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In Eastern Europe countries, including Ukraine, a significant part of the buildings belongs to the mass development of the 80s, which are characterized by a low level of energy efficiency. For such countries with sharply continental climates, heating costs prevail to a large extent. Improved thermal protection forces more attention to be paid to heat losses with ventilation. The distribution of air exchange between individual rooms is difficult to determine, especially due to natural ventilation. The work is devoted to considering the conditions of natural convection and determining the effect on the energy consumption of a building. The article considers the advanced ASHRAE technique for calculating natural air exchange. The influence of the temperature and wind characteristics of the outdoor air on the natural component of the air exchange rate at the different locations of the representative rooms of an 8-story building is analyzed. The value of the air exchange rate for typical conditions of Kiev does not exceed 0.25 h-1, 0.65 h-1 and 0.4 h-1 for two-chamber and single-chamber double-glazed windows, triple glazing in wooden double binders, respectively. On the first floors, air exchange is associated with air infiltration, and on the last floors there is exfiltration, which must be taken into account when dynamically modeling the energy characteristics of a building. The example is with additional mechanical ventilation to maintain a comfortable environment. 5R1C dynamic grid models were created to study the energy performance of the building. The estimate of additional heating costs due to infiltration is 23 % for the North and 43 % for the South orientation of rooms with two-chamber energy-saving windows. It has been established that in dynamics, the energy consumption of a building with normative air exchange and the calculated value of the natural component differs by 50–75 %, which is a possible level of savings under actual air exchange conditions in comparison with standard ones. This savings can be reduced by increasing air exchange during busy hours, for example, due to additional aeration. В странах Восточной Европы, в том числе Украине, значительная часть зданий относится к массовой застройке 80-х годов, для которых характерен низкий уровень энергоэффективности. Для таких стран с резко континентальным климатом в значительной степени превалируют расходы на отопление. Улучшение тепловой защиты заставляет больше внимания уделять тепловым потерям с вентиляцией. Распределение воздухообмена между отдельными помещениями достаточно трудно определить, особенно за счет естественной вентиляции. Работа посвящена рассмотрению условий естественной конвекции и определению влияния на энергопотребление здания. В статье рассмотрена усовершенствованная методика ASHRAE для расчета естественного воздухообмена. Проанализировано влияние температуры и ветровых характеристик наружного воздуха на естественную составляющую кратности воздухообмена при различном расположении репрезентативных помещений 8-ми этажного здания. Значение кратности воздухообмена для типичных условий Киева не превышает 0.25 ч-1, 0.65 ч-1 и 0.4 ч-1 для двухкамерный и однокамерных стеклопакетов, тройного остекления в деревянных спаренных переплетах, соответственно. На первых этажах воздухообмен связан с инфильтрацией воздуха, а на последних - присутствует эксфильтрация, что нужно учитывать при динамическом моделировании энергетических характеристик здания. Например, при дополнительной механической вентиляции для поддержания комфортных условий. Созданы динамические сеточные модели 5R1C для исследования энергетического состояния здания. Оценка дополнительных расходов на отопление за счет инфильтрации составляет 23% для северной и 43% для южной ориентации помещений с двухкамерными энергосберегающими окнами. Установлено, что в динамике энергопотребление здания при нормативном воздухообмене и рассчитанном значении природной составляющей отличается на 50-75%, что является возможным уровнем экономии при фактических условиях воздухообмена в сравнение с нормативными. Эта экономия может уменьшиться за счет увеличения воздухообмена в часы занятости, например, за счет проветривания.

In Eastern Europe countries, including Ukraine, a significant part of the buildings belongs to the mass development of the 80s, which are characterized by a low level of energy efficiency. For such countries with sharply continental climates, heating costs prevail to a large extent. Improved thermal protection forces more attention to be paid to heat losses with ventilation. The distribution of air exchange between individual rooms is difficult to determine, especially due to natural ventilation. The work is devoted to considering the conditions of natural convection and determining the effect on the energy consumption of a building. The article considers the advanced ASHRAE technique for calculating natural air exchange. The influence of the temperature and wind characteristics of the outdoor air on the natural component of the air exchange rate at the different locations of the representative rooms of an 8-story building is analyzed. The value of the air exchange rate for typical conditions of Kiev does not exceed 0.25 h-1, 0.65 h-1 and 0.4 h-1 for two-chamber and single-chamber double-glazed windows, triple glazing in wooden double binders, respectively. On the first floors, air exchange is associated with air infiltration, and on the last floors there is exfiltration, which must be taken into account when dynamically modeling the energy characteristics of a building. The example is with additional mechanical ventilation to maintain a comfortable environment. 5R1C dynamic grid models were created to study the energy performance of the building. The estimate of additional heating costs due to infiltration is 23 % for the North and 43 % for the South orientation of rooms with two-chamber energy-saving windows. It has been established that in dynamics, the energy consumption of a building with normative air exchange and the calculated value of the natural component differs by 50–75 %, which is a possible level of savings under actual air exchange conditions in comparison with standard ones. This savings can be reduced by increasing air exchange during busy hours, for example, due to additional aeration. В странах Восточной Европы, в том числе Украине, значительная часть зданий относится к массовой застройке 80-х годов, для которых характерен низкий уровень энергоэффективности. Для таких стран с резко континентальным климатом в значительной степени превалируют расходы на отопление. Улучшение тепловой защиты заставляет больше внимания уделять тепловым потерям с вентиляцией. Распределение воздухообмена между отдельными помещениями достаточно трудно определить, особенно за счет естественной вентиляции. Работа посвящена рассмотрению условий естественной конвекции и определению влияния на энергопотребление здания. В статье рассмотрена усовершенствованная методика ASHRAE для расчета естественного воздухообмена. Проанализировано влияние температуры и ветровых характеристик наружного воздуха на естественную составляющую кратности воздухообмена при различном расположении репрезентативных помещений 8-ми этажного здания. Значение кратности воздухообмена для типичных условий Киева не превышает 0.25 ч-1, 0.65 ч-1 и 0.4 ч-1 для двухкамерный и однокамерных стеклопакетов, тройного остекления в деревянных спаренных переплетах, соответственно. На первых этажах воздухообмен связан с инфильтрацией воздуха, а на последних - присутствует эксфильтрация, что нужно учитывать при динамическом моделировании энергетических характеристик здания. Например, при дополнительной механической вентиляции для поддержания комфортных условий. Созданы динамические сеточные модели 5R1C для исследования энергетического состояния здания. Оценка дополнительных расходов на отопление за счет инфильтрации составляет 23% для северной и 43% для южной ориентации помещений с двухкамерными энергосберегающими окнами. Установлено, что в динамике энергопотребление здания при нормативном воздухообмене и рассчитанном значении природной составляющей отличается на 50-75%, что является возможным уровнем экономии при фактических условиях воздухообмена в сравнение с нормативными. Эта экономия может уменьшиться за счет увеличения воздухообмена в часы занятости, например, за счет проветривания.

{"references": ["Zhang, Z., Wu, X., Yang, X., Zhu, Y., BEPAS - A life cycle building\nenvironmental performance assessment model, Building and\nEnvironmental 51(5) (2006), pp. 669-675", "Radhi, H., On the optimal selection of wall cladding system to reduce\ndirect and indirect CO2 emissions, Energy 35(3) (2010), pp. 1412-1424", "Gartner, E., Industrially interesting approaches to \" low-CO2\" cements,\nCement and Concrete Research 34(9) (2004), pp. 1489-1498", "Wang, W., Zmeureanu, R., Rivard, H., Applying multi-objective genetic\nalgorithms in green building design optimization, Building and\nEnvironment 40(11) (2005), pp. 1512-1525", "Sartori, I., Hestnes, A.G., Energy use in the life cycle of conventional and\nlow-energy buildings: A review article, Energy and Buildings 39(3)\n(2007), pp. 249-257", "Ki-Bong Park, Takafumi Noguchi, Environmental Concern Concrete and\nReinforced Concrete Construction for Low Carbon Green Growth, Korea\nConcrete Institute 21(4) (2009), pp.44-49", "Guggemos, A.A., Horvath, A., Comparison of Environmental Effects of\nSteel- and Concrete-Framed Buildings, Journal of Infrastructure Systems\n11(2) (2005), pp. 93-101", "Cole, R.J., Energy and greenhouse gas emissions associated with the\nconstruction of alternative structural systems, Building and Environment\n34(3) (1998), pp. 335-348", "Moon, K.S., Sustainable structural engineering strategies for tall building,\nThe Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings 17(5) (2008), pp.\n895-914\n[10] Paya-Zaforteza, I., Yepes, V., Hopitaler, A., Gonzalez-Vidosa, F.,\nCO2-optimization of reinforced concrete frames by simulated annealing,\nEngineering Structures 31(7) (2009), pp. 1501-1508\n[11] Paya, I., Yepes, V., Gonzalez-Vidosa, F., Hospitaler, A., Multiobjective\noptimization of concrete building frames by simulated annealing,\nComputer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering 23(8) (2008), pp.\n596-610\n[12] Saw, H.S. and Liew, J.Y.R., Assessment of current methods for the design\nof composite columns in buildings, Journal of Constructional Steel\nResearch 53(2) (2000), pp. 121-147\n[13] Holland, J.H., Adaptation in natural and artificial system, Univ. Michigan\nAnn Arbor, MIT. (1975)\n[14] C. Lee and J. Ahn, Flexural Design of Reinforced Concrete Frames by\nGenetic Algorithm, Journal of Structural Engineering 129(6) (2003), pp.\n762-774"]} Environmental pollution problems have been globally main concern in all fields including economy, society and culture into the 21st century. Beginning with the Kyoto Protocol, the reduction on the emissions of greenhouse gas such as CO2 and SOX has been a principal challenge of our day. As most buildings unlike durable goods in other industries have a characteristic and long life cycle, they consume energy in quantity and emit much CO2. Thus, for green building construction, more research is needed to reduce the CO2 emissions at each stage in the life cycle. However, recent studies are focused on the use and maintenance phase. Also, there is a lack of research on the initial design stage, especially the structure design. Therefore, in this study, we propose an optimal design plan considering CO2 emissions and cost in composite buildings simultaneously by applying to the structural design of actual building.

{"references": ["Zhang, Z., Wu, X., Yang, X., Zhu, Y., BEPAS - A life cycle building\nenvironmental performance assessment model, Building and\nEnvironmental 51(5) (2006), pp. 669-675", "Radhi, H., On the optimal selection of wall cladding system to reduce\ndirect and indirect CO2 emissions, Energy 35(3) (2010), pp. 1412-1424", "Gartner, E., Industrially interesting approaches to \" low-CO2\" cements,\nCement and Concrete Research 34(9) (2004), pp. 1489-1498", "Wang, W., Zmeureanu, R., Rivard, H., Applying multi-objective genetic\nalgorithms in green building design optimization, Building and\nEnvironment 40(11) (2005), pp. 1512-1525", "Sartori, I., Hestnes, A.G., Energy use in the life cycle of conventional and\nlow-energy buildings: A review article, Energy and Buildings 39(3)\n(2007), pp. 249-257", "Ki-Bong Park, Takafumi Noguchi, Environmental Concern Concrete and\nReinforced Concrete Construction for Low Carbon Green Growth, Korea\nConcrete Institute 21(4) (2009), pp.44-49", "Guggemos, A.A., Horvath, A., Comparison of Environmental Effects of\nSteel- and Concrete-Framed Buildings, Journal of Infrastructure Systems\n11(2) (2005), pp. 93-101", "Cole, R.J., Energy and greenhouse gas emissions associated with the\nconstruction of alternative structural systems, Building and Environment\n34(3) (1998), pp. 335-348", "Moon, K.S., Sustainable structural engineering strategies for tall building,\nThe Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings 17(5) (2008), pp.\n895-914\n[10] Paya-Zaforteza, I., Yepes, V., Hopitaler, A., Gonzalez-Vidosa, F.,\nCO2-optimization of reinforced concrete frames by simulated annealing,\nEngineering Structures 31(7) (2009), pp. 1501-1508\n[11] Paya, I., Yepes, V., Gonzalez-Vidosa, F., Hospitaler, A., Multiobjective\noptimization of concrete building frames by simulated annealing,\nComputer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering 23(8) (2008), pp.\n596-610\n[12] Saw, H.S. and Liew, J.Y.R., Assessment of current methods for the design\nof composite columns in buildings, Journal of Constructional Steel\nResearch 53(2) (2000), pp. 121-147\n[13] Holland, J.H., Adaptation in natural and artificial system, Univ. Michigan\nAnn Arbor, MIT. (1975)\n[14] C. Lee and J. Ahn, Flexural Design of Reinforced Concrete Frames by\nGenetic Algorithm, Journal of Structural Engineering 129(6) (2003), pp.\n762-774"]} Environmental pollution problems have been globally main concern in all fields including economy, society and culture into the 21st century. Beginning with the Kyoto Protocol, the reduction on the emissions of greenhouse gas such as CO2 and SOX has been a principal challenge of our day. As most buildings unlike durable goods in other industries have a characteristic and long life cycle, they consume energy in quantity and emit much CO2. Thus, for green building construction, more research is needed to reduce the CO2 emissions at each stage in the life cycle. However, recent studies are focused on the use and maintenance phase. Also, there is a lack of research on the initial design stage, especially the structure design. Therefore, in this study, we propose an optimal design plan considering CO2 emissions and cost in composite buildings simultaneously by applying to the structural design of actual building.

The tasks a façade has to fulfill in contemporary high-end architecture have become more and more complex and challenging. An innovative skin has to block a considerable amount of sun radiation in summer, while it has to prevent heating energy from getting lost in winter. At the same time the skin has to allow for a high amount of (controlled) natural lighting and (controlled) natural ventilation. On the other side the iconic character of “signature” architecture pushes for glass façades to become almost dematerialized, a development further reinforced by recent advances in modern glass technology. Contemporary façades have to reach high transparency rates and have to follow extremely complex geometries - while still fulfilling requirements with regard to energy consumption and user comfort. The arising challenges for the façade engineer are therefore immense. The present paper presents various examples of how these challenges can be tackled in an appropriate way that units functionality, sustainability, and aesthetics Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings, Vol. 5 (2016): Challenging Glass 5

The tasks a façade has to fulfill in contemporary high-end architecture have become more and more complex and challenging. An innovative skin has to block a considerable amount of sun radiation in summer, while it has to prevent heating energy from getting lost in winter. At the same time the skin has to allow for a high amount of (controlled) natural lighting and (controlled) natural ventilation. On the other side the iconic character of “signature” architecture pushes for glass façades to become almost dematerialized, a development further reinforced by recent advances in modern glass technology. Contemporary façades have to reach high transparency rates and have to follow extremely complex geometries - while still fulfilling requirements with regard to energy consumption and user comfort. The arising challenges for the façade engineer are therefore immense. The present paper presents various examples of how these challenges can be tackled in an appropriate way that units functionality, sustainability, and aesthetics Challenging Glass Conference Proceedings, Vol. 5 (2016): Challenging Glass 5

Increased awareness of not only the value, but the necessity of adopting green building initiatives in new builds and retrofits is critical.

Increased awareness of not only the value, but the necessity of adopting green building initiatives in new builds and retrofits is critical.

Sweden’s concrete waste is recycled for use in low-utility purposes such as in the construction of sub-bases in roads but hardly as aggregates in new concrete. To analyse the potential for high-utility recycling, a literature study was conducted on the regulatory instruments, building standards, production and properties of recycled concrete aggregates and the recycled aggregate concrete for Sweden and European countries. Results urge statistics to quantify recycled concrete; regulations like source sorting of waste and selective demolition could potentially optimize recycled aggregate production. Also, the compressive strength of recycled concrete aggregate’s parent concrete influences the properties of the new concrete. RE:Concrete