaces to absorb the heat. Selective surfaces (Selektif-Sera) used in this study are applied to flat collectors, which are produced by a roll to roll cost effective coating of nano nickel layers, developed in Selektif Teknoloji Co. Inc. Efficiency of flat collectors using Selektif-Sera absorbers are calculated in collaboration with Institute for Solar Technik Rapperswil, Switzerland. The main cause of high energy consumption in industry is mostly caused from low temperature level processes. There is considerable effort in research to minimize the energy use by renewable energy sources such as solar energy. A feasibility study will be presented to obtain the potential of solar thermal energy utilization in the textile industry using these solar collectors. For the feasibility calculations presented in this study, textile dyeing and finishing factory located at Kahramanmaras is selected since the geographic location was an important factor. Kahramanmaras is located in the south east part of Turkey thus has a great potential to have solar illumination much longer. It was observed that, the collector area is limited by the available area in the factory, thus a hybrid heating generating system (lignite/solar thermal) was preferred in the calculations of this study to be more realistic. During the feasibility work, the calculations took into account the preheating process, where well waters heated from 15 °C to 30-40 °C by using the hot waters in heat exchangers. Then the preheated water was heated again by high efficiency solar collectors. Economic comparison between the lignite use and solar thermal collector use was provided to determine the optimal system that can be used efficiently. The optimum design of solar thermal systems was studied depending on the optimum collector area. It was found that the solar thermal system is more economic and efficient than the merely lignite use. Return on investment time is calculated as 5.15 years. {"references": ["http://www.aee-intec.at/0uploads/dateien561.pdf, Accessed on 18/05/2016.", "http://www.solarthermalworld.org/sites/gstec/files/SoPro_Leaflet_en.pdfAccessed on 18/05/2016.", "Kalogirou S. \"The potential of solar industrial process heat applications\", Applied Energy, 2003, vol. 76, no. 4, pp. 337-361.", "S Mekhilef, R Saidur, A Safari, \"A review on solar energy use in industries\", Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 2011, vol. 15, no. 4 pp. 1777-1790.", "Taibi, E, Gielen D, Bazilian M. \"Measuring energy poverty: Focusing on what matters\", Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 2012, vol.16, no.1, pp. 735-744", "Faninger, G., \"The potential of Solar Heat in the future energy system\", IFF-University of Klagenfurt, Austria; www.uni-klu.ac.at/iff/ikn/downloads/Potential_of_Solar_Heat.pdf, Accessed on 18/05/2016", "Vannoni, C., Battisti, R., Drigo, S., Potential for Solar Heat in Industrial Processes, Task 33, 2008. Solar Cooling and Heating Committee of the International Energy Agency (IEA).", "TMMOB Mechanical Engineering Chamber Report, \"T\u00fcrkiye'nin Enerji G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc\", 2012, pp. 1588", "Kad\u0131rgan F., Roll to roll manufacturing of solar selective sheets, PCT patent, PCT/IB2010/055006, WO/2012/059789 \n[10]\thttp://www.estif.org/fileadmin/estif/content/policies/downloads/D23-solar-industrial-process-heat.pdf, Accessed on 20/05/2016"]}

The integration of Grid-Connected PV systems into buildings or public areas is one of the most usual applications of the photovoltaic solar energy in developed countries. Since early 2009, the University is working on an ambitious project, the so-called UNIVERSOL project, where its main goal is to convert the University Campus in a big public area which combines the PV electricity generation with the common uses of a university place. The aim of this paper is to show to the scientific community the main results of this project and that the methodology proposed for the “large urban-area photovoltaic potential” estimation can be easily exportable to other locations with similar characteristics, so the photovoltaic generators integration examples proposed in this project, and the software tools used to represent it, can be helpful for other designers, taking into account that this project has been adapted to the new Spanish legislation. 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 4068-4072

The 2011 world average carbon footprint of PV system manufacturing is estimated as 1798 kg CO2- eq/kWp using technology shares (multi, mono, film Si, CdTe, CIGS) as weighting factors. The electricity mixes of all production countries of poly-Si, wafer, cell and modules was taken into account. New yearly irradiation data (kWh/m2) and PV energy output (kWh/kWp) are calculated for different regions in Europe on NUTS level 1 and 2 for horizontal, optimum and vertical angle. The world average carbon footprint of PV electricity generation is estimated as 55 g CO2- eq/kWh with cumulative installations as weighting factors. Lowest value of 38 g CO2-eq/kWh is for Cyprus which has a high irradiation and the highest value of 89 g CO2-eq/kWh is for Iceland which has a low irradiation. It is assumed that the PV modules are installed at optimal angle to the sun and end-of-life treatment is excluded. The majority of countries can decrease the greenhouse gas emission of electricity generation by increasing the share of photovoltaics. 29th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 3421-3430

The scope of this paper is to present the work carried out by the European project SUNRISE which aims at strengthening the interaction between architects, construction companies and PV module manufactures. The fruitful cooperation between the PV community and the key stakeholders just mentioned will lead to a larger deployment of PV systems in building and therefore to a substantially cost reduction. The paper covers the following issues: • identification of barriers to overcome for enhancing the diffusion of PV products in the building and construction sector • overview of the multiple applications of PV in buildings • collaboration between building and construction sector and PV module manufactures in developing new ways of cooperation and creating better channels for a proper communication and dissemination • standardisation and regulations for PV products in building environments This project is co-financed by the European Commission, FP6-2005-TREN-4, SUNRISE project. 23rd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 1-5 September 2008, Valencia, Spain; 3300-3304

The concept of energy transition can be interpreted in different ways depending on the nature of the agent involved. However, practitioners and existing literature agree that a country’s energy transition is the variation of fossil fuel share in the total primary energy supply (TPES). Public policies mostly focus on changing the energy mix directly or indirectly. However, the production of fossil fuels depends mostly on market-related determinants, including prices and investment in the means of production. But what is the contribution of global energy transition? The objective of this paper is to estimate to which extent public policies related to energy transition affect fossil fuel production in producing countries. For this purpose, we consider as a proxy of energy transition the evolution over 40 years of the TPES of a large panel of fossil fuel–exporting countries, which we compare to its total primary energy production (TPEP). Moreover, we analyze these effects to determine if they differ according to country characteristics, such as its level of development or its membership in OPEC. Finally, we describe the long-run and short-run effects by studying separately the effects of production investments and those of R&D investments in RES technologies. The European Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol 17. no. 1, p. 5-30

{"references": ["W.C. Turner, S. Doty, Energy Management Handbook, Library of\nCongress Cataloging in Publication Data, 2007.", "D. Niu, J. Wang, D.D. Wu, Power load forecasting using support vector\nmachine and ant colony optimization, Expert Systems with Applications,\n2010, vol. 37, pp. 2531\u20132539.", "K. Nolde, M. Morari, Electrical load tracking scheduling of a steel plant,\nCompt. Chem. Eng., 2010, vol. 34, pp. 1899\u20131903.", "M. Amina, V.S. Kodogiannis, I. Petrounias, D. Tomtsis, A hybrid\nintelligent approach for the prediction of electricity consumption, Electr.\nPower Energy Syst., 2012, vol. 43, pp. 1\u2013108.", "F.M Andersen, H.V. Larsen, T.K. Boomsma, Longterm forecasting of\nhourly electricity load: Identification of consumption profiles and\nsegmentation of customers, Energy Conver. Manag., 2013, vol. 68, pp.\n244\u2013252.", "L.S. Kazarinov, D.A. Shnayder, T.A. Barbasova, and oth., Automated\ncontrol systems in energy saving (Development experience).\nChelyabinsk: Publisher SUSU, 2010.", "L.S. Kazarinov, T.A. Barbasova, O.V. Kolesnikova, A.A. Zakharova.\n\"Method of multilevel rationing and optimal forecasting of volumes of\nelectric-energy consumption by an industrial enterprise,\" Autom.\nControl Comput. Sci., vol. 48 (6), 2015; pp. 324-333.", "D. Niu, J. Li, J. Li, D. Liu, \"Middle-long power load forecasting based\non particle swarm optimization,\" Comput. Math. Appl. vol. 57, 2009,\npp. 1883-1889.", "L.S.Kazarinov, A.B. Bordetsky \"Optimization algorithm for design\nproblems with inconsistent specifications,\" Information and control\nelements and systems. Proceedings of the ChPI, vol. 231. Chelyabinsk,\n1979.\n[10] I.A. Yapryntseva, \"The preparation to control the consumption of fuel in\nthe JSC \"Magnitogorsky Iron and Steel Works\" on the Basis of\nMathematical Statistical Dependencies,\" Proceedings of the Chelyabinsk\nScientific Center, 2004, pp.96 \u2013 100."]} A method of effective planning and control of industrial facility energy consumption is offered. The method allows optimally arranging the management and full control of complex production facilities in accordance with the criteria of minimal technical and economic losses at the forecasting control. The method is based on the optimal construction of the power efficiency characteristics with the prescribed accuracy. The problem of optimal designing of the forecasting model is solved on the basis of three criteria: maximizing the weighted sum of the points of forecasting with the prescribed accuracy; the solving of the problem by the standard principles at the incomplete statistic data on the basis of minimization of the regularized function; minimizing the technical and economic losses due to the forecasting errors.

This paper presents experimental results derived from test runs performed with a laboratory-scale updraft fixed-bed gasifier coupled to a combustion chamber to produce data for the investigation of the release behaviour and the conversion of fuel-bound nitrogen during gasification and subsequent staged combustion of the producer gas using softwood pellets. The concentrations of relevant nitrogenous gas species including tars have been measured in the producer gas and at different positions in the combustion chamber. Based on the experimental measurements and results derived from the test runs, the pathway of the fuel-bound nitrogen could be described. Results show that during updraft fixed-bed gasification the fuel-bound nitrogen is mainly released as N bound in tars from the packed bed and is then subsequently released as HCN, NO, NH3 and N2 as a result of tar cracking during combustion. This strong N-fixation in the tars was not expected. It is of great relevance for the understanding of the behaviour of the fuel-bound nitrogen as a basis for a low-NOx combustion of the producer gas. Proceedings of the 19th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 6-10 June 2011, Berlin, Germany, pp. 996-1001

A high pressure/high temperature reactor was used in semi­continuous mode for hydroprocessing of Cracked Vegetable Oil (CVO). Therefore, hydrogen with a partial pressure of 50 bar was conveyed continuously through the pilot plant. The reaction temperature was 350 °C. This temperature was hold for 3 h in each experiment. CVO was provided in the reactor for treatment with a molybdenum catalyst with traces of heavy metals in a ratio of 1 wt.­% corresponding to the mass of CVO in the reactor at the beginning of the test. Deoxygenation (DO) reactions were found in all experiments and Hydrogenated Cracked Vegetable Oil (HCVO) was obtained. Acid number and calorific value measurement as well as selectively gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GCMS) was performed for proving DO. CVO used in this study was made from rapeseed oil. The aim of the project is the transfer of those findings to CVO which is based on used frying oil. Conventional raw materials suffer on a lack of sustainability and high cost. CVO removes these drawbacks and provides a high quality product with high energy density at the same time. Proceedings of the 22nd European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 23-26 June 2014, Hamburg, Germany, pp. 1034-1037

{"references": ["Ministry of energy and mineral resources. Annual Report 2007.\nAmman", "W Durisch , J Keller , W Bulgheroni , LKeller , H Fricker, Solar\nirradiation measurements in Jordan and comparisons with California\nand Alpine data, Applied Energy, 52(2-3),1995,111-124.", "O Badran, Study in industrial applications of solar energy and the range\nof its utilization in Jordan. Renewable Energy, 24(3-4), 2001, 485-90.", "E Hrayshat , M Al-Soud, Potentials of solar energy development for\nwater pumping in Jordan. Renew Energy 29, 2004,1393-1399.", "Jordan Meteorological Department: Jordan Annual Climate Bulletin,\nJMD, Amman, Jordan, 2000.", "Jordan Meteorological Department: Jordan Annual Climate Bulletin,\nJMD, Amman, Jordan, 1999.", "Duffie and Beckman, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, 2nd\nedition, Wiley and Sons, Toronto."]} The purpose of this work is to present the potential of solar energy in Zarqa region. The solar radiation along year 2009 was obtained from Pyranometer which measures the global radiation over horizontal surfaces. Solar data in several different forms, over period of 5 minutes, hour-by-hour, daily and monthly data radiation have been presented. Briefly, the yearly global solar radiation in Zarqa is 7297.5 MJ/m2 (2027 kWh/m²) and the average annual solar radiation per day is 20 MJ/m2 (5.5 Kwh/m2). More specifically, the average annual solar radiation per day is 12.9 MJ/m2 (3.57 Kwh/m2) in winter and 25 MJ/m2 (7 Kwh/m2) in summer.