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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Takuji Harada; Hirotatsu Watanabe; Yoshiyuki Suzuki; Haruyuki Kamata; +3 Authors

    Abstract Numerical simulations of combined natural convection–conduction in a droplet of n-dodecane suspended from a thermocouple were carried out, taking into consideration evaporation, and the effect of thermocouple diameter on the evaporation characteristics was investigated. The calculated temperature history of the droplet is in good agreement with experimental results; both show that the rate of heating decreases with increasing thermocouple diameter. The maximum error in temperature due to the thermocouple increases linearly with increasing thermocouple diameter. Thus, in investigations involving a droplet suspended from a thermocouple, it is preferable to use a thermocouple with the smallest possible diameter.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao International Journa...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
    Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Article . 2010
    Data sources: IRDB
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao International Journa...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
      Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
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      Article . 2010
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Tsuyoshi Nagasawa; Merika Chanthanumataporn; Katsunori Hanamura; Hirotatsu Watanabe; +1 Authors

    The nickel/yttria-stabilized zirconia (Ni/YSZ) has widely used as an anode for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The high operation temperature allows an SOFC to operate on a wide range of fuels, including hydrocarbons and coal syngas. Direct internal reforming reactions inside SOFC porous anodes enable the hydrocarbon fuel and steam into H2 and CO. The internal reforming fuel cells eliminate the requirement for a separate fuel reformer, leading to more efficient system. Meanwhile, Ni is also a catalyst for carbon deposition reactions such as methane cracking. The deposited carbon deactivates the Ni catalyst and causes rapid cell degradation. Although the high steam/carbon ratio is able to suppress carbon formation, it lowers the electrical efficiency by steam dilution of the fuel. Thus, an optimum steam/carbon ratio results in high performance of SOFC. This study aims to investigate mechanisms of carbon deposition on Ni/YSZ anode experimentally and numerically. First, the carbon deposition on Ni/YSZ was observed with SEM/EDX. Then, carbon deposition pathways on Ni surface were studied by detailed reaction kinetics. Moreover, the impact of steam carbon ratio on carbon deposition was investigated.  An electrolyte-supported button cell was used. The disk-type electrolyte was composed of YSZ (8 mol% Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2). The diameter and thickness of the cell were 20 mm and 300 mm, respectively. To manufacture the anode, a mixture of NiO/YSZ powder, ethyl cellulose, α-terpineol, a dispersant and a plasticizer was prepared and coated on one side of the disk (Ni:YSZ = 50:50 vol%). The disk was dried at 90 oC for 12 h and sintered at a temperature of 1300 oC. The fabricated cell was put into a quartz reactor. The temperature near the cell was measured by K-type thermocouple. The cell was heated in the reactor to 900 oC by an electric furnace. CH4 and Ar were supplied to the cell at 10 and 90 ml/min, respectively. The mixture gas impinged on the cell. During the experiment, H2 concentration in off-gas from the reactor was measured with GC. Before the cell was pulled out from the quartz reactor for ex-situ observation, the gas line was switched from CH4/Ar to Ar, and the reactor was rapidly cooled for reaction quench. Then, the carbon deposition on the cell was performed by SEM-EDX and off-gas analysis. The carbon was supposed to form on Ni surface. Thus, the one-dimensional stagnation flow model in which CH4/Ar flow impinged on the Ni plate like experimental setup was used in the calculation. Catalytic heterogeneous reactions were modeled by elemental step based reaction mechanisms developed by Maier et al. (Top. Catal., 54 (2011) 845-858). The 42 surface reactions involving 12 surface-adsorbed species were used. The transient surface coverage of carbon was calculated, and the carbon formation pathways were computationally studied.  As a result, the amount of carbon was increased as time proceeded in the experiment. The amount of deposited carbon measured with the balance corresponded to that estimated from H2 concentration, assuming that the carbon was formed through CH4 decomposition (CH4 → C + 2 H2). It was shown that the mass was well balanced in the experimental system. SEM-EDX analysis showed that carbon was deposited on not YSZ but Ni surface, indicating Ni acted as catalyst for carbon deposition as reported by previous studies. 20 min after CH4/Ar was supplied, the Ni/YSZ layer started to expand. A swelling ratio based on the initial cell thickness became over 100 % after 60 min. SEM observation showed that the porous anode structure was destroyed by the carbon growth. In fact, the recovery of the anode structure was difficult once the anode was expanded even if the carbon was removed by reforming. Calculation showed that the surface coverage of carbon became over 0.9 within 10 sec when CH4/Ar was supplied to Ni substrate at the same condition as the experiment. Carbon was formed on the surface subsequent to CH4 adsorption on Ni surface and dissociation reactions. CH4 adsorption reaction on Ni surface showed a high sensitivity against the carbon formation. Calculation also showed that the carbon was not formed when S/C (steam carbon ratio) was less than 1.0 where the carbon was formed in equilibrium condition, indicating kinetics of surface reaction played an important role in the carbon deposition than equilibrium.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao ECS Meeting Abstract...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    ECS Meeting Abstracts
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
    License: IOP Copyright Policies
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    ECS Transactions
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao ECS Meeting Abstract...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      ECS Meeting Abstracts
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
      License: IOP Copyright Policies
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      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Hirotatsu Watanabe; Minori Nakanouchi; Katsunori Hanamura;

    A triple phase boundary reaction site was formed in a direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC) when the char wetted by molten carbonate was in contact with the anode. It has been reported that gases such as CO2 covered the anode during discharge, leading to high anode overpotential. In this study, a press-type DCFC was developed to overcome this issue. By pressing the perforated anode on the carbon/carbonate-packed bed, it was expected that the carbon particles would remain in contact with the anode, while the gas products would be released through the perforation due to their buoyancy. As a result, the power output achieved with the press-type DCFC was higher and more stable as compared with the conventional DCFC. The anodic impedance spectra showed that the arc size of the press-type DCFC was much smaller than that of the conventional DCFC. This was particularly noticeable at the low frequencies, indicating the anode resistance caused by the mass transfer processes including the gas products and the contact between the anode and carbon particles to be significantly less in the press-type DCFC.

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  • Authors: Hirotatsu Watanabe; Takashi Marumo; Ken Okazaki;

    In this study, the effect of CO2 reactivity on low NOx combustion by varying CO2 mole fraction in inflow gas was experimentally and numerically investigated. A flat CH4 flame doped with NH3 for fuel N was formed in a reactor allowed secondary gas injection to simulate the fuel-rich region in a low NOx burner. The primary relative O2/CH4 ratio (λprimary) was 0.6 or 0.7, and the total relative O2/CH4 ratio was set to 0.8 by injecting a secondary gas. Measurement showed excited OH radical increased with increasing inlet CO2 mole fraction, and calculation showed that OH radical formation increased with increasing inlet CO2 mole fraction through the CO2 + H → CO + OH. N2 formation provided useful information to discuss low NOx combustion because an increase in the N2 yield indicated low NOx combustion. At λprimary = 0.7, the N2 yield decreased with increasing inlet CO2 mole fraction. Meanwhile, the N2 yield increased with increasing inlet CO2 mole fraction at λprimary = 0.6, regardless of the gas temperature. ...

    Energy & Fuelsarrow_drop_down
    Energy & Fuels
    Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2012
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      Energy & Fuels
      Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2012
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Hirotatsu Watanabe; Yoshiyuki Suzuki; Takuji Harada; Hideyuki Aoki; +1 Authors

    This paper describes a mathematical model for predicting the mass of water vapor generated in micro-explosion. First, a single droplet experiment was carried out. A W/O (water/oil) emulsified fuel droplet suspended by a thermocouple was heated by a halogen spot heater, and micro-explosion was observed using a high-speed video camera. The progress of the coalescence of the dispersed water droplet was observed while droplet was heated, and an aggregated water droplet was formed in the oil layer. Based on the measured micro-explosion characteristics, a mathematical model for predicting water vapor mass generated in micro-explosion was proposed. The size of the aggregated water droplet just before micro-explosion was measured to verify the proposed mathematical model. Under certain assumptions, mass and energy conservation equations were applied to micro-explosion process, and an equation to calculate water vapor mass generated in micro-explosion was derived. The derived equation and some measurement results provide enough information to calculate water vapor mass generated in micro-explosion. The calculated diameter of the water droplet, which changed to vapor in micro-explosion, was compared to that of the aggregated water droplet just before micro-explosion. The calculated results roughly agreed with experimental ones, and the validity of the proposed model was verified.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Energyarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Energy
    Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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    Article . 2011
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Energyarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Energy
      Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2011
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Hirotatsu Watanabe; Jun-ichiro Yamamoto; Ken Okazaki;

    Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the NO x formation and reduction mechanisms in staged O 2 /CO 2 combustion and in air combustion. A flat CH 4 flame doped with NH 3 for fuel-N was formed over the honeycomb, and NO x formation characteristics were investigated. In addition, chemiluminescence of OH * distribution was measured, and CHEMKIN-PRO was used to investigate the detailed NO x reduction mechanism. In general, the NO x conversion ratio decreases with decreasing primary O 2 /CH 4 ratio, whereas NH 3 and HCN, which are easily converted to NO x in the presence of O 2 , increases rapidly. Therefore, a suitable primary O 2 /CH 4 ratio exists in the staged combustion. Our experiments showed the primary O 2 /CH 4 ratio, which gave the minimum fixed nitrogen compounds in O 2 /CO 2 combustion, was lower than in air combustion. The NO x conversion ratio in O 2 /CO 2 combustion was lower than in air combustion by 40% in suitable staged combustion. This could be explained by high CO 2 concentrations in the O 2 /CO 2 combustion. It was shown that abundant OH radicals were formed in O 2 /CO 2 combustion through the CO 2 + H → CO + OH, experimentally and numerically. OH radicals produced H and O radicals through H 2 + OH → H + H 2 O and O 2 + H → OH + O, because a mass of hydrogen source exists in the CH 4 flame. O and OH radicals formed in the fuel-rich region enhanced the oxidation of NH 3 and HCN. NO x formed by the oxidation of NH 3 and HCN was converted to N 2 because the oxidation occurred in the fuel-rich region where the NO x reduction effect was high. In fact, the oxidation of NH 3 and HCN in the fuel-rich region was preferable to remaining NH 3 and HCN before secondary O 2 injection in the staged combustion. A significant reduction in NO x emission could be achieved by staged combustion in O 2 /CO 2 combustion.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Combustion and Flamearrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Combustion and Flame
    Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2011
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Combustion and Flamearrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Combustion and Flame
      Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2011
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Pious O. Okekunle; Teeranai Pattanotai; Ken Okazaki; Hirotatsu Watanabe;

    The effect of biomass size and aspect ratio on intra-particle tar decomposition has been investigated both numerically and experimentally to achieve a high rate of intra-particle tar decomposition. In one experiment, wood cylinders with a diameter of 8 mm and lengths of 2, 5, and 9 mm were pyrolyzed in an infrared reactor in an argon environment. The final reactor temperature was 973 K and the heating rate was 30 K/s. To make a calculation, a two-dimensional, unsteady state, single particle model was used, and the same convective and radiative heat fluxes were given to the top and side surface of all wood cylinders. Both calculation and experiment showed that tar yield when the length of the biomass was increased and the diameter was kept constant. The calculation showed that, first, tar was formed in the wood cylinder, and then it moved outwards during decomposition. To find an effective aspect ratio of the wood cylinder for further tar decomposition, calculations were also performed in which the aspect ratio (D/L) varied from 0.4 to 6.9 and the wood volume was fixed. As a result, a low aspect ratio was suited for intra-particle tar decomposition because of the difference in the thermal conductivity along the grain and radial directions, although there is an optimum aspect ratio because of the change of residence time. It is well known that the thermal conductivity of unpyrolyzed wood in the radial direction is much lower than that along the grain. By decreasing the aspect ratio, the ratio of the side surface area to total surface area increases. This means that more heat entered from side surface, and low thermal conductivity in the radial direction caused a temperature gradient in the cylinder. When the intra-particle temperature gradient was large, primary tar, which has been formed in the biomass with a relatively low temperature, passed through the side surface layer at high temperatures, enough to advance intra-particle tar decomposition before the tar was released. This resulted in the enhancement of intra-particle tar decomposition.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of Thermal S...arrow_drop_down
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    Journal of Thermal Science and Technology
    Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of Thermal S...arrow_drop_down
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      Journal of Thermal Science and Technology
      Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Hirotatsu Watanabe; Akihiro Kimura; Ken Okazaki;

    This study investigated the impact of ternary carbonate composition (Li2CO3/Na2CO3/K2CO3) on the morphology of the carbon/carbonate slurry and the continuous power generation by direct carbon fuel cells (DCFCs). Carbon/carbonate mixtures were melted to form a slurry at 1073 K. After cooling, the morphology of the solidified slurries was observed at the macro and micro scales. Notable differences were found in the morphology when the carbonate composition was changed. The solidified slurry surface was smooth, with surface carbon particles partly embedded in the carbonate, at Li/Na/K = 12.2/25/62.8 mol %, whereas the slurry surface was irregular, with carbon particles on the surface not embedded in the carbonate at Li/Na/K = 12.2/45/42.8 mol %. This suggested that the carbon particles were well-wetted in the former composition but not in the latter. It was also shown that wetting of the carbon particles was improved by decreasing the mole fraction of Na2CO3, which lowered the surface tension of the molten c...

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Hirotatsu Watanabe; Kiyomi Shimomura; Ken Okazaki;

    Abstract This work aims to study the transition of the chemical form of the alkali minerals during pyrolysis under a CO2 atmosphere, and its effect on char oxidation. Lignin containing a high concentration of Na was heated under a CO2 or Ar atmosphere, and the chemical form of Na in both chars was characterized using water extraction and capillary electrophoresis. These chars were subsequently gasified in air at various temperatures. Capillary electrophoresis analysis demonstrated that the organic-Na component of raw lignin was transformed into carbonate during pyrolysis under CO2. Almost all the Na in char formed under CO2 was a water-soluble carbonate, while water-insoluble Na was found only in char prepared under Ar. Water-insoluble Na was assumed to be R-COONa or –CNa in which Na was strongly bound with the char-matrix, making it resistant to water extraction. It was clearly shown that the chemical form of Na in lignin char was strongly dependent on the presence of CO2 during pyrolysis. Considering these experimental findings, a mechanism for transition of the chemical form of Na during pyrolysis under CO2 was proposed. In addition, significant differences between chars produced under CO2 and Ar appeared during gasification. The lowest temperature at which the oxidation of char formed under CO2 and Ar was 1073 K and 923 K, respectively. The major differences between chars prepared under Ar and CO2 were chemical form of sodium. The increase in oxidation temperature, therefore, was caused by transition of the chemical form of Na under CO2. In fact, –CNa, the most important catalyst in char oxidation, was not formed; although carbonate was formed during lignin pyrolysis under CO2. These results have important implications for the combustion or gasification of not only lignin but also Na ion-exchanged coal.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Proceedings of the C...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Proceedings of the Combustion Institute
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2014
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Proceedings of the C...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Proceedings of the Combustion Institute
      Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2014
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Hirotatsu Watanabe; Ken Okazaki;

    Abstract In this study, emulsified fuels having different dispersed water droplets and n -dodecane spray were injected separately into high-temperature inert gas, and their spray droplet behavior was studied. A measurement system consisting of high-speed video camera (125,000 fps) coupled with a shadow imaging technique was used to visualize secondary atomization of spray droplets. In addition, the size distribution of the spray flow was measured using digital processing at different points. Although puffing (i.e. vapor eruption from droplet surface) and partial micro-explosion (i.e. a large part of the droplet bursts) were observed in this study, complete micro-explosion (i.e. the entire droplet bursts) was rarely observed. A certain amount of dispersed water was necessary to cause complete micro-explosion; however, the size of the dispersed water droplets (about 2–3 μm) was insufficient to cause micro-explosion until coalescence is well progressed. In addition, the coalescence of dispersed water droplets had not progressed much because of the short waiting time of 20–30 ms. Meanwhile, puffing occurred, regardless of coalescence, and it was sufficient to provide fine droplets, although less fine than those created by micro-explosion. As emulsified fuel moved downstream with heating, the droplet size significantly decreased; in contrast, heating had less effect on the droplet size of n -dodecane spray. Clearly, secondary atomization that included puffing improved spray characteristics, although the spray size of the emulsified fuel was larger than that of the original fuel near the injection point because of increased viscosity resulting from emulsification. Moreover, large dispersed water droplets improved the intensity of secondary atomization and provided a finer spray flow. The initial size of the dispersed water droplets played an important role in the spray characteristics of the emulsified fuel spray.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Proceedings of the C...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Proceedings of the Combustion Institute
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2012
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Proceedings of the C...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Proceedings of the Combustion Institute
      Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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22 Research products
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Takuji Harada; Hirotatsu Watanabe; Yoshiyuki Suzuki; Haruyuki Kamata; +3 Authors

    Abstract Numerical simulations of combined natural convection–conduction in a droplet of n-dodecane suspended from a thermocouple were carried out, taking into consideration evaporation, and the effect of thermocouple diameter on the evaporation characteristics was investigated. The calculated temperature history of the droplet is in good agreement with experimental results; both show that the rate of heating decreases with increasing thermocouple diameter. The maximum error in temperature due to the thermocouple increases linearly with increasing thermocouple diameter. Thus, in investigations involving a droplet suspended from a thermocouple, it is preferable to use a thermocouple with the smallest possible diameter.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao International Journa...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
    Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2010
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao International Journa...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
      Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2010
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Tsuyoshi Nagasawa; Merika Chanthanumataporn; Katsunori Hanamura; Hirotatsu Watanabe; +1 Authors

    The nickel/yttria-stabilized zirconia (Ni/YSZ) has widely used as an anode for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The high operation temperature allows an SOFC to operate on a wide range of fuels, including hydrocarbons and coal syngas. Direct internal reforming reactions inside SOFC porous anodes enable the hydrocarbon fuel and steam into H2 and CO. The internal reforming fuel cells eliminate the requirement for a separate fuel reformer, leading to more efficient system. Meanwhile, Ni is also a catalyst for carbon deposition reactions such as methane cracking. The deposited carbon deactivates the Ni catalyst and causes rapid cell degradation. Although the high steam/carbon ratio is able to suppress carbon formation, it lowers the electrical efficiency by steam dilution of the fuel. Thus, an optimum steam/carbon ratio results in high performance of SOFC. This study aims to investigate mechanisms of carbon deposition on Ni/YSZ anode experimentally and numerically. First, the carbon deposition on Ni/YSZ was observed with SEM/EDX. Then, carbon deposition pathways on Ni surface were studied by detailed reaction kinetics. Moreover, the impact of steam carbon ratio on carbon deposition was investigated.  An electrolyte-supported button cell was used. The disk-type electrolyte was composed of YSZ (8 mol% Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2). The diameter and thickness of the cell were 20 mm and 300 mm, respectively. To manufacture the anode, a mixture of NiO/YSZ powder, ethyl cellulose, α-terpineol, a dispersant and a plasticizer was prepared and coated on one side of the disk (Ni:YSZ = 50:50 vol%). The disk was dried at 90 oC for 12 h and sintered at a temperature of 1300 oC. The fabricated cell was put into a quartz reactor. The temperature near the cell was measured by K-type thermocouple. The cell was heated in the reactor to 900 oC by an electric furnace. CH4 and Ar were supplied to the cell at 10 and 90 ml/min, respectively. The mixture gas impinged on the cell. During the experiment, H2 concentration in off-gas from the reactor was measured with GC. Before the cell was pulled out from the quartz reactor for ex-situ observation, the gas line was switched from CH4/Ar to Ar, and the reactor was rapidly cooled for reaction quench. Then, the carbon deposition on the cell was performed by SEM-EDX and off-gas analysis. The carbon was supposed to form on Ni surface. Thus, the one-dimensional stagnation flow model in which CH4/Ar flow impinged on the Ni plate like experimental setup was used in the calculation. Catalytic heterogeneous reactions were modeled by elemental step based reaction mechanisms developed by Maier et al. (Top. Catal., 54 (2011) 845-858). The 42 surface reactions involving 12 surface-adsorbed species were used. The transient surface coverage of carbon was calculated, and the carbon formation pathways were computationally studied.  As a result, the amount of carbon was increased as time proceeded in the experiment. The amount of deposited carbon measured with the balance corresponded to that estimated from H2 concentration, assuming that the carbon was formed through CH4 decomposition (CH4 → C + 2 H2). It was shown that the mass was well balanced in the experimental system. SEM-EDX analysis showed that carbon was deposited on not YSZ but Ni surface, indicating Ni acted as catalyst for carbon deposition as reported by previous studies. 20 min after CH4/Ar was supplied, the Ni/YSZ layer started to expand. A swelling ratio based on the initial cell thickness became over 100 % after 60 min. SEM observation showed that the porous anode structure was destroyed by the carbon growth. In fact, the recovery of the anode structure was difficult once the anode was expanded even if the carbon was removed by reforming. Calculation showed that the surface coverage of carbon became over 0.9 within 10 sec when CH4/Ar was supplied to Ni substrate at the same condition as the experiment. Carbon was formed on the surface subsequent to CH4 adsorption on Ni surface and dissociation reactions. CH4 adsorption reaction on Ni surface showed a high sensitivity against the carbon formation. Calculation also showed that the carbon was not formed when S/C (steam carbon ratio) was less than 1.0 where the carbon was formed in equilibrium condition, indicating kinetics of surface reaction played an important role in the carbon deposition than equilibrium.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao ECS Meeting Abstract...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    ECS Meeting Abstracts
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao ECS Meeting Abstract...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      ECS Meeting Abstracts
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Hirotatsu Watanabe; Minori Nakanouchi; Katsunori Hanamura;

    A triple phase boundary reaction site was formed in a direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC) when the char wetted by molten carbonate was in contact with the anode. It has been reported that gases such as CO2 covered the anode during discharge, leading to high anode overpotential. In this study, a press-type DCFC was developed to overcome this issue. By pressing the perforated anode on the carbon/carbonate-packed bed, it was expected that the carbon particles would remain in contact with the anode, while the gas products would be released through the perforation due to their buoyancy. As a result, the power output achieved with the press-type DCFC was higher and more stable as compared with the conventional DCFC. The anodic impedance spectra showed that the arc size of the press-type DCFC was much smaller than that of the conventional DCFC. This was particularly noticeable at the low frequencies, indicating the anode resistance caused by the mass transfer processes including the gas products and the contact between the anode and carbon particles to be significantly less in the press-type DCFC.

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  • Authors: Hirotatsu Watanabe; Takashi Marumo; Ken Okazaki;

    In this study, the effect of CO2 reactivity on low NOx combustion by varying CO2 mole fraction in inflow gas was experimentally and numerically investigated. A flat CH4 flame doped with NH3 for fuel N was formed in a reactor allowed secondary gas injection to simulate the fuel-rich region in a low NOx burner. The primary relative O2/CH4 ratio (λprimary) was 0.6 or 0.7, and the total relative O2/CH4 ratio was set to 0.8 by injecting a secondary gas. Measurement showed excited OH radical increased with increasing inlet CO2 mole fraction, and calculation showed that OH radical formation increased with increasing inlet CO2 mole fraction through the CO2 + H → CO + OH. N2 formation provided useful information to discuss low NOx combustion because an increase in the N2 yield indicated low NOx combustion. At λprimary = 0.7, the N2 yield decreased with increasing inlet CO2 mole fraction. Meanwhile, the N2 yield increased with increasing inlet CO2 mole fraction at λprimary = 0.6, regardless of the gas temperature. ...

    Energy & Fuelsarrow_drop_down
    Energy & Fuels
    Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2012
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      Energy & Fuels
      Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2012
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Hirotatsu Watanabe; Yoshiyuki Suzuki; Takuji Harada; Hideyuki Aoki; +1 Authors

    This paper describes a mathematical model for predicting the mass of water vapor generated in micro-explosion. First, a single droplet experiment was carried out. A W/O (water/oil) emulsified fuel droplet suspended by a thermocouple was heated by a halogen spot heater, and micro-explosion was observed using a high-speed video camera. The progress of the coalescence of the dispersed water droplet was observed while droplet was heated, and an aggregated water droplet was formed in the oil layer. Based on the measured micro-explosion characteristics, a mathematical model for predicting water vapor mass generated in micro-explosion was proposed. The size of the aggregated water droplet just before micro-explosion was measured to verify the proposed mathematical model. Under certain assumptions, mass and energy conservation equations were applied to micro-explosion process, and an equation to calculate water vapor mass generated in micro-explosion was derived. The derived equation and some measurement results provide enough information to calculate water vapor mass generated in micro-explosion. The calculated diameter of the water droplet, which changed to vapor in micro-explosion, was compared to that of the aggregated water droplet just before micro-explosion. The calculated results roughly agreed with experimental ones, and the validity of the proposed model was verified.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Energyarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Energy
    Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2011
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Energyarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Energy
      Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2011
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Hirotatsu Watanabe; Jun-ichiro Yamamoto; Ken Okazaki;

    Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the NO x formation and reduction mechanisms in staged O 2 /CO 2 combustion and in air combustion. A flat CH 4 flame doped with NH 3 for fuel-N was formed over the honeycomb, and NO x formation characteristics were investigated. In addition, chemiluminescence of OH * distribution was measured, and CHEMKIN-PRO was used to investigate the detailed NO x reduction mechanism. In general, the NO x conversion ratio decreases with decreasing primary O 2 /CH 4 ratio, whereas NH 3 and HCN, which are easily converted to NO x in the presence of O 2 , increases rapidly. Therefore, a suitable primary O 2 /CH 4 ratio exists in the staged combustion. Our experiments showed the primary O 2 /CH 4 ratio, which gave the minimum fixed nitrogen compounds in O 2 /CO 2 combustion, was lower than in air combustion. The NO x conversion ratio in O 2 /CO 2 combustion was lower than in air combustion by 40% in suitable staged combustion. This could be explained by high CO 2 concentrations in the O 2 /CO 2 combustion. It was shown that abundant OH radicals were formed in O 2 /CO 2 combustion through the CO 2 + H → CO + OH, experimentally and numerically. OH radicals produced H and O radicals through H 2 + OH → H + H 2 O and O 2 + H → OH + O, because a mass of hydrogen source exists in the CH 4 flame. O and OH radicals formed in the fuel-rich region enhanced the oxidation of NH 3 and HCN. NO x formed by the oxidation of NH 3 and HCN was converted to N 2 because the oxidation occurred in the fuel-rich region where the NO x reduction effect was high. In fact, the oxidation of NH 3 and HCN in the fuel-rich region was preferable to remaining NH 3 and HCN before secondary O 2 injection in the staged combustion. A significant reduction in NO x emission could be achieved by staged combustion in O 2 /CO 2 combustion.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Combustion and Flamearrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Combustion and Flame
    Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2011
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Combustion and Flamearrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Combustion and Flame
      Article . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2011
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Pious O. Okekunle; Teeranai Pattanotai; Ken Okazaki; Hirotatsu Watanabe;

    The effect of biomass size and aspect ratio on intra-particle tar decomposition has been investigated both numerically and experimentally to achieve a high rate of intra-particle tar decomposition. In one experiment, wood cylinders with a diameter of 8 mm and lengths of 2, 5, and 9 mm were pyrolyzed in an infrared reactor in an argon environment. The final reactor temperature was 973 K and the heating rate was 30 K/s. To make a calculation, a two-dimensional, unsteady state, single particle model was used, and the same convective and radiative heat fluxes were given to the top and side surface of all wood cylinders. Both calculation and experiment showed that tar yield when the length of the biomass was increased and the diameter was kept constant. The calculation showed that, first, tar was formed in the wood cylinder, and then it moved outwards during decomposition. To find an effective aspect ratio of the wood cylinder for further tar decomposition, calculations were also performed in which the aspect ratio (D/L) varied from 0.4 to 6.9 and the wood volume was fixed. As a result, a low aspect ratio was suited for intra-particle tar decomposition because of the difference in the thermal conductivity along the grain and radial directions, although there is an optimum aspect ratio because of the change of residence time. It is well known that the thermal conductivity of unpyrolyzed wood in the radial direction is much lower than that along the grain. By decreasing the aspect ratio, the ratio of the side surface area to total surface area increases. This means that more heat entered from side surface, and low thermal conductivity in the radial direction caused a temperature gradient in the cylinder. When the intra-particle temperature gradient was large, primary tar, which has been formed in the biomass with a relatively low temperature, passed through the side surface layer at high temperatures, enough to advance intra-particle tar decomposition before the tar was released. This resulted in the enhancement of intra-particle tar decomposition.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of Thermal S...arrow_drop_down
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    Journal of Thermal Science and Technology
    Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of Thermal S...arrow_drop_down
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      Journal of Thermal Science and Technology
      Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • Authors: Hirotatsu Watanabe; Akihiro Kimura; Ken Okazaki;

    This study investigated the impact of ternary carbonate composition (Li2CO3/Na2CO3/K2CO3) on the morphology of the carbon/carbonate slurry and the continuous power generation by direct carbon fuel cells (DCFCs). Carbon/carbonate mixtures were melted to form a slurry at 1073 K. After cooling, the morphology of the solidified slurries was observed at the macro and micro scales. Notable differences were found in the morphology when the carbonate composition was changed. The solidified slurry surface was smooth, with surface carbon particles partly embedded in the carbonate, at Li/Na/K = 12.2/25/62.8 mol %, whereas the slurry surface was irregular, with carbon particles on the surface not embedded in the carbonate at Li/Na/K = 12.2/45/42.8 mol %. This suggested that the carbon particles were well-wetted in the former composition but not in the latter. It was also shown that wetting of the carbon particles was improved by decreasing the mole fraction of Na2CO3, which lowered the surface tension of the molten c...

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Hirotatsu Watanabe; Kiyomi Shimomura; Ken Okazaki;

    Abstract This work aims to study the transition of the chemical form of the alkali minerals during pyrolysis under a CO2 atmosphere, and its effect on char oxidation. Lignin containing a high concentration of Na was heated under a CO2 or Ar atmosphere, and the chemical form of Na in both chars was characterized using water extraction and capillary electrophoresis. These chars were subsequently gasified in air at various temperatures. Capillary electrophoresis analysis demonstrated that the organic-Na component of raw lignin was transformed into carbonate during pyrolysis under CO2. Almost all the Na in char formed under CO2 was a water-soluble carbonate, while water-insoluble Na was found only in char prepared under Ar. Water-insoluble Na was assumed to be R-COONa or –CNa in which Na was strongly bound with the char-matrix, making it resistant to water extraction. It was clearly shown that the chemical form of Na in lignin char was strongly dependent on the presence of CO2 during pyrolysis. Considering these experimental findings, a mechanism for transition of the chemical form of Na during pyrolysis under CO2 was proposed. In addition, significant differences between chars produced under CO2 and Ar appeared during gasification. The lowest temperature at which the oxidation of char formed under CO2 and Ar was 1073 K and 923 K, respectively. The major differences between chars prepared under Ar and CO2 were chemical form of sodium. The increase in oxidation temperature, therefore, was caused by transition of the chemical form of Na under CO2. In fact, –CNa, the most important catalyst in char oxidation, was not formed; although carbonate was formed during lignin pyrolysis under CO2. These results have important implications for the combustion or gasification of not only lignin but also Na ion-exchanged coal.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Proceedings of the C...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Proceedings of the Combustion Institute
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2014
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Proceedings of the C...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Proceedings of the Combustion Institute
      Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2014
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Hirotatsu Watanabe; Ken Okazaki;

    Abstract In this study, emulsified fuels having different dispersed water droplets and n -dodecane spray were injected separately into high-temperature inert gas, and their spray droplet behavior was studied. A measurement system consisting of high-speed video camera (125,000 fps) coupled with a shadow imaging technique was used to visualize secondary atomization of spray droplets. In addition, the size distribution of the spray flow was measured using digital processing at different points. Although puffing (i.e. vapor eruption from droplet surface) and partial micro-explosion (i.e. a large part of the droplet bursts) were observed in this study, complete micro-explosion (i.e. the entire droplet bursts) was rarely observed. A certain amount of dispersed water was necessary to cause complete micro-explosion; however, the size of the dispersed water droplets (about 2–3 μm) was insufficient to cause micro-explosion until coalescence is well progressed. In addition, the coalescence of dispersed water droplets had not progressed much because of the short waiting time of 20–30 ms. Meanwhile, puffing occurred, regardless of coalescence, and it was sufficient to provide fine droplets, although less fine than those created by micro-explosion. As emulsified fuel moved downstream with heating, the droplet size significantly decreased; in contrast, heating had less effect on the droplet size of n -dodecane spray. Clearly, secondary atomization that included puffing improved spray characteristics, although the spray size of the emulsified fuel was larger than that of the original fuel near the injection point because of increased viscosity resulting from emulsification. Moreover, large dispersed water droplets improved the intensity of secondary atomization and provided a finer spray flow. The initial size of the dispersed water droplets played an important role in the spray characteristics of the emulsified fuel spray.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Proceedings of the C...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Proceedings of the Combustion Institute
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2012
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Proceedings of the C...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Proceedings of the Combustion Institute
      Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2012
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