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Recent extreme weather events have resulted in an ongoing discussion on the issues of land use and compensation payments within Austrian agriculture. Building on a functional evaluation system for agricultural lands as developed within the Interreg IIIB project “ILUP”, the national project “Agriculture and Flooding” has as its goal to classify the flood-protection contribution and flood sensitivity of agricultural lands. This, in turn, enables the recommendation of targeted measures for potentially improving flood situations, as well as an estimate of their implementation costs. In addition to the digital soil map, other fundamental sources used for the project are the digital flood risk map, IACS land-use data and works by the Institute for Land and Water Management Research. Reference values and marginal returns sourced from the Federal Institute of Agricultural Economics also flow into the cost estimates for the recommended combination. The results will contribute to an understanding of the multifunctionality of agricultural lands and to the setting of priorities on a regional scale regarding packaged flood-prevention and damage-minimization. However, the results at hand can only serve as one step toward regional flood protection projects, whose development will require the cooperation of all interest groups.

{"references": ["Z. Hamdi and M. Awang, \"Improving Oil Recovery by Cold CO2 Injection: A Simulation Study,\" International Journal of Petroleum and Geoscience Engineering (IJPGE), vol. 1, pp. 167-177, 30/09/2013 2013.", "Z. Hamdi, M. Bt. Awang, and B. Moradi, \"Low Temperature Carbon Dioxide Injection in High Temperature Oil Reservoirs,\" presented at the International Petroleum Technology Conference, 2014.", "J. R. Christensen, E. H. Stenby, and A. Skauge, \"Review of WAG Field Experience,\" SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering, vol. 4, pp. 97-106, 04/01/2001 2001.", "S. Elgaghah, A. Y. Zekri, R. A. Almehaideb, and S. A. Shedid, \"Laboratory Investigation of Influences of Initial Oil Saturation and Oil Viscosity on Oil Recovery by CO2 Miscible Flooding,\" presented at the EUROPEC/EAGE Conference and Exhibition, London, U.K., 2007.", "S. Chen, H. Li, D. Yang, and P. Tontiwachwuthikul, \"Optimal Parametric Design for Water-Alternating-Gas (WAG) Process in a CO2-Miscible Flooding Reservoir,\" 2010/10/1/.", "A. Spivak, W. H. Garrison, and J. P. Nguyen, \"Review of an Immiscible CO2 Project, Tar Zone, Fault Block V, Wilmington Field, California,\" SPE Reservoir Engineering, vol. 5, pp. 155-162, 05/01/1990 1990.", "T. D. Ma and G. K. Youngren, \"Performance of Immiscible Water-Alternating-Gas (IWAG) Injection at Kuparuk River Unit, North Slope, Alaska.\"", "Z. Hamdi and M. Awang, \"CO2 Minimum Miscibility Pressure Determination of Pure Hydrocarbons in Different Temperatures Using Slimtube Simulations,\" Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, vol. 7, pp. 3159-3163, 2014.", "L. Minssieux, \"WAG Flow Mechanisms in Presence of Residual Oil\", Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/28623-MS, 1994\n[10]\tA. Y. Zekri and A. A. Natuh, \"Laboratory Study of the Effects of Miscible WAG Process on Tertiary Oil Recovery.\"\n[11]\tJ. R. Christensen, E. H. Stenby, and A. Skauge, \"Compositional and Relative Permeability Hysteresis Effects on Near-Miscible WAG.\"\n[12]\tJ. A. Larsen and A. Skauge, \"Simulation of the Immiscible WAG Process Using Cycle-Dependent Three-Phase Relative Permeabilities.\"\n[13]\tM. I. J. v. Dijke, M. Lorentzen, M. Sohrabi, and K. S. Sorbie, \"Pore-Scale Simulation of WAG Floods in Mixed-Wet Micromodels,\" SPE Journal, vol. 15, pp. pp. 238-247, 03/01/2010 2010.\n[14]\tM. Sohrabi, D. H. Tehrani, A. Danesh, and G. D. Henderson, \"Visualisation of Oil Recovery by Water Alternating Gas (WAG) Injection Using High Pressure Micromodels - Oil-Wet & Mixed-Wet Systems,\" presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, Louisiana, 2001.\n[15]\tc. c. a. K. Mattax, j.r., \"Ever see waterflood?,\" Oil & Gas Journal, vol. 59, 1961.\n[16]\tR. Lenormand, C. Zarcone, and A. Sarr, \"Mechanisms of the displacement of one fluid by another in a network of capillary ducts,\" Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol. 135, pp. 337-353, 1983.\n[17]\tM. Blunt and P. King, \"Relative permeabilities from two- and three-dimensional pore-scale network modelling,\" Transport in Porous Media, vol. 6, pp. 407-433, 1991/08/01 1991.\n[18]\tJ. A. Billiotte, H. De Moegen, and P. Oren, \"Experimental Micromodeling and Numerical Simulation of Gas/Water Injection/Withdrawal Cycles as Applied to Underground Gas Storage,\" 1993/4/1/.\n[19]\tM. Sohrabi, G. D. Henderson, D. H. Tehrani, and A. Danesh, \"Visualisation of Oil Recovery by Water Alternating Gas (WAG) Injection Using High Pressure Micromodels - Water-Wet System,\" presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dallas, Texas, 2000.\n[20]\tM. Sohrabi, D. H. Tehrani, A. Danesh, and G. D. Henderson, \"Visualization of Oil Recovery by Water-Alternating-Gas Injection Using High-Pressure Micromodels,\" SPE Journal, vol. 9, pp. 290-301, 09/01/2004 2004.\n[21]\tZ. Hamdi, M. Awang, & A. Zamani, \"Evaluating Liquid CO2 Injection Technique for Oil Recovery Using Core Flood Experiments\", Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/184092-MS, 2016.\n[22]\tS. G. Sayegh and D. B. Fisher, \"Enhanced Oil Recovery by CO2 Flooding in Homogeneous and Heterogeneous 2D Micromodels,\" Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, vol. 48, pp. 30-36, 08/01/2009 2009.\n[23]\tP. Y. Zhang, S. Huang, S. Sayegh, and X. L. Zhou, \"Effect of CO2 Impurities on Gas-Injection EOR Processes,\" 2004."]} For the past decades, CO2 flooding has been used as a successful method for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). However, high mobility ratio and fingering effect are considered as important drawbacka of this process. Low temperature injection of CO2 into high temperature reservoirs may improve the oil recovery, but simulating multiphase flow in the non-isothermal medium is difficult, and commercial simulators are very unstable in these conditions. Furthermore, to best of authors’ knowledge, no experimental work was done to verify the results of the simulations and to understand the pore-scale process. In this paper, we present results of investigations on injection of low temperature CO2 into a high-pressure high-temperature micromodel with injection temperature range from 34 to 75 °F. Effect of temperature and saturation changes of different fluids are measured in each case. The results prove the proposed method. The injection of CO2 at low temperatures increased the oil recovery in high temperature reservoirs significantly. Also, CO2 rich phases available in the high temperature system can affect the oil recovery through the better sweep of the oil which is initially caused by penetration of LCO2 inside the system. Furthermore, no unfavorable effect was detected using this method. Low temperature CO2 is proposed to be used as early as secondary recovery.

Introduction While the world's population is growing, agricultural production is still based on the use of limited and non-renewable resources. In addition to the scarcity of resources, their continuous using over the long term, causes the widespread pollution, loss of soil fertility and low agricultural production capacity, eventually. The main causes of the increase in energy consumption include the increase of world population, limited arable land, low price of fuel and fertilizer and noted increased levels of human life. Attention to limited resources and adverse effects resulting from the appropriate use of different energy sources on human health and the environment, has been required examining the energy consumption patterns and the flows of energy in the agricultural sector. Checking the share of input and output energy in different agricultural ecosystems, with attention to the type of product and the type of materials used in production, can help to identifying defects and play a fundamental role in the sustainable production, optimization of economic system, maintaining reserves of fossil fuels and mitigate air pollution. With this approach, in this present study energy consumption and energy indices for tomato production in Khorasan Razavi were studied. Materials and Methods The energy efficiency of units was analyzed using the stochastic frontier technique (SFA). Energy inputs from two perspectives have also been divided. In the first view of energy inputs, including inputs that have a direct energy (DE) and indirect energy (IDE). The second approach as well includes inputs that have renewable energy (RE) and non renewable energy (NRE).The data for this study was collected through interviews and completing 156 questionnaires using two-stage random sampling from tomato producer of Khorasan Razavi province in 2012. Results and Discussion The results showed that the energy consumption for tomato production in Khorasan razavi province of Iran were 43.2 GJha-1. Water for Irrigation was attributed the greatest share of energy inputs (30%). The average amount of diesel fuel consumption was 152 lha-1, Human resources and machinery were 987 hha-1 and 44.6 hha-1 respectively. The average amount of water needed for irrigation was 12,596 m3ha-1. Average energy output of the system was determined to be 35.3 GJha-1. The share of different forms of energy inputs such as direct energy was 53.9 %, indirect energy was46.1renewable energy was 50.5, and renewable energy was49.5%. According to the results, the share of indirect energy was higher than direct energy and the share of renewable energy was higher than renewable energy. Also the result of the study revealed that energy productivity and efficiency in the investigated units were 0.68 and 0.82MJha-1, respectively. The results show that the Cobb-Douglas function to calculate the efficiency has more consistency and adaptation with the data. In other words, Cobb-Douglas function is superior to the translog function. Average of technical efficiency was calculated 57%. Conclusions The results indicated that although a significant percentage of the investigated farms are inefficient, farmers with higher acreage have favorable energy consumption and technical efficiency of these farms was higher than that the other ones. Considering the obtained results, the main drawback associated with the technical efficiency of energy use and production of tomato in Khorasan Razavi is inappropriate use of inputs due to mismanagement, lack of information and also the small size of the farms. Based on the results the better management in the use of inputs and the enlargement of the size of agricultural land can improve energy efficiency in the region. Also, for improving the measures of energy flows in growing tomatoes, determining the appropriate amount of fertilizer (particularly phosphates) to grow tomatoes, conducting classes and printing the brochures for farmers to implement correct procedures in the use of inputs and the use of machines, correction of the system to reduce water consumption and cultivation of new varieties of tomato seeds in the region are recommended.

Differences in flow rates of this nature have a significant effect on the unevenness of the moisture content of the dried material, since the material which remains in the drying chamber for an unnecessarily long time is over-dried and the under-drying is a problem for the material remaining in the dryer for too short a time. In this article, I analyzed the effect of increasing particle-wall friction on the unevenness of the particle flow velocity field. The research has shown that dead zones are formed in the vicinity of the rough walls, which reduce the uniformity of the flow. The results show that the tribological properties of the inner wall surfaces of the dryers can have a very significant effect on the efficient operation of the dryers.

{"references": ["L. V. Curtin. Molasses-General Considerations. In: Molasses in Animal Nutrition (Ed. Curtin, L. V.), National Feed Ingredients Association, West Des Moines, USA, 1983, pp. 211-235.", "H. Togrul and N. Arslan. Mathematical model for prediction of apparent viscosity of molasses. Journal of Food Engineering, 2004, 62:281\u2013289.", "W. Damtew. Studies on the Development of Baker's Yeast Using Cane Molasses. M.Sc. Thesis, Fac. Technol., Addis Ababa Univ., Addis Ababa, 2008, 189 p.", "D. Caldwell. Molasses in Feeds. 1998, pp. 49-56. Cited in www.ker.com/library/advances/205.pdf", "G. N. Abdel-Rahman. Effect of some heavy metals in molasses medium on the produced baker's yeast properties. M.Sc. Thesis, Food Technology Dep. Fac. Agric., Cairo Univ., Egypt, 2010, 171 p.", "R. M. Awadallah, M. K. Sherif, A. E. Mohamed and F. Grass. Determination of trace elements in Egyptian cane sugar by neutron activation analysis. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 1985, 92(1):7-25.", "M. McLaughlin, K. Triller, R. Naidu and D. Stevens. The behavior and environmental impact to contaminants in fertilizers. Aust. J. Soil Res., 1996, 34:1\u201354.", "A. Mohamed, R. Awadallah and A. Hassan. Determination of trace elements in Egyptian molasses by instrumental neutron activation analysis. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 1989, 129(2):453-457.", "M. Andersen, A. Refsgaard, K. Rasmussen, B. Strobel and H. Hansen. Content, distribution, and solubility of cadmium in arable and forest soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 2002, 66:1829\u20131835.\n[10]\tP. Jauert, T. Schumacher, A. Boe and R. Reese. Rhizosphere acidification and cadmium uptake by strawberry clover. J. Environ. Qual., 2002, 31:627\u2013633.\n[11]\tK. Xu and P. Xu. Efficient production of L-lactic acid using co-feeding strategy based on cane molasses/glucose carbon sources. Bioresource Technology, 2014, 153: 23\u201329.\n[12]\tD. S. Rao and T. Panda. Critical analysis of the effect of metal ions on gluconic acid production by Aspergillus niger using a treated Indian cane molasses. Bioprocess Engineering, 1994, 10: 99- 107.\n[13]\tT. Roukas. Pretreatment of beet molasses to increase pullulan production. Process Biochem., 1998, 33:805-810. \n[14]\tEgyptian Standard. Egyptian Standard of Molasses Part 2: Methods of analysis and testing for molasses. Egyptian Organization for Standardization and Quality Control, 2002, E.S. 989/2002, pp. 1-11.\n[15]\tAOAC. Official methods of analysis. Beverages: Malt Beverages and Brewing Materials, 17th ed., Washington, D. C., 2000, pp. 74-103.\n[16]\tSAS: Statistical Analysis System, SAS / STAT User's Guide. Release 6.03 Edn. SAS Institute, Cary, NC, 1999, 1028 PP. \n[17]\tR. M. Awadallah, M. K. Sherif, A. E. Mohamed and F. Grass. Determination of trace elements in Egyptian cane sugar (Deshna factories) by neutron activation, atomic absorption spectrophotometric and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometric analysis. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 1986, 98(1):49-64.\n[18]\tA. A. Jamal El-Din. Accumulation of Metallic Elements by Yeast Cells Grown on Some Raw Materials. M.Sc. Thesis, Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ., Egypt. 1999, 162 p. \n[19]\tA. E. Mohamed. Determination of trace elements in sugar cane refuse by instrumental neutron activation analysis. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 1986, 107(2):121-128.\n[20]\tM. O. Barakat. Factors Affecting Yield Enhancing of Baker's Yeast. Ph.D. Thesis, Fac. Agric., Alexandria Univ., Egypt. 1976, 201 p. \n[21]\tD. Teclu, G. Tivchev, M. Laing and M. Wallis. Determination of the elemental composition of molasses and its suitability as carbon source for growth of sulphate-reducing bacteria. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 161:1157\u20131165.\n[22]\tH. Olbrich. The molasses. In: Principles of Sugar Technology (Ed. Olbrich, H.), Biotechnologie-Kempe GmbH Publishing, London, UK, 2006, p. 131.\n[23]\tY. Goksungur, A. Ucan and U. Guvenc. Production of Pullulan from beet molasses and synthetic medium by Aureobasidium pullulans. Turk J. Biol., 2004, 28:23-30."]} Cane molasses is used as a raw material for the production of baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in Egypt. The high levels of heavy metals in molasses cause a critical problem during fermentation and cause various kinds of technological difficulties (yield and quality of yeast become lower). The aim of the present study was to determine heavy metal concentrations (cadmium, nickel, lead, and copper) in crude and treated molasses obtained from the storage tanks of the baker’s yeast factory through four seasons. Also, the effect of crude molasses treatment by different methods (at laboratory scale) on heavy metals reduction and its comparison with factory treated molasses were conducted. The molasses samples obtained at autumn season had the highest values of all the studied heavy metals. The molasses treated by cation exchange resin then sulfuric acid had the lowest concentrations of heavy metals compared with other treatments.

Iran is located in a dry climate zone, and climate change has substantially reduced its precipitation and water resources. Reusing wastewaters from urban communities can meet some requirements for irrigation and fertilization of tree plantations in arid environments, leading to sustainable wastewater recycling, enhanced biomass production, and reduced land degradation. The objective of this study was to test the growth, biomass, nutrition, and heavy-metal accumulation of poplars [Populus nigra L. "62/154," P. alba L. "20/45," P. euramericana (Dode) Guinier "92/40"], and willow (Salix excelsa S.G. Gmel) in a pot experiment at four and eight months after planting when grown in soils irrigated with tap water (SITW) and wastewater (SIWW). After four months, SIWW treatment had no significant effect on growth, biomass, nor absorption of macronutrients. After eight months, SIWW treatment of poplars and willow significantly (p = 0.000) increased: (1) height, (2) leaf area, (3) root, stem, leaf, and total biomass, and (5) phytoextraction and phytoaccumulation of macro-/micro-nutrients and heavy metals in tree tissues, over trees receiving the SITW treatment. There were significant differences in growth, biomass, and accumulation of micronutrients and heavy metals in poplar versus willow tissues, with the highest biomass production and tissue-specific content of heavy metals in P. nigra trees, and the greatest total concentrations of heavy metals in P. alba and S. excelsa trees. In contrast, uptake of Fe, Cu, Ni, Cr and Pb were similar between poplar and willow, and phytoaccumulation of these elements was primarily in the roots. Leaf concentrations were highest for Zn and Mn. While P. nigra outperformed all other species overall, tolerance index (TI; defined as the tolerance to the heavy metals as calculated by the ratio of the biomass of SIWW trees relative to SITW trees) values exceeding 100% for all one-year-old poplar and willow trees demonstrated that they can be considered for planting in soil affected by urban wastewaters with similar contaminant profiles as in the current study.

Transesterification of candlenut (aleurites moluccana) oil with methanol using potassium hydroxide as catalyst was studied. The objective of the present investigation was to produce the methyl ester for use as biodiesel. The operation variables employed were methanol to oil molar ratio (3:1 – 9:1), catalyst concentration (0.50 – 1.5 %) and temperature (303 – 343K). Oil volume of 150 mL, reaction time of 75 min were fixed as common parameters in all the experiments. The concentration of methyl ester was evaluated by mass balance of free glycerol formed which was analyzed by using periodic acid. The optimal triglyceride conversion was attained by using methanol to oil ratio of 6:1, potassium hydroxide as catalyst was of 1%, at room temperature. Methyl ester formed was characterized by its density, viscosity, cloud and pour points. The biodiesel properties had properties similar to those of diesel oil, except for the viscosity that was higher.

We examine the relationship between income and water pollutants using country-level global water quality data over the period 1980 to 2012. We include civil liberties and political rights in addition to income as explanatory variables. We use recent advances in econometric techniques to address the inclusion of continuous and discrete variables in nonparametric instrumental variable regression models. Results indicate an inverted U-shape relationship between income and pollution for one pollutant (lead) and a cubic shape for three pollutants (nickel, mercury and arsenic). In general, we find that improved civil liberties and political rights are correlated with better water quality. By estimating a nonparametric relationship between political variables and pollution and by accounting for the categorical nature of the political variables, we are able to detect a nonlinear relationship between political variables and pollution, which for some pollutants is an inverted U-shaped curve.

The socio-economic and “natural” systems are, to a variable extent, now locked in a coevolutionary path, characterized by a joint determinism and complex feedback effects. The management of the coastal zones, including also modeling and assessment measures, should, be reoriented over time to properly capture the causes and consequences of the joint system changes as manifested in the coastal areas. This will require a collaborative work among a range of economical, environmental and social science disciplines. The pressures and the high instability are similar between the coast and the sea, in both senses (from the land to the sea and also from the sea to the land), being given by various factors as the strong winds, waves, storms, open sea, currents, as well well also the variability of temperatures, salinity, density, due to the Danube impact, etc. The influence of the rivers discharging into the Black Sea is important, while the coastal erosion, flooding, urbanization, tourism, naval industry have an impact on the coast and the sea environment. The Marine Spatial Planning Directive is appropriate in Romania to put in practice the similar tools, and practical approach from the coast to the maritime space. This paper aims to represent an useful starting point in the management of the coastal zones for both natural and social science research that would be seeked (by a more integrated modelling and assessment process) to better describe and understand the functioning of the ecosystems, that form the coastal interface, and in particular the filter effect is exerted on nutrients in response to the environmental pressures, both anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic - the climate change, land use/cover change, urbanization and effluent treatment from both point and non-point sources. For this it is necessary a broad analytical framework (rather than a specific model) in which to set a more detailed analysis.