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The aim of this study was to analyze whether, and if so, in what way risks would influence the design,costs and routing of CO2pipelines. This article assesses locational and societal risks of CO2pipelinetransport and analyses whether rerouting or implementing additional risk mitigation measures is themost cost-effective option. The models EFFECTS and RISKCURVES are used to estimate the dispersion andrisk, respectively. The pipeline routes are optimized by using the least cost path function in ArcGIS.This article evaluates three case studies in the Netherlands. The results show that pipelines transportingdense phase CO2(8–17 MPa) with a minimal amount of risk mitigation measures already meet the 10−6locational risk required in the Netherlands. 10−6locational risks of 135 m are calculated for intermediatepumping stations, handling 450 kg CO2/s (about 14 Mt CO2/year). In all the cases, pumping stations couldbe located along the pipeline route without any problem.For the cases studied transporting gaseous CO2(1.5–3 MPa) leads to larger 10−6locational risk distancesthan transporting dense phase CO2. This is caused by the large momentum behind a dense phase CO2release, leading to smaller but higher jet and to a higher mixing rate with the surrounding air than for agaseous CO2release.Based on our analysis, it can be concluded that dense phase CO2transport is safe if it is well organized.The risks are manageable and widely accepted under current legislation. In addition, risk mitigationmeasures, like marker tape and increased surveillance, are available which reduce the risk significantlyand increase the costs only slightly. Pipeline routing for gaseous CO2transport appears more challengingin densely populated areas, because larger safety zones are attached to it.

The aim of this study was to analyze whether, and if so, in what way risks would influence the design,costs and routing of CO2pipelines. This article assesses locational and societal risks of CO2pipelinetransport and analyses whether rerouting or implementing additional risk mitigation measures is themost cost-effective option. The models EFFECTS and RISKCURVES are used to estimate the dispersion andrisk, respectively. The pipeline routes are optimized by using the least cost path function in ArcGIS.This article evaluates three case studies in the Netherlands. The results show that pipelines transportingdense phase CO2(8–17 MPa) with a minimal amount of risk mitigation measures already meet the 10−6locational risk required in the Netherlands. 10−6locational risks of 135 m are calculated for intermediatepumping stations, handling 450 kg CO2/s (about 14 Mt CO2/year). In all the cases, pumping stations couldbe located along the pipeline route without any problem.For the cases studied transporting gaseous CO2(1.5–3 MPa) leads to larger 10−6locational risk distancesthan transporting dense phase CO2. This is caused by the large momentum behind a dense phase CO2release, leading to smaller but higher jet and to a higher mixing rate with the surrounding air than for agaseous CO2release.Based on our analysis, it can be concluded that dense phase CO2transport is safe if it is well organized.The risks are manageable and widely accepted under current legislation. In addition, risk mitigationmeasures, like marker tape and increased surveillance, are available which reduce the risk significantlyand increase the costs only slightly. Pipeline routing for gaseous CO2transport appears more challengingin densely populated areas, because larger safety zones are attached to it.

In cooperation with National Environmental Research Institute, Risø DTU National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy and DONG Energy, Danish Technological Institute is manager of the project “Energy Production from Marine Biomass (Ulva lactuca)” which runs from 2008 to 2011. The project aims at clarifying the production potential as well as the energy production of sea lettuce (U. lactuca). Moreover the project will give recommendations for using flue gas from power plants to boost growth and finally give a financial evaluation of the possibility of using U. lactuca for energy purposes. In this project the research on energy potentials is focused on gasification and combustion and the production of bioethanol and biogas. Proceedings of the 18th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 3-7 May 2010, Lyon, France, pp. 212-213

In cooperation with National Environmental Research Institute, Risø DTU National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy and DONG Energy, Danish Technological Institute is manager of the project “Energy Production from Marine Biomass (Ulva lactuca)” which runs from 2008 to 2011. The project aims at clarifying the production potential as well as the energy production of sea lettuce (U. lactuca). Moreover the project will give recommendations for using flue gas from power plants to boost growth and finally give a financial evaluation of the possibility of using U. lactuca for energy purposes. In this project the research on energy potentials is focused on gasification and combustion and the production of bioethanol and biogas. Proceedings of the 18th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 3-7 May 2010, Lyon, France, pp. 212-213

Biological markers in the alkane fraction of coal from the central and southern parts of the Kosovo basin (Yugoslavia) were analyzed by using computerized gas chromatography-mass spectrornetry (GC-MS). The presence of tricyclic diterpanes with pimarane and abictane structure and tctracyclic ditcrpanc 16α(H) phyllocladane indicated that coniferous resins participated in the formation of the organic mater of Kosovo basin coal. The presence of Dc-A lupanc proved the partipication of dicotyledonous gymnosperms in the formation of the organic matter, while the presence of pentacyclic triterpanes with hopane structure indicated that the degradation of the organic substance was caused by microorganisms of the bacterial type. The results of the GC-MS analysis of the biomarkcrs were used to estimate the degree of carbonification of the investigated coal. The presence of diterpanes with pimarane structure and the presence of monoaromatic hopane structure (D-ring), and the absence of 16β(H) phyllocladane and 18α(H)22,29,30 trisnorhopane (Ts), confirmed that Kosovo basin coal is of a low carbonification degree.

Biological markers in the alkane fraction of coal from the central and southern parts of the Kosovo basin (Yugoslavia) were analyzed by using computerized gas chromatography-mass spectrornetry (GC-MS). The presence of tricyclic diterpanes with pimarane and abictane structure and tctracyclic ditcrpanc 16α(H) phyllocladane indicated that coniferous resins participated in the formation of the organic mater of Kosovo basin coal. The presence of Dc-A lupanc proved the partipication of dicotyledonous gymnosperms in the formation of the organic matter, while the presence of pentacyclic triterpanes with hopane structure indicated that the degradation of the organic substance was caused by microorganisms of the bacterial type. The results of the GC-MS analysis of the biomarkcrs were used to estimate the degree of carbonification of the investigated coal. The presence of diterpanes with pimarane structure and the presence of monoaromatic hopane structure (D-ring), and the absence of 16β(H) phyllocladane and 18α(H)22,29,30 trisnorhopane (Ts), confirmed that Kosovo basin coal is of a low carbonification degree.

The paper explores changes in reactivity and chemico-physical characteristics of char and tar produced by severe heat treatment of lignite in both inert atmospheres, and CO2 rich atmospheres. The role of mineral matter, in particular metal oxides, in catalysing chemical and physical transformations is also addressed. A Rhenish Lignite from the Garzweiler mine was studied and compared with: a) mineral-free synthetic carbon (HTC), obtained from cellulose; b) a synthetic carbon doped with iron oxide (Fe2O3). A heated strip reactor (HSR) was employed at temperatures of 1300 and 1800 °C in N2 and CO2 atmospheres. Liquid and solid products (tar and char) were analysed and compared. Tar composition was evaluated by extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, whereas the solid carbonaceous material produced by pyrolysis, mainly composed of char, was characterized regarding its thermal behaviour by thermogravimetric analysis and its structure by Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Results show that iron oxide exerts a catalytic influence on both pyrolysis and char oxidation. Upon severe heat treatment, it reduces char reactivity promoting graphitization and structural ordering. The overall effect on char reactivity is therefore not easy to predict.

The paper explores changes in reactivity and chemico-physical characteristics of char and tar produced by severe heat treatment of lignite in both inert atmospheres, and CO2 rich atmospheres. The role of mineral matter, in particular metal oxides, in catalysing chemical and physical transformations is also addressed. A Rhenish Lignite from the Garzweiler mine was studied and compared with: a) mineral-free synthetic carbon (HTC), obtained from cellulose; b) a synthetic carbon doped with iron oxide (Fe2O3). A heated strip reactor (HSR) was employed at temperatures of 1300 and 1800 °C in N2 and CO2 atmospheres. Liquid and solid products (tar and char) were analysed and compared. Tar composition was evaluated by extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, whereas the solid carbonaceous material produced by pyrolysis, mainly composed of char, was characterized regarding its thermal behaviour by thermogravimetric analysis and its structure by Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Results show that iron oxide exerts a catalytic influence on both pyrolysis and char oxidation. Upon severe heat treatment, it reduces char reactivity promoting graphitization and structural ordering. The overall effect on char reactivity is therefore not easy to predict.