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The integration of Grid-Connected PV systems into buildings or public areas is one of the most usual applications of the photovoltaic solar energy in developed countries. Since early 2009, the University is working on an ambitious project, the so-called UNIVERSOL project, where its main goal is to convert the University Campus in a big public area which combines the PV electricity generation with the common uses of a university place. The aim of this paper is to show to the scientific community the main results of this project and that the methodology proposed for the “large urban-area photovoltaic potential” estimation can be easily exportable to other locations with similar characteristics, so the photovoltaic generators integration examples proposed in this project, and the software tools used to represent it, can be helpful for other designers, taking into account that this project has been adapted to the new Spanish legislation. 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 4068-4072

The 2011 world average carbon footprint of PV system manufacturing is estimated as 1798 kg CO2- eq/kWp using technology shares (multi, mono, film Si, CdTe, CIGS) as weighting factors. The electricity mixes of all production countries of poly-Si, wafer, cell and modules was taken into account. New yearly irradiation data (kWh/m2) and PV energy output (kWh/kWp) are calculated for different regions in Europe on NUTS level 1 and 2 for horizontal, optimum and vertical angle. The world average carbon footprint of PV electricity generation is estimated as 55 g CO2- eq/kWh with cumulative installations as weighting factors. Lowest value of 38 g CO2-eq/kWh is for Cyprus which has a high irradiation and the highest value of 89 g CO2-eq/kWh is for Iceland which has a low irradiation. It is assumed that the PV modules are installed at optimal angle to the sun and end-of-life treatment is excluded. The majority of countries can decrease the greenhouse gas emission of electricity generation by increasing the share of photovoltaics. 29th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 3421-3430

The scope of this paper is to present the work carried out by the European project SUNRISE which aims at strengthening the interaction between architects, construction companies and PV module manufactures. The fruitful cooperation between the PV community and the key stakeholders just mentioned will lead to a larger deployment of PV systems in building and therefore to a substantially cost reduction. The paper covers the following issues: • identification of barriers to overcome for enhancing the diffusion of PV products in the building and construction sector • overview of the multiple applications of PV in buildings • collaboration between building and construction sector and PV module manufactures in developing new ways of cooperation and creating better channels for a proper communication and dissemination • standardisation and regulations for PV products in building environments This project is co-financed by the European Commission, FP6-2005-TREN-4, SUNRISE project. 23rd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 1-5 September 2008, Valencia, Spain; 3300-3304

The concept of energy transition can be interpreted in different ways depending on the nature of the agent involved. However, practitioners and existing literature agree that a country’s energy transition is the variation of fossil fuel share in the total primary energy supply (TPES). Public policies mostly focus on changing the energy mix directly or indirectly. However, the production of fossil fuels depends mostly on market-related determinants, including prices and investment in the means of production. But what is the contribution of global energy transition? The objective of this paper is to estimate to which extent public policies related to energy transition affect fossil fuel production in producing countries. For this purpose, we consider as a proxy of energy transition the evolution over 40 years of the TPES of a large panel of fossil fuel–exporting countries, which we compare to its total primary energy production (TPEP). Moreover, we analyze these effects to determine if they differ according to country characteristics, such as its level of development or its membership in OPEC. Finally, we describe the long-run and short-run effects by studying separately the effects of production investments and those of R&D investments in RES technologies. The European Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol 17. no. 1, p. 5-30

A high pressure/high temperature reactor was used in semi­continuous mode for hydroprocessing of Cracked Vegetable Oil (CVO). Therefore, hydrogen with a partial pressure of 50 bar was conveyed continuously through the pilot plant. The reaction temperature was 350 °C. This temperature was hold for 3 h in each experiment. CVO was provided in the reactor for treatment with a molybdenum catalyst with traces of heavy metals in a ratio of 1 wt.­% corresponding to the mass of CVO in the reactor at the beginning of the test. Deoxygenation (DO) reactions were found in all experiments and Hydrogenated Cracked Vegetable Oil (HCVO) was obtained. Acid number and calorific value measurement as well as selectively gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GCMS) was performed for proving DO. CVO used in this study was made from rapeseed oil. The aim of the project is the transfer of those findings to CVO which is based on used frying oil. Conventional raw materials suffer on a lack of sustainability and high cost. CVO removes these drawbacks and provides a high quality product with high energy density at the same time. Proceedings of the 22nd European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 23-26 June 2014, Hamburg, Germany, pp. 1034-1037

{"references": ["", "M. Meinshausen, N. Meinshausen, W. Hare, S. C. B. Raper, K. Frieler, R.\nKnutti, D. J. Frame, M. R. Allen, \"Greenhouse-gas Emission Targets for\nLimiting Global Warming to 2\u00b0C\" Nature J., vol. 458, pp. 1158-1162,\n2009.", "P. Luis, T. Van Gerven, and B. Van der Bruggen, \"Recent Developments\nin Membrane-based Technologies for CO2 Capture\" Prog. Energy\nCombust. Sci. J., vol. 38, pp. 419-448, 2012.", "W. Ye, J. Lin, J. Shen, P. Luis, B. Van der Bruggen, \"Membrane\nCrystallization of Sodium Carbonate for Carbon Dioxide Recovery:\nEffect of Impurities on the Crystal Morphology\" Cryst. Growth Des.J.,\nvol. 13, pp. 2362\u20132372, 2013.", "P. Luis, D Van Aubel, B Van der Bruggen, \"Technical viability and\nexergy analysis of membrane crystallization: Closing the loop of CO2\nsequestration\" Int. J. Greenh. Gas Con. J., vol. 12, pp. 450-459, 2013.", "T. Ring, \"Kinetic effects on particle morphology and size distribution\nduring batch precipitation\" Powder Technol. J., vol. 65, pp. 195-206,\n1991.", "M. A. Bialik, H. Theliander, P. Sedin, C. L. Verrill, N. DeMartini,\n\" Solubility and solid-phase composition in Na2CO3-Na2SO4 solutions at\nboiling temperature: A modeling approach\" Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. J., vol.\n47, pp. 3233-3238, 2008.", "D. Weckesser, A. K\u00f6nig, \"Particle shape and purity in membrane based\ncrystallization\" Chem. Eng. Technol. J. vol. 31, pp. 157-162, 2008.", "B. Shi, W. J. Frederick Jr., R. W. Rousseau, \"Nucleation, growth, and\ncomposition of crystals obtained from solutions of Na2CO3 and Na2SO4\"\nInd. Eng. Chem. Res. J., vol. 42, pp. 6343-6347, 2003.", "A. P. Soemardji, C. L. Verrill, W. J. Jr. Frederick, H. Theliander,\n\"Prediction of Crystal Species Transition in Aqueous Solutions of\nNa2CO3 and Na2SO4 and Kraft Black Liquor\" Tappi J. vol. 3, pp. 27-32 ,\n2004."]} This study addresses the effect of impurities on the crystallization of Na2CO3 produced within a strategy for capturing CO2 from flue gases by alkaline absorption. A novel technology - membrane assisted crystallization - is proposed for Na2CO3 crystallization from mother liquors containing impurities. High purity of Na2CO3•10H2O crystals was obtained without impacting the performance of the mass transfer of water vapor through membranes during crystallization.

Buildings constructed in Japan during a period of high economic growth, 1954-1973, have deteriorated, and many need to be demolished. In the course of that demolition work, accidents have occurred, but the causes and circumstances of many of them are largely unknown. This study investigates accidents that occurred during building demolition work in Japan between 2010 and 2014, with the goal of preventing future accidents. The results show that fatal accidents while demolishing buildings accounted for 6.5% of all fatal accidents on construction sites. The greatest number of fatal accidents can be attributed to falls and collapsing walls. The causes of falls were found to be two-fold. First, in the process of demolishing a building, frequently, a hole is cut in the floor and scrap materials are thrown into it to dispose of them; however, workers have been known to fall into this hole and be injured fatally. It was also found that many workers do not use full harnesses. The cause of collapsing walls was identified as follows. When a wall is demolished, its lower part is often cut through to weaken it, at which point the wall can collapse, crushing workers. Analysis of the study results shows that greater attention must be paid to creating a system that promotes fall prevention and safe wall-cutting on demolition sites.

Phosphoric sludge is the most harmful and dangerous of waste of phosphorus-containing substances, and its aggregated volumes, by rough estimates, total millions of tons. Therefore utilization of the that waste is now an acute problem and will bring rather notable contribution not only to national economies, but will also considerably improve ecological conditions (Bessarabov et al., 2010a). Development of industrial productions for processing of phosphoric sludge was carried out within the most modern and prospective system of computer support - CALS-technologies (Continuous Acquisition and Life Cycle Support). The task of the CALS is transformation of product life cycle to highly automated process by re-structuring of business processes included into it (Saaksvuori, Immonen, 2010). In development of advanced chemical productions it is shown that CALS-technologies and the main CALS-standard, ISO 10303 STEP, offer of a solution of a problem of electronic representation of the design information by means of use of the standardized integrated description of a product. The designer’s electronic description according to standard ISO 10303 STEP contains structure of categories, documents, statuses, groups of products with their versions, properties, classifications, etc (Molina et al., 1999). Marketing researches of the phosphoric industry waste utilization (Bessarabov et al., 2010b), system researches of innovative resources of leading enterprises making and utilizing phosphorus-containing production wastes (Bessarabov et al., 2010c) were carried out within the grant of European Community ECOPHOS ? INCO-CT-2005-013359, and also the flexible two-product scheme of phosphoric sludge utilization with obtaining of sodium phosphite and hypophosphite (Bessarabov et al., 2009, Klemeš et al., 2006) was developed. In the given work carried out under the contract of Ministry of Education and Science of Russia no. 11.519.11.5005, we considered the complex of three individual productions flowsheets of phosphoric sludge utilization, including sodium phosphite and hypophosphite, and also phosphoric sludge processing through sodium phosphite to dibasic lead phosphite.

The Danish energy system is undergoing a transition from a system based on storable fossil fuels to a system based on fluctuating renewable energy sources. At the same time, more of and more of the energy system is becoming electrified; transportation, heating and fuel usage in industry and elsewhere. This article investigates the development of the Danish energy system in a medium year 2030 situation as well as in a long-term year 2050 situation. The analyses are based on scenario development by the Danish Climate Commission. In the short term, it is investigated what the effects will be of having flexible or inflexible electric vehicles and individual heat pumps, and in the long term it is investigated what the effects of changes in the load profiles due to changing weights of demand sectors are. The analyses are based on energy systems simulations using EnergyPLAN and demand forecasting using the Helena model. The results show that even with a limited short-term electric car fleet, these will have a significant effect on the energy system; the energy system’s ability to integrated wind power and the demand for condensing power generation capacity in the system. Charging patterns and flexibility have significant effects on this. Likewise, individual heat pumps may affect the system operation if they are equipped with heat storages. The analyses also show that the long-term changes in electricity demand curve profiles have little impact on the energy system performance. The flexibility given by heat pumps and electric vehicles in the long-term future overshadows any effects of changes in hourly demand curve profiles. International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management, Vol 7 (2015)