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With the co-operation of a further 13 institutes and as a continuation of our own epidemiological-statistical survey, we recorded the total and relative distribution (frequency profile) of the blood alcohol concentration of car drivers for the 3rd quarter 1990 and the 1st quarter 1991. The participating institutes recorded almost 27,000 blood samples and compared them with results of the first part of the study (1989). The survey dealt separately with sex-, age- and time of day-distribution of drivers involved and not involved in road accidents. One of our repeatedly presented field research into the problem of "alcohol and road safety", once again, provided to be a useful method in the run-up to the unprejudiced alcohol test which we are striving for. We noticed characteristic changes in the frequency profiles of the old and the new counties (Bundesländer) in Germany in the 1st (1989) and the 2nd (1990/91) report of the study. The results of Police supervisory operations in the administrative district of Cologne have basically given useful indications as to their epidemiological-statistical value as evidence.

A retrospective study was undertaken to determine whether the degree of alcohol intoxication has an effect on the driving performance with regards to both the quantity and quality. A total of 625 accidents caused by drivers who were under the influence of alcohol were reviewed. They were divided into three groups according to the blood alcohol concentration (BAC):0.30 - 1.09 g/kg, 1.10 - 1.99 g/kg and > 2.00 g/kg. In order to exclude the influence of factors unrelated to alcohol, the groups were matched for age, sex, location of accident and the light and road conditions. This resulted in a total of 85 accidents in each group. The accidents were classified with reference to the "Register of causes of accidents" used in road accident statistics. The three groups differed significantly in their causes of accidents (p < 0.025), although those due to speeding dominated in each group. In the group with low BAC, the next most common accidents were the ones caused by failure to give way. In the group with medium BAC, rear-end collisions and accidents occurring during low speed manoeuvres were the second most common. In the group with highest BAC, the next most common causes of accidents were the leaving of the correct traffic lane unassociated with speeding.

In 2011 the German Advisory Council for Global Change (WBGU) published a remarkable policy document entitled ‘World in Transition: A Social Contract for Sustainability’ in which the authors proclaim the need for a great social transformation at the global scale in order to address climate change. This article builds on and critically discusses the central messages of the report that emphasizes the necessity to pro-actively shape the change of our values and worldviews that underpin our lifestyles and consumption patterns. By arguing for a transdisciplinary approach to implement this challenging vision the report identifies urbanization as a significant dimension in these processes thus shifting away from the dominant focus on socio-technical solutions. This puts the field of urban planning and development and related disciplines at the centre of the climate change adaptation and mitigation debate raising profound questions as to how these professionals, academics and practitioners could respond to the ideas brought forward in the report. The author considers this an opportunity for hitherto largely neglected integral approaches to gain more importance in mainstream urban planning practice and theory. The concluding part sketches out an initial research programme based on the previous discussion in order to illustrate at a more concrete level the implications of an integrative, transdisciplinary framework for planning.

There is an urgent need to mitigate global greenhouse gas emissions. Because climate change is caused by actions regardless of where they take place on earth, it is generally considered that effective action must take place on a global scale. So far, multilateral attempts to coordinate action on a global level have failed to implement measures that are expected to prevent dangerous climate change, and unilat- eral measures are now being considered as an alternative way of achieving emissions reductions out- side of this context. In light of this, some advocate the use of Border Carbon Adjustments to address the various problems that arise when carbon mitigation policies are implemented on a unilateral basis. There are several arguments for or against the use of Border Carbon Adjustments, and most of these are addressed in the economic, legal, and policy literature. Little has been said on the implications of Border Carbon Adjustments for justice. The aim of this paper is to evaluate Border Carbon Adjust- ments as a policy tool for the mitigation of climate change. This paper argues that, whilst Border Car- bon Adjustments may be an effective way of achieving unilateral emission reductions, they face problems as far as global distributive justice is concerned and they can easily be perceived as an unac- ceptable shift towards a hostile and aggressive form of multilateral diplomacy. For this reason, Border Carbon Adjustments should be viewed with great caution and, if used at all, careful attention should be paid to designing their implementation in accordance with principles of justice.

Human beings have used geothermal sources since ancient times and are still using. Afyonkarahisar is one of the cities in which thermal sources are increasingly used in tourism. The aim of this study is to present the importance of geothermal sources in terms of tourism and their sustainable usage, and these sources constitute the most attractive part of Afyonkarahisar’ tourism. Investments on tourism in this city as increased recently as well as unplanned urbanization and environmental problems due to the uncontrolled and excessive usage of thermal water. Unproductive and inefficient usage of thermal water jeopardizes the sustainability of sources. Necessary precautions should be taken such as the protection of thermal waters, drilling and distributing it from one single place and preventing illegal drills, since the future of tourism in the city depends on geothermal sources.

Gesellschaftlich initiierte Ernährungskonzepte haben als Gegenentwurf zu den herkömmlichen Wertschöpfungsketten der Agrar- und Ernährungsbranche an Bedeutung gewonnen. Insbesondere Community Supported Agriculture (CSA), meist übersetzt mit „solidarische Landwirtschaft“, verbreitet sich rasch auf nationaler und internationaler Ebene. Neben besseren ökonomischen Konditionen für (kleine) landwirtschaftliche Betriebe und einer umweltschonenderen Produktionsweise ist eine stabile solidarische Gemeinschaft ein wichtiges Kernelement des CSA-Konzeptes. Dieser Beitrag untersucht, in wie weit die deutschen CSA-Gemeinschaften den Ansprüchen der sozialen Nachhaltigkeit gerecht werden. 196 CSA-Mitglieder nahmen an einer standardisierten Onlineumfrage teil, im Rahmen derer Angaben zu ihren sozio-demographischen Merkmalen und der wahrgenommenen Wertestruktur der CSA-Gemeinschaft erhoben wurden. Es zeigt sich, dass die im CSA-Konzept angestrebte Solidarität innerhalb der Gemeinschaft nur bedingt zur Integration sozial benachteiligter Personen führt. Basierend auf den empirischen Ergebnissen werden Möglichkeiten zur Verbesserung der sozialen Nachhaltigkeit innerhalb einer CSA aufgezeigt. Socially initiated food networks are currently experiencing an increasing popularity in many industrialized countries worldwide. Especially Community Supported Agriculture (CSA), an innovative grassroots movement connecting consumers with a local farm, has rapidly spread across Germany and other developed countries. The expected higher environmental, economic and social sustainability of CSA is an important aspect for concerned consumers to participate. The aim of this paper is to analyze the extent of social sustainability within the communities. 196 CSA members participated in a standardized online survey that collected information on their socio-demographic characteristics and the perceived value structure of the CSA community. It turns out that the solidarity within the community aspired to in the CSA concept only partially leads to the integration of socially disadvantaged people. Based on the empirical results, possibilities are shown that can contribute to the improvement of social sustainability within a CSA. Soziologie und Nachhaltigkeit, Bd. 5 Nr. 1 (2019): Die soziale Dimension der Nachhaltigkeit