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In the study of waterflood process using scaled physical models, there are some factors like petrophysics, geometry, pressure and others properties of the porous media that are impossible to reproduce exactly, because the conditions present a big difference. Now, if it is impossible to reproduce the porous media in laboratory, petrophysics properties are going to be different too, like these properties determine flow fluids the production results between field and laboratory are different. However, scaled models are very expensive but if you are going to study a new process where the physics is not unknow, they are a big help, then ¿What can you do with the difference in petrophysical properties? Well, you can ignore this difference or pay a lot of money additionally for ¿try¿ of build a better porous media. But, there is a third option that you can include for the calculation of the difference in petrophysical properties; the question is ¿How? In this work it was proposed a new method based in the difference of mobile porous volume, because this property have relation with residual saturations, porosity and scale factor. Use of this method is limited for some characteristics like geometry, we used a configuration of two wells in a eighth of five spot; the reservoir must be homogeneous without shale intercalations, and finally fluids used in field and laboratory must present equal mobility relation. When you are going to use this graphic method, it is necessary to know mobile porous volume in field, the scale factor used and mobile porous volume in model. With these properties, you can read a difference factor for the recovery factor in the graphic and with this value you can matching your recovery factor and other production data, to get a best result with your physical models.

Lisama field is located in Magdalena Middle Valley basin and although it was discovered in 1967, its recovery factor does not exceed 14% and its production is declining. For this reason, it requires prompt implementation of a secondary recovery process to offset declining oil rate and stabilize the reservoir pressure; The field was evaluated for experimental response to the implementation of a water injection process in its most prolific reservoir: Mugrosa Formation. In this study we performed the integration of results from laboratory tests such as basic petrophysical properties, mineralogical characterization, mineral distribution, poral geometry, compatibility studies and sensitivity of the rock. The response of the reservoir to the implementation of the process was positive because compatibility between fluids and a low sensitivity of the formation minerals were observed.

Paraffinic crude oils are very valuable, because of the products that can be obtained from them, but the challenge is to produce them and transport them. If the characteristics show that an oil is paraffinic, the paraffin precipitation and deposition can occur from a point between the reservoir and surface facilities or during transport by pipeline, causing possible damage to the formation if it is deposited in the reservoir , operational problems and increases in costs and in severe cases even loss of the well.It is advisable to make an early diagnosis in order to implement preventive systems and not wait that for the problem increases with the consequences mentioned.This paper presents an analysis of the problem, patterns of characterization and finally we explain the case of Colorado field, where despite of being a mature field, are making advances in research whose results can help mitigate problems of precipitation of organics in other oil fields

The development of this paper permits to find and set a new and alternative solution to the big problem that Colombian petroleum fields are facing: Management and Disposal of produced water. Due to the conventional treatment facilities, petroleum companies are spending great amounts of money to treat and dispose petroleum wastewaters. The present project describes a full-scale constructed wetland design proposed as a secondary treatment for a Colombian field produced water. The design takes into account the physicochemical characteristics of a Colombian field water affluent, represented as organic matter (BOD) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) oncentrations, according to the main design criteria for the technology, like type and ollutants concentrations, type of wetland, entrance water rate and total area required. Once the type of wetland is selected, the design realizes the principal constraints that affect wetland performance, including operational and maintenance procedures for a future implementation. The design consists in a Horizontal Subsurface flow Constructed Wetland (HSSf CW) with 12 ha of superficial area and 2 ft depth, to treat an average water rate of 678.607 Bbl/day. The HSSf CW consisted on 60 cells of 109,35 x 196,85 ft each, organized in parallel (12) and in series (5). Each cell will be planted with native aquatic macrophytes to enhance purification processes. This grand superficial area design is considered compensated by the low operational and maintenance costs, calculated for a 10-year period. While a conventional treatment system for produced water needs an inversion of US$4.380.338,1 per year, a HSSF CW works with US$23.681,78 for the same time period.

El hidrógeno es una energía atractiva debido a su alto contenido energético y combustión amigable. Entre los diferentes mecanismos existentes para la producción de hidrógeno, la fermentación oscura es uno de los más interesantes debido a que se aprovechan residuos como materia prima. Actualmente, la investigación en hidrógeno se encuentra en desarrollo, sin embargo, los resultados no han sido concluyentes, existiendo aún un vacío en los factores que se deben tener en cuenta y sobre todo no se ha llegado al nivel máximo de producción. En este sentido, este trabajo pretende, por medio de una revisión crítica de estudios realizados en el periodo 1993-2011, mostrar los factores más estudiados, configuraciones más empleadas y los principales resultados en este tema. Con base en esto, se encontró no sólo la necesidad de optimizar los factores que influyen en la producción, sino también la necesidad de incrementar la realización de estudios en escala real y régimen continuo.Hydrogen is an attractive energy source due to its high energy content and friendly combustion. Among the various mechanisms for hydrogen production, dark fermentation is one of the most interesting, because it uses the wastes as feedstock. The research on hydrogen production is to date in study, but the results are not yet conclusive. In this sense, this paper aims to do a critical review between 1993 and 2011 to show the most studied factors, the configurations most employed and the main results on this topic. Our findings showed the need, not only to optimize the factors that influence the production, but also to do more studies on real scale and in continuous flow.

As a result of inherent troubles presented by conventional completions to horizontal wells, Inflow Control Device (ICD) technology was developed and has been successfully applied in different places around the world becoming a very attractive option when looking for solutions and getting the wells maximum performance. With the purpose of finding solutions for some problems presented by horizontal wells from Colombian fields, in the first instance, this paper exposes the theory of the ICD technology and the main problems of the horizontal wells, followed by a sensitivity to ICD¿s structural parameters. Finally, it presents the results of the study of completion effect with ICDs in a Colombian horizontal well, evaluated in two different scenarios.

In this paper, we present the experimental results on the modification of the temperature dependences of the thermopower and the Nernst coefficient in a high-temperature superconductor of the Y0.85Ca0.15Ba2Cu3Oy composition under lanthanum and praseodymium doping. We have revealed specific features of the studied impurities influence in comparison with cases of single doping which are resulted from the presence of calcium ions in the lattice. The joint quantitative analysis of the experimental temperature dependences of the transport coefficients was performed, and this allowed us to determine the values of the main energy spectrum and charge-carrier system parameters in the studied samples. We analyzed the reasons for changes in the nature of the lanthanum and praseodymium influence induced by the calcium ions’ presence in the lattice and showed that they were different. The results obtained for the modification of the energy spectrum structure under doping allowed us to explain the peculiarities of the concentration dependences of the critical temperature in the systems under study.

This paper presents a methodology to develop an efficient financial assessment through risk analysis that integrates technical and financial variables using influence diagrams and Monte Carlo Simulation, achieving not only simplify the simulation model, but also a selection appropriate variables that impact the project. This methodology is exemplified through its application in the evaluation of an enhanced oil recovery project in Colombian oil field, highlighting the oil industry as a prime example of a project evaluation under uncertainty, taken in account their high investment and high number of technical and financial variables that affect it.

The wellbore instability problems generated as a result of the contact between drilling fluid and clay formations have been studied for several years, but the complexity of behavior of argillaceous rocks difficult to study. For this reason, it is important and necessary to propose a possible solution by means of experimental testing using as an instrument of measurement "strain gages" in order to determine the linear swelling of clays in contact with different drilling fluids. The main objective of this study is to propose a methodology based on laboratory tests to determine the linear swelling of the clays in drill cuttings using displacement sensors as the "strain gages."

The present paper presents the evaluation of alternatives for the gathering of extra heavy crude of 8°API. The parameter of comparison used was the dynamic behavior of flow of a well that produces this type of crude oil in the Chichimene field (Meta, COL). The dynamic behavior refers to the pressure losses due to flow from the wellhead to the production manifold. The high viscosity of crude oil and the presence of direct emulsion W/O, requires the application of transportation technologies to reduce operating costs of the production system. The dynamic behavior of flow calculation was adjusted using laboratory measurements of PVT properties of fluids. Also measures were made of the viscosity of direct emulsion W / O that are present in the well. It is noted that viscosity increases with the water cut to the point of inversion of the emulsion, where water becomes the continuous phase. Additionally, laboratory measures were performed to see the effectiveness in reducing the viscosity by dilution or by formation of reverse emulsions of oil dispersed in water O / W. This applied to the gathering of extra heavy crude of 8°API.